国外废弃含能材料非含能化处理技术的现状

从处理原理、效率、费用等多方面,详细地介绍了国外废弃含能材料的非含能化处理技术。综合处理效果、处理能力、污染物排放、所需设备、运行费用和经济效益6方面因素,得出生物降解法具备巨大的应用潜力。     

高技术促进含能材料的发展

国防科研的发展是根据国防任务和本身技术发展的要求而发展的。第二次世界大战后,美苏等国全力发展常规兵器和战略武器,要求高能量的炸药,在国际上兴起探索新型高能炸药的热潮。我国为了捍卫社会主义祖国,也不得不从事这方面的科研和生产。     

高技术促进含能材料的发展

国防科研的发展是根据国防任务和本身技术发展的要求而发展的。第二次世界大战后,美苏等国全力发展常规兵器和战略武器,要求高能量的炸药,在国际上兴起探索新型高能炸药的热潮。我国为了捍卫社会主义祖国,也不得不从事这方面的科研和生产。     

含能材料和含能材料学科的进展(3)

三 含能材料应用技术的进展 含能材料的应用方式大致分为两种。一种是与其它材料构成一个整体机构,成为一个热机。如火箭发动机、火炮系统、驱动器、地雷和炸弹等。另一类为单独使用,如爆炸用的炸药块、特殊应用的可燃容器等。通常情况下以前者为主。尤其在军事上,含能材料作为能源成为武器的一     

含能材料和含能材料学科的进展（2）

(三)复合含能材料的最新进展 1.不敏感炸药 通过混合炸药组分的选择,可以对单体炸药的特征进行改性,以满足不同环境的要求。近期发展了多种塑料粘结炸药,有代表性的是不敏感炸药。     

纳米含能材料研究进展

综述了纳米含能材料组分和复合物的制备方法和性质,指出国内外研究的含能材料纳米级组分包括纳米铝粉、纳米硼粉和纳米级单质炸药。纳米复合物主要包括单质炸药（氧化剂）纳米晶分布于连续基质所形成的纳米复合物、介稳态分子间复合物和碳纳米管与含能材料组分的纳米复合物。纳米级铝粉和硼粉的制造技术是电爆法和等离子体法;纳米级单质炸药的制备方法是各种基于超临界流体的处理技术;Sol—Gel法是制备含能纳米复合物的主要方法。     

含能材料和含能材料学科的进展（1）

含能材料学科与含能材料 (一)含能材料学科 含能材料学科是隶属于兵器科学与技术科学的二级学科,研究的对象为化学能源(含能材料),主要用于军事,完成推进、炸毁、抛射等作战目的,并是人身防卫、宇航战术和战略用陆、海空武器的能源。     

静态与动态高压对含能材料热分解的影响

利用常压和高压差示扫描量热仪（DSC、PDSC）在动态和静态状下研究了CL-20、HMX、RDX、NC、NG、NG NC等几种含能材料的热分解,探讨了常压与高压条件下,静态与动态对这些含能材料热分解的影响。结果显示含能材料热分解受压力和动态气氛的影响有三种情况：1、热分解同时受到压力和动态气氛的影响;2、热分解既不受压力也不受动态气氛的影响;3、热分解只受压力的影响而不受动态气氛的影响。     

呋咱系列含能材料的研究进展

本文系统地概述了呋咱系列含能材料的研究进展。     

A New Computer Code for Prediction of Enthalpy of Fusion and Melting Point of Energetic Materials

The prediction of phase change properties of energetic materials is important for the assessment of hazardous energetic materials. A novel user‐friendly computer code, written in Visual Basic, is introduced to predict the melting point and the enthalpy of fusion of energetic materials by only using their molecular structure parameters. It can be used for different types of energetic compounds including polynitro arenes, polynitro heteroarenes, acyclic and cyclic nitramines, nitrate esters, and nitroaliphatic. The predicted results were compared with several of the best available methods, which confirmed the higher reliability of the new computer code for some new and well‐known energetic compounds with complex molecular structures. This code can be used for designing of energetic compounds with desirable phase change properties.     

Preparation of an Energetic‐Energetic Cocrystal using Resonant Acoustic Mixing

Resonant acoustic mixing (RAM) was applied to the preparation of an energetic‐energetic cocrystal comprised of CL‐20 and HMX in a 2 : 1 mol ratio. We have prepared the cocrystal using the RAM technology in a resource‐efficient manner providing near quantitative yield. The cocrystalline product from the RAM preparation is consistent with the product from solution crystallization.     

含能材料的细观损伤

综述了含能材料损伤的研究现状,介绍了损伤的产生、实验模拟及其表征,损伤对含能材料的撞击感度、燃烧及爆轰性能的影响以及损伤本构关系,并进行了相应的评述。对今后需要开展的工作进行了展望。     

Solubility Determination of Raw Energetic Materials in Molten 2,4‐Dinitroanisole

2,4‐Dinitroanisole (DNAN) is an ingredient used in several insensitive munition formulations that have recently been qualified by the US Army. A phenomenon known as irreversible growth is found to occur during conditioning cycles of insensitive munitions (IM) that contain DNAN. A possible cause of the irreversible growth maybe the potential solubility of energetic components formulated with melted DNAN. This report documents methods development and procedures used to determine the solubility of energetic constituents in molten DNAN at 100 °C. High performance liquid chromatography and ion chromatography were used for quantitation. Solubilities (given as g energetic per 100 g DNAN) of RDX, HMX, NTO, NQ, and AP were found as 13.7, 3.02, 0.222, 0.448, and 0.088, respectively.     

Sensitivity and Performance of Energetic Materials

This paper provides an overview of the main developments over the past nine years in the study of the sensitivity of energetic materials (EM) to impact, shock, friction, electric spark, laser beams, and heat. Attention is also paid to performance and to its calculation methods. Summaries are provided of the relationships between sensitivity and performance, the best representations for the calculation methods of performance being the volume heat of explosion or the product of crystal density and the square of detonation velocity. On the basis of current knowledge, it is possible to state that a single universal relationship between molecular structure and initiation reactivity does not yet exist. It is confirmed that increasing the explosive strength is usually accompanied by an increase in the sensitivity. In the case of nitramines this rule is totally valid for friction sensitivity, but for impact sensitivity there are exceptions to the rule, and with 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazepane, 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazinane, β‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocane, and the α‐, β‐ and ε‐polymorphs of 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane the relationship works in the opposite direction. With respect to the QSPR approach there might be reasonably good predictions but it provides little insight into the physics and chemistry involved in the process of initiation.     

Nanostructured Energetic Composites of CL‐20 and Binders Synthesized by Sol Gel Methods

Monolithic energetic gels were prepared in acetone by separately cross‐linking the single precursors, glycidyl azide polyol (GAP polyol polyol), nitrocellulose (NC, 12% N), and tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane (THMNM) and the mixed precursors (GAP polyol+NC) and (GAP polyol+THMNM) with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). THMNM functions as a chain extender. The synthesis conditions were optimized according to precursor mass ratio, cross‐linking agent, solvent, catalyst concentration, and containers with various surface‐to‐volume ratios. The concentrations of reactants and cure catalyst are the most important factors. The composite energetic materials with a high degree of homogeneity were synthesized by trapping hexanitrohexazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20) on the nano scale in the energetic polymer gels using sol gel processing with a modified freeze‐drying procedure. Loadings up to 85%, 93%, and 90% by weight of CL‐20 yielded, respectively, monolithic gels for GAP/HDI, NC/HDI, and THMNM/HDI. 90% CL‐20 can be loaded into gels of the mixed precursors of (GAP polyol+NC) and (GAP polyol+THMNM). The energetic gels and composites were characterized using FT‐IR spectroscopy, DSC, SEM, and sensitivity to drop weight impact. The sensitivity of CL‐20 is reduced in the energetic nanocomposites.     

Promising CL‐20‐Based Energetic Material by Cocrystallization

A novel cocrystal (NEX‐1) of CL‐20 and MDNT is presented herein. The CL‐20: MDNT cocrystal, obtained in high yield by resonant acoustic mixing, shows new properties versus the discrete components. This is the first example of cocrystallization of CL‐20 where the new material is less sensitive to friction than CL‐20 itself, while demonstrating similar impact and ESD sensitivity. The CL‐20: MDNT cocrystal shows promise in the production of new energetic materials of interest by the cocrystallization of well‐characterized components.     

Recent Developments for Prediction of Power of Aromatic and Non‐Aromatic Energetic Materials along with a Novel Computer Code for Prediction of Their Power

The explosive power or strength of an energetic material shows its capacity for doing useful work. This work reviews recent developments for prediction of power of energetic compounds. A new user‐friendly computer code is also introduced to predict the relative power of a desired energetic compound as compared to 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT). It is based on the best available methods, which can be used for different types of energetic compounds including nitroaromatics, nitroaliphatics, nitramines, and nitrate esters. The computed relative powers are consistent with the measured data for some new materials containing complex molecular structures.     

Composite Energetic Materials Containing Nitrotriazalone Formed by Molecular Inclusion

The explosive properties of inclusion compounds containing the monoanion of the energetic compound 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one (NTO⁻) non‐covalently bound to either of two larger, energetic, receptor complexes, namely 1‐(2,4‐dinitrophenyl)‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecanezinc(II) or 1‐(2,4‐dinitrophenyl)‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecanecopper(II), both as their monoperchlorate salts, are reported. The sensitivity of the receptor host–guest complexes to electrostatic discharge or friction was not found to differ from that displayed by the separate components. However, for thermal sensitivity it was found that whereas NTO⁻ desensitized the Zn(II) receptor complex it sensitized the Cu(II) receptor complex. For sensitivity to impact, measured using the Rotter impact test, it was found that NTO⁻ sensitized the Zn(II) receptor complex, but desensitized the Cu(II) receptor complex.