高速滚珠丝杠副的碰撞噪声控制

滚珠丝杠副是数控机床的关键功能部件,返向器是提供滚珠循环的通道,滚珠进入返向器时的碰撞力会引起较大的噪声。通过分析影响滚珠丝杠副中滚珠与返向器碰撞力的因素,寻找降低该碰撞力的方法,对返向器结构进行改进,并对两种结构丝杠副进行噪声对比试验。研究表明通过减小返向器滚道与丝杠滚道切线的夹角,采用弹性模量较小的工程塑料制作返向器,可以达到降低滚珠与返向器的碰撞力,进而降低滚珠丝杠副噪声的目的。     

考虑径向间隙的非理想双圆弧滚道滚珠丝杠副接触角建模和分析

双圆弧(哥特式)滚道可以使滚珠丝杠副的承载能力、刚度和传动精度更加稳定,在精密型滚珠丝杠副结构中广泛采用,但是双圆弧滚道的制造和测量都比较困难,往往得到非理想滚道。由于滚道误差、径向间隙与滚珠丝杠副的主要性能指标-弹性变形接触角之间存在非线性关系,导致精密滚珠丝杠副装配后的性能不易控制。为了优化滚珠丝杠副的装配质量,考虑初始游隙和接触角变化等因素,基于赫兹弹性接触理论和变形协调原理建立了非理想滚道截形的滚珠丝杠副弹性变形接触角的计算模型,并通过对比双半内圈球轴承初始接触角的计算公式,验证了提出的计算模型的通用性和正确性。以精密滚珠丝杠副3210为例,分析了内外滚道误差、径向间隙及滚珠大小对弹性接触角的影响规律。研究结果可为滚珠丝杠副的装配方法和优化设计等提供理论参考和依据。     

滚珠丝杠副刚度的影响因素及其试验研究

为了提高滚珠丝杠副静态和动态分析的精度,利用滚珠丝杠副中丝杠滚道的力和力矩平衡方程,并考虑变化的接触角和接触变形的影响,建立了联合载荷作用下精确的滚珠丝杠副刚度的数学模型,利用模型分析了滚珠丝杠副刚度的影响因素和规律,结果发现：滚珠丝杠副的刚度随轴向和径向载荷的增大,随之变大,而随倾覆力矩的增加,随之减小;增大导程和减小滚道曲率比可提高滚珠丝杠副的刚度;轴向刚度随轴向载荷、导程和滚道曲率比的改变所受影响最大,角刚度主要受径向载荷和倾覆力矩的影响,径向刚度受载荷和结构参数的影响都较小。通过与滚珠丝杠副轴向静刚度测试平台上测量的结果比较表明,建立的模型是合理和可靠的。     

滚珠丝杠副滚珠循环系统的动力学研究和仿真

研究滚珠丝杠副的滚珠循环系统中的碰撞接触现象,根据赫兹接触理论和经典碰撞理论,并考虑滚珠和导珠管的几何外形、丝杠的转动速度等因素,建立滚珠和导珠管碰撞接触的动力学模型。在此基础上分析了滚珠的入口速度、材料密度对碰撞力大小、接触时间的影响。应用多体动力学软件Adams,根据实际物理参数,创建了导珠管和滚珠的几何模型,对钢珠在导珠管中的运动情况进行仿真模拟,获得了碰撞过程中滚珠的运动轨迹、速度、加速度以及碰撞力的变化情况。通过对不同参数的物理模型理论计算和仿真,分析了影响滚珠循环系统动力学的主要因素。理论计算和仿真、试验结果吻合较好,这对于优化导珠管结构,研究开发新型滚珠丝杠副有重要的意义。     

滚珠直线导轨副分形磨损模型及精度退化研究

为研究滚珠直线导轨副磨损和精度损失规律,基于赫兹接触理论建立了滚珠直线导轨副力学模型。使用分形函数表征滚珠和滑块滚道接触区表面,并采用结构函数法求得滚道表面的分形参数。考虑滚珠和滑块滚道之间的润滑状态,在分形接触模型下对滚珠和滑块滚道接触区域的微分形表面进行了受力分析。基于粘着磨损理论分析了滚珠和滚道接触面微凸体的磨损过程,并在此基础上结合蠕滑理论建立了滚珠和滚道接触面的分形磨损模型。最后,以某型号滚珠直线导轨副为研究对象进行了仿真分析,得到不同载荷和不同跑合距离下滚珠直线导轨副磨损和精度退化规律。     

滚珠丝杠副热变形计算分析及可视化

以传热学原理为基础,探讨温升对滚珠丝杠副的影响.首先确定热流密度系数及对流换热系数,然后借助有限元分析软件ANSYS,建立滚珠丝杠副的有限元模型,计算求解温度场及热变形.仿真云图显示:滚珠丝杠以1350r/min旋转时,其温升达到3.8℃,引起8.32μm的热变形.     

轴向载荷对滚珠丝杠副摩擦力矩波动的影响及测试

根据赫兹接触理论分析预紧力及轴向作用力与丝杠接触刚度的关系,根据滚动丝杆摩擦力矩波动的滚珠进入滚道阻力影响法,分析在轴向载荷下滚动丝杆副摩擦力矩波动影响参数;通过对轴向力作用下的丝杠系统摩擦力矩实验测试,表明预紧力对摩擦力矩的波动起主导作用,轴向载荷下的丝杠系统以单向预紧力的方式加剧了摩擦力矩的波动量。     

滚珠丝杠副导程误差仿动态测量的研究

本文从滚珠丝杠副导程的定义出发．通过对数显万能工具显微镜的改造，仿照丝杠动态测试仪的结构，利用数学回归分析，实现了对滚珠丝杠副导程误差的测试和分析．为了解决中小企业在无丝杠动态测试设备下测试滚珠丝副导程误差的难题，提供了一种简便．实用的方法．     

双螺母预紧滚珠丝杠副摩擦力矩与接触刚度波动关系研究

目前,滚珠丝杠副刚性的一次测量只能测得一个位置处刚度,需进行多次测量才能获得有效行程内的刚度波动情况,且每次测量需要拆卸和调整测量装置,耗时耗力。由于滚珠丝杠副摩擦力矩测量是空载扭矩,在测量行程中,螺旋升角和接触角是基本没有什么变化,同时在刚性测量中,轴向载荷的加载对螺旋升角和接触角的影响非常小,可以简单、快速获得双螺母预紧滚珠丝杠副不同位置处接触刚度值波动情况,对双螺母预紧滚珠丝杠副的滚珠进行动力学分析,建立预紧力与接触刚度的关系式,结合滚珠丝杠副预紧力与摩擦力矩平衡方程,建立关于摩擦力矩的接触刚度数学模型;使用滚珠丝杠副摩擦力矩试验台对两种不同型号的双螺母预紧滚珠丝杠副进行摩擦力矩测量;在滚珠丝杠副静刚度试验台上对以上两件滚珠丝杠副进行静刚度测量。试验结果表明:当双螺母预紧滚珠丝杠副的轴向载荷23/2倍预紧力时,双螺母预紧滚珠丝杠副的接触刚度与摩擦力矩的1/3次方成正比;可通过测量双螺母预紧滚珠丝杠副行程内的摩擦力矩来反映不同位置处接触刚度的波动情况。     

关于机床滚动轴承和滚珠丝杠的预紧方法分析

机床中的滚动轴承和滚珠丝杠作为机床传送加工系统中重要的组件,对其间隙的大小和直接关系着其承载刚度和旋转精度,从而对机床系统的加工精度产生影响,因此对滚动轴承和滚珠丝杠进行有效的预紧,是消除间隙的有效方法。本文对机床滚动轴承和滚珠丝杠的预紧分别进行分析,提出科学有效的预紧方法。     

转子-滚动轴承-机匣耦合系统中滚动轴承故障的动力学分析

针对实际的航空发动机转子系统,建立了含滚动轴承故障的转子-滚动轴承-机匣耦合模型.在模型中,考虑了机匣运动,弹性支承与挤压油膜阻尼的作用,同时,充分考虑了轴承间隙、滚珠与滚道的非线性赫兹接触力以及由滚动轴承支撵刚度变化而产生的变柔性(Varying Cbmpliance)VC振动.在此基础上,建立了耦合系统中滚动轴承外圈、内圈及滚动体的损伤动力学模型,并运用数值积分方法进行了动力学仿真与分析.结果充分表明了本文提出的转子-滚动轴承-机匣耦合系统及滚动轴承故障动力学模型的正确有效性.     

Structural behaviour of aeronautical tungsten carbide/carbon-coated titanium ball screws under space thermal-vacuum conditions

In view of the pressing need for improvements in space mechanisms and tribology research work, a thermal high‐vacuum mechanism test facility has been constructed at Rome ‘La Sapienza’ University. The purpose of this facility is to provide fundamental data on the performance of mechanical components and materials in high vacuum in order to test the validity of space mechanism designs. The facility also makes it possible to examine the behaviour of both mechanisms and materials under combined environmental factors, such as ultraviolet radiation, atomic oxygen and temperature. This paper reports on the behaviour of titanium recirculating ball screws provided by Umbra Cuscinetti SpA (Foligno, Italy) under thermal‐vacuum conditions. It is to be noted that these ball screws—well known in the aeronautical field—may be particularly attractive as a new generation of space mechanisms. A solid multilayer film of tungsten carbide/carbon (WC/C) was deposited on screw surfaces as a lubricant and was then compared with the case of no lubrication, which presently appears promising for many mechanisms. In order to compare experimental results, traditional stainless steel mechanisms were also tested and analysed. The requisites imposed by the space environment, as well as by contact mechanical stresses, have given useful information on a preliminary geometrical configuration and choice of materials, both of which are presented in this paper. Thermal‐vacuum effects on overall ball screw efficiency and on ball screw coating friction and wear are also reported and commented on herein as well as numerical contact simulations of crack mechanisms.     

Fracture analysis for ceramic ball in backflow valve

Ceramic balls have been used as components of devices, such as those found in high‐pressure pumps for automobiles and industrial machines. In the backflow valve, for example, a ceramic ball is in contact with a conical surface. Fractures of ceramic balls are extremely rare. It is important to investigate the cause of these rare fractures to guarantee higher reliability in the backflow valve. In this paper, the fracture mechanism and strength are discussed for an equivalent normal stress σ_eq beneath the contact region and the maximum principal stress σ_p near the contact boundary using stress intensity from fracture mechanics. The fracture surface of the ceramic ball was formed perpendicular to load direction. We assumed that fracture origins (defect/crack) existed on lines through three high stresses that analysed by finite element method. Actual fracture of a ceramic ball was found to be caused by the equivalent normal stress beneath contact region and not to be caused by the Hertz principal stress. Stress intensity factor (SIF) was clarified to depend on pressure, taper angle, CrN‐coating thickness and the friction factor of the inside of the valve hole. A pre‐existing defect size involved in failure was estimated by the SIF using three‐dimensional elliptic defects and equivalent normal stress. Therefore, the actual fracture of a ceramic ball, which rarely occurs, could be evaluated by considering three‐dimensional elliptic defects and the Weibull distribution of defects.     

CrC复合镀层钢球对轴承振动性能的影响

应用非平衡磁控溅射技术在6204轴承钢球表面制备出CrC复合镀层,对CrC镀层钢球轴承和无镀层钢球轴承的振动性能进行试验及对比分析。结果表明,CrC镀层钢球轴承明显降低了轴承的振动值,特别是在高速、高载荷工况情况下减振效果尤为显著;提高了轴承振动的平稳性能。     

基于谐波平衡法的摆线钢球行星传动等速输出机构非线性动态特性研究

为揭示摆线钢球行星传动等速输出机构的非线性动力学行为,建立考虑机构钢球数目、输入激励、啮合副啮合状态及啮合刚度的纯扭转强非线性动力学模型。将啮合副预紧函数表现为多项式的形式,将啮合副间隙函数表达为描述函数的形式,通过谐波平衡法将微分方程组转化为非线性代数方程组,利用MATLAB进行求解,得到系统的基频稳态响应。通过改变钢球数、轴向压缩量与啮合刚度,分析参数变化对系统非线性特性的影响。结果表明,预紧系统只有两阶频率激发共振,系统非线性程度随钢球数、啮合刚度和预紧量的增加而减弱,预紧量是影响系统非线性程度的主要因素;间隙系统激发共振频率的阶数与钢球数目有关,幅频响应曲线出现典型非线性特征,出现单边冲击与双边冲击现象。基于多项式函数的谐波平衡法为深入研究摆线钢球行星传动系统的动态特性提供了一种有效方法。     

Soccer ball anisotropy modelling

The work presented in this paper details the development of a finite element (FE) model of a soccer ball, allowing for a greater understanding of the performance of soccer balls under dynamic conditions that are representative of play. The model consists of composite shell elements that include a hyperelastic strain energy potential equation to define the latex bladder layer and a plane stress orthotropic elastic material model to define the anisotropic woven fabric outer panels. The model was validated through a series of experimental impact tests whereby the ball was impacted normal to a rigid plate at an inbound velocity of approximately 34 ms⁻¹ (76 mph), with each impact recorded using high speed video (HSV) techniques. It was found that the combined effects of ball design and panel material anisotropy resulted in impact properties such as coefficient of restitution, contact time, deformation and the 2D shape taken up by the ball at maximum deformation, to vary with pre-impact ball orientation. The model showed good agreement with the measurements, and its ability to represent the effects of anisotropy in ball design.     

Effect of ball size on milling efficiency of zinc oxide dispersions

Zinc oxide (ZnO) was wet milled using inert Al₂O₃-ceramic balls having different diameter at different milling intervals and the milling efficiency of the resultant dispersion was followed through particle size analysis and zeta potential measurements. The results indicated that small-sized balls improved the milling efficiency. The highest share (%) of lower-size particles was obtained after 24?h of ball milling.     

The kinetics and efficiency of batch ball grinding with cemented tungsten carbide balls

Cemented tungsten carbide balls (hereafter abbreviated as WC balls) are commonly applied in grinding of wasted tool steel for reuse owing to their extraordinary surface hardness (89.5 HRA) and high density (14.5 –14.9 g/cm³). In this study, grinding tests were conducted with WC balls on quartz ore to estimate comminution kinetics. Compared with steel balls, they provided high breakage rates, lower energy-specific breakage rates, and finer breakage distributions due to their high density. Simulations were conducted using an energy-based population balance model. The simulated results demonstrated that WC balls had higher throughput for coarse particles and lower energy efficiency for fine particles. Subsequently, a preliminary criterion for ball selection was established and indicated that WC balls could be substituted for steel balls to certain particle size ranges.