Effect of cassava varieties on the sorption isotherm of tapioca grits

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Cranzt) deteriorates rapidly. Hence it is processed into various products within 2 to 3 days after harvesting. For this work, tapioca was produced from three different varieties of cassava. They are Odongbo, Okoiyawo and TMS30572. The sorption isotherm for the tapioca grits from three different varieties of cassava at temperatures 25, 32 and 45 °C were determined experimentally and modelled using five different models. Using analysis of variance at 0.01 level, it was shown that the experimental sorption isotherms of the tapioca from the various cassava varieties are not significantly different from each other. However, the Guggenheim (1966) , Anderson (1946) & de Boer (1953) (GAB) model gave the best fit for sorption isotherm of tapioca from either the Odongbo or Okoiyawo varieties, while the exponential model was the best for that from TMS30572 variety.     

The use of curvature and bias measures to discriminate among equilibrium moisture equations for mustard seed

The aim of this work was to analyze the main equilibrium equations used for grains to find the best way to represent the equilibrium conditions between mustard seed and air. The experimental study was based on the static method using saturated salt solutions to regulate the vapor pressure of the air surrounding the seeds. Since the majority of the sorption equilibrium equations are nonlinear, procedures available in the literature were used to validate the statistical properties of the least squares estimators. To discriminate, between five equations that represent the sorption equilibrium isotherms of mustard seeds, an approach based on nonlinear measures was used in this work. Results show that the Halsey modified equation is the best one to describe the experimental data.     

Desorption Isotherms and Isosteric Heat of Three Tunisian Date Cultivars

The sorption isotherm of three Tunisian cultivars, Allig, Kentichi, and Deglet Nour, were obtained at 40, 60 and 80 °C. The static gravimetric method was used, according to the COST 90 recommendations. The overall shape of the curves describing the water content as a function of water activity was typical of sugar-rich materials. A difference between varieties exists for the sorption isotherm, thus for the drying behavior. Data were compared with respect to several isotherm models. It was found that the GAB and the BET equations could satisfactorily represent the sorption data up to about 0.9 relative humidity. Through the BET equation, monolayer moisture content was calculated for the isotherm zone corresponding to monomolecular adsorption. In addition, isosteric heat of sorption was determined from sorption data using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation.     

玉米吸湿特性及其等温线类型研究

对测定的我国16个玉米品种的水分吸着等温线数据,采用9个水分吸着方程进行拟合,并根据修正4-参数Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer方程(4-MGAB)派生的指标划分等温线类型。结果表明,CAE、修正Chung-Pfost(MCPE)、Strohman-Yoerger(STYE)、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)、3-MGAB、4-MGAB、修正Henderson(MHE)及修正的Oswin(MOE)方程均适合拟合测定的玉米水分吸着等温线,而Modi-fied Halsey(MHAE)不适合。MCPE和CAE被认为是玉米较佳水分吸着方程,方程参数MCPE的C1和C2、CAE的b1在不同玉米品种之间、黄玉米和白玉米之间差异不明显。但是,同一玉米品种吸附等温线的方程参数不同于解吸等温线的对应方程参数。另外,根据D10、Rfi、awn、X4指标判断玉米水分吸着等温线类型,16个玉米品种的吸附和解吸等温线均属于S型等温线(Ⅱ)。结果表明玉米水分吸附与解吸的MCPE和CAE方程参数可用于玉米收获后干燥及储藏通风操作。     

Mathematical modelling of moisture sorption isotherms and determination of isosteric heat of blueberry variety O'Neil

The sorption isotherms of blueberry variety O'Neil were determined at 20, 40 and 60 °C, for a range of water activity of 0.10–0.95. The isotherms showed that the equilibrium moisture content increased when temperature decreased at constant water activity. The BET, GAB, Halsey, Henderson, Caurie, Smith, Oswin and Iglesias-Chirife equations were tested for modelling the sorption isotherms. The results showed that GAB, BET and Halsey models gave the best fit quality for the experimental desorption data, and BET, Oswin and Henderson for adsorption data as suggested by the statistical tests employed. The net sorption heat was calculated using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation giving 38.62 kJ mol⁻¹ (desorption) and 30.88 kJ mol⁻¹ (adsorption) at a moisture content of 0.01 g water (g d.m.⁻¹). Tsami equation was applied to estimate the net isosteric heat of sorption as function of equilibrium moisture content with satisfactory results.     

Water sorption characteristics of dried red peppers (Capsicum annum L.)

The water sorption isotherms of whole dried red pepper pods at 15, 25, 40°C were measured, and the results were used to test the applicability of the GAB equation, BET equation, and modified BET equation. the GAB, BET, and modified BET equations fitted the data well for water activities up to 0.93, 0.43, and 0.75, respectively. the monolayer values were found to range between 6 and 10 g H₂O per 100g solid, depending on temperature and the equation used for estimation. the excess heat of sorption as a function of moisture content was also determined.     

不同品种马铃薯膳食纤维化学组成及理化性质分析

以夏波蒂、白玫瑰、黑玫瑰、克新1号、费乌瑞它、冀张薯8号6个品种的马铃薯为研究对象,自提薯渣并采用中温α-淀粉酶、碱性蛋白酶和糖化酶水解提取膳食纤维,研究了不同品种干马铃薯渣(dried potato residue,DPR)和马铃薯膳食纤维(potato dietary fiber,PDF)的化学组成、微观结构及理化性质。结果表明:不同品种DPR的各化学组分含量差异显著(P0.05),其中夏波蒂、黑玫瑰的总膳食纤维含量较高,分别为43.16%和31.87%。PDF得率最高的是夏波蒂(62.19%),最低的是白玫瑰(42.99%),黑玫瑰为51.27%。与DPR相比,酶解后得到的PDF中淀粉和果胶含量较低,蛋白质、纤维素、半纤维素、木质素含量较高;DPR结构紧密,而酶解得到的PDF结构更疏松,有褶皱和很多空洞,表面积大。黑玫瑰PDF的淀粉含量最低,蛋白质含量为7.69%,显著低于白玫瑰(P0.05),纤维素含量高达21.30%,木质素含量与含量最高的白玫瑰差异不显著(P0.05),果胶含量显著高于其他品种(P0.05)。综合比较,黑玫瑰PDF的持水性、持油性、膨胀性和葡萄糖束缚能力在6个品种中均较大,因此黑玫瑰是一种适合提取PDF的马铃薯资源。     

The laboratory assessment of the inherent susceptibility of maize varieties to post-harvest infestation by Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

A biological technique for assessing the susceptibilities of varieties of maize to post-harvest infestation by Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. has been developed. The effects of the age and population density of the parent insects upon the results obtained were investigated, and the possible effects of insect selection due to breeding upon particular maize varieties were looked at.

Twenty-five Malawi, two Colombian and three Indonesian maize varieties were tested for susceptibility, and the results obtained were summarized using an ‘Index of Susceptibility’ which took into account both the F₁ progeny developing during the tests and a measure of the average development period of these progeny.

The effects of the proportion of floury endosperm in the maize kernels, the mean kernel weight, the 70% r.h. equilibrium moisture contents of the varieties, and the amylose contents of the varieties upon susceptibility were investigated using regression techniques. It was concluded that the hardness of the kernels, as estimated by the proportion of floury endosperm was related to susceptibility, and that the hardness was closely correlated with amylose content. However amylose may have a small effect upon susceptibility in addition to that associated with hardness.

Egg plugs placed in the kernels of different varieties during standard susceptibility tests were counted, and no evidence was found that there was any relationship between the numbers of eggs laid and susceptibility. Therefore it was concluded that susceptibility was determined in these varieties by factors operating after oviposition.     

Water Sorption Enthalpy-Entropy Compensation Based on Isotherms of Plum Skin and Pulp

ABSTRACT: The net isosteric heat and entropy of water sorption were calculated for plum, based on sorption isotherms obtained by the static gravimetric method at different temperatures (20 to 70 °C). The Guggenheim-Andersonde Boer model was applied to the experimental data giving a good agreement between experimental and calculated values. The net isosteric heat of water sorption, estimated by applying Claussius-Clapeyron equation to sorption isotherms, was found to be different for plum skin and pulp, mainly at low moisture contents, and could be well adjusted by an empirical exponential relationship. Plots of enthalpy in contrast to entropy provided the isokinetic temperatures for skin and pulp, indicating an enthalpy-controlled sorption process. Thermodynamic data on water sorption for plums are not found in literature, as opposed to prunes for which the data are abundant.     

ESTIMATION of HEAT of MOISTURE SORPTION and IMPROVED CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING MOISTURE SORPTION ISOTHERM EQUATIONS FOR FOODS

Heat of sorption of moisture on foods can be estimated from sorption isotherm equations having both moisture and temperature as independent variables. Sorption thermodynamics dictate that the heat of moisture sorption should decrease with increased moisture concentration, or increased temperature of food, provided no biological, chemical or other changes occur during sorption. This fact, and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation were used to derive two analytical formulae to evaluate the reliability of moisture sorption equations in the calculation of heat of sorption. As examples, Chung and Pfost, modified Harkins and Jura, modified Henderson, and Guggenheim-Anderson-De Boer equations at specified conditions were analyzed.     

Equilibrium moisture content and sorption isosteric heats of five wheat varieties in China

The moisture sorption isotherm data of five Chinese wheat varieties were investigated via the gravimetric static method at five different temperatures (10, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C) and relative humidity ranging from 11.3 to 96.0%. The sorption data of wheat decreased with an increase in temperature at a constant relative humidity (r.h.). The hysteresis effect was observed between adsorption and desorption isotherms. The width and span of the hysteresis loop decreased with increased temperature, but was not influenced by the hardness of wheat varieties. Six models, namely the Chen-Clayton (CCE), Modified BET (BET), Modified-Chung-Pfost (MCPE), Modified-Henderson (MHE), Modified-Oswin (MOE) and Strohman-Yoerger (SYE), were employed to describe the experimental data. The BET, MCPE and MOE models were selected to best describe the sorption isotherms of wheat in the ranges of 11.3-49.9, 11.3-96.0 and 11.3-96.0% r.h., respectively. The hygroscopic property difference between hard wheat (cv. ‘Longyuan’ and ‘Nanduan’) and soft wheat (cv. ‘Zhaozhuang’ and ‘Lumai’) was very small. The sorption isosteric heat of wheat decreased with an increase in moisture content until the dry bulb moisture content (m.c.) of 20% was reached, and then decreased smoothly with increasing moisture content. A big difference was found between adsorption and desorption isosteric heats of wheat below 20% m.c., but the sorption isosteric heat difference between hard and soft wheat isotherms was small.     

WATER ADSORPTION PROPERTIES of COATED and NONCOATED POPCORNS

The addition of sugar for coating changed the sorption behavior of popcorn and made it more hygroscopic above a_w value of 0.65. the isotherms for noncoated popcorn exhibited a slight sigmoid shape and for coated showed the shape characteristics of high sugar containing foods. the crossing of both popcorn samples was observed at 0.65 a_w. the BET, the Smith and the GAB models were found to fit the adsorption data of noncoated popcorn; however, the BET and the Iglesias & Chirife models gave a good fit to the data of coated popcorn. the monolayer moisture content values estimated for both samples were considered to be correct values because of low standard error of estimates and their consistency with the literature values. the isosteric heat of noncoated popcorn was higher than the coated popcorn in the entire moisture content range considered for computation.     

5 种不同花斑黄鳝肌肉品质的差异性分析

为分析大花斑、碎花斑、细花斑、隐花斑、黄黑斑5 种不同花斑黄鳝肌肉品质的差异性,采用物性分析、组织切片及生化分析等方法对5 种不同花斑黄鳝肌肉的质构特性、肌纤维特性及营养成分进行测定。结果显示：口感方面,隐花斑黄鳝肌肉的硬度和咀嚼性显著大于大花斑、碎花斑和黄黑斑（P＜0.05）,细花斑黄鳝次之;黄鳝肌纤维直径的平均值以细花斑黄鳝显著最小（P＜0.05）,碎花斑黄鳝最大。营养成分方面,粗脂肪含量以细花斑黄鳝显著低于大花斑黄鳝（P＜0.05）,其他花斑黄鳝差异不显著（P＞0.05）。17 种检出氨基酸中,氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量及鲜味氨基酸总量均以细花斑黄鳝含量最高,碎花斑黄鳝含量最低,且二者差异显著（P＜0.05）。测定的17 种脂肪酸中,豆蔻酸和棕榈一烯酸均以隐花斑黄鳝和碎花斑黄鳝含量显著大于黄黑斑黄鳝（P＜0.05）,花生三烯酸和花生四烯酸及多不饱和脂肪酸总量均为黄黑斑黄鳝含量显著大于隐花斑黄鳝（P＜0.05）,其他花斑黄鳝差异不显著（P＞0.05）。结果表明,5 种不同花斑黄鳝肌肉品质存在一定差异,且综合来看,细花斑黄鳝肌肉的品质更具优势。     

Sorption isotherms and isosteric heat of sorption for grapes, apricots, apples and potatoes

Moisture sorption isotherms of grapes, apricots, apples and potatoes were determined at 30°C, 45°C, and 60°C using the standard, static-gravimetric method. Six two-parameter and five three-parameter sorption models were tested to fit the experimental data. A nonlinear regression analysis method was used to evaluate the constants of the sorption equations. The Halsey equation gave the best fit to the experimental sorption data for all materials tested over the range of temperatures and water activities investigated. The GAB model gave also the closest fit to the sorption data for potatoes and grapes. The agreement between experimental and predicted values of these models was found to be satisfactory. The isosteric heat of desorption and adsorption of water determined from the equilibrium data using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.     

Relationship between energies of water sorption and diffusion in grains

The relationship between activation energy for diffusion, E _D and the BET heat of sorption, E ₁, was determined from literature data for maize, rice, sorghum, soybean and wheat and gave E _D/ E ₁= 0.5. Given that E _D < E ₁, diffusion was interpreted in terms of a mechanism involving the hopping of water molecules from one adsorption site to another.     

Effect of temperature on sorption isotherms of Brussels sprout

The effect of temperature (0, 20 and 40 degrees C) on the sorptivity of freeze-dried Brussels sprout was studied. It was checked which of the sorption isotherm equations that included temperature was the best to estimate experimental data. The surface area of a monolayer and isosteric heat of sorption was calculated. From the tested equations the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) and Oswin equations appeared to be the best for describing sorption isotherms of freeze-dried Brussels sprout. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation was found suitable for the calculation of pure isosteric heat of sorption.     

Polyethylenimine-modified fungal biomass as a high-capacity biosorbent for Cr(VI) anions: sorption capacity and uptake mechanisms

Heavy metal pollution in the aqueous environment is a problem of global concern. Biosorption has been considered as a promising technology for the removal of low levels of toxic metals from industrial effluents and natural waters. A modified fungal biomass of Penicillium chrysogenum with positive surface charges was prepared by grafting polyethylenimine (PEI) onto the biomass surface in a two-step reaction. The presence of PEI on the biomass surface was verified by FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. Due to the high density of amine groups in the long chains of PEI molecules on the surface, the modified biomass was found to possess positive zeta potential at pH below 10.4 as well as high sorption capacity for anionic Cr(VI). Using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, the maximum sorption capacity for Cr(VI) at a pH range of 4.3-5.5 was 5.37 mmol/g of biomass dry weight, the highest sorption capacity for Cr(VI) compared to other sorbents reported in the literature. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) provided evidence of chromium aggregates formed on the biomass surface. XPS results verified the presence of Cr(III) on the biomass surface in the pH range 2.5-10.5, suggesting that some Cr(VI) anions were reduced to Cr(III) during the sorption. The sorption kinetics indicated that redox reaction occurred on the biomass surface, and whether the converted Cr(III) ions were released to solution or adsorbed on the biomass depended on the solution pH. Sorption mechanisms including electrostatic interaction, chelation, and precipitation were found to be involved in the complex sorption of chromium on the PEI-modified biomass.     

蒸煮模式和大米品种对米饭蛋白质消化特性的影响

以3 种大米为原料,采用胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶法模拟人体消化进程,研究4 种蒸煮模式对米饭蛋白质消化特性的影响。结果表明：蒸煮模式和大米品种对米饭蛋白质消化特性有显著影响（P＜0.05）。较低强度蒸煮模式制备的米饭具有较高的蛋白消化率（81.64%～93.80%）,且消化液中游离氨基酸含量（2.10～2.21 g/100 g pro）较高。低强度蒸煮模式制作的米饭蛋白质的消化率和消化液中游离氨基酸含量、赖氨酸的含量及其氨基酸评分均高于高强度蒸煮模式制作的米饭。米饭蛋白质的消化特性还与不同品种大米蛋白质的酶解特性和米饭的化学组成有关。     

不同葡萄品种多酚氧化酶酶学特性比较

以欧美种葡萄 “关口”、“金手指”、“黄密”3 个品种和欧亚种葡萄 “泽香”、“无核白”2 个品种为实验材料,比较了5 个不同葡萄品种间多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase,PPO）以邻苯二酚、4-甲基儿茶酚、儿茶素、咖啡酸为底物的动力学参数Km、vmax/Km值,并比较了酶的最适pH值、最适温度、热稳定性、以及抑制剂对酶活性的影响。结果表明：测定的5 个品种中,欧美种葡萄和欧亚种葡萄对邻苯二酚的亲和力存在显著性差异,对 4-甲基儿茶酚、儿茶素、咖啡酸的亲和力无显著性差异;欧美种葡萄和欧亚种葡萄对邻苯二酚的催化效率存在显著性差异,对4-甲基儿茶酚的催化效率无显著性差异,“关口”葡萄对儿茶素和咖啡酸的催化效率明显高于其他4 个葡萄品种。焦亚硫酸盐和抗坏血酸对5 种葡萄PPO活性都有强的抑制作用,焦亚硫酸盐对其他4 个品种葡萄的抑制作用强于对“关口”葡萄的抑制作用;在测定的pH值和温度中,5 种葡萄PPO的最适pH值和最适温度都无明显差异。     

Fate and transport of testosterone in agricultural soils

Hormones excreted in animal waste have been measured in surface and groundwater associated with manure that is applied to the land surface. Limited studies have been done on the fate and transport of androgenic hormones in soils. In this study, batch and column experiments were used to identify the fate and transport of radiolabeled [14C] testosterone in agricultural soils. The batch results indicated that aqueous-phase concentrations decreased for the first 5 h and then appeared to increase through time. The first-order sorption kinetics ranged from 0.08 to 0.640 h(-1) for the first 5 h. Beyond 5 h the increase in aqueous 14C could have been caused by desorption of testosterone back into the aqueous phase. However, metabolites were also produced beyond 5 h and would have likely resulted in the increase in aqueous 14C by sorption site competition and/or by lower sorption affinity. There were weak correlations of sorption with soil particle size, organic matter, and specific surface area. Testosterone was the dominant compound present in the soil column effluents, and a fully kinetic-sorption, chemical nonequilibrium model was used to describe the data. Column experiment sorption estimates were lower than the batch, which resulted from rate-limiting sorption due to the advective transport. The column degradation coefficients (0.404-0.600 h(-1)) were generally higher than values reported in the literature for 17beta-estradiol. Although it was found that testosterone degraded more readily than 17beta-estradiol, it appeared to have a greater potential to migrate in the soil because it was not as strongly sorbed. This study underlined the importance of the simultaneous transformation and sorption processes in the transport of hormones through soils.