链式淡水鱼加工前处理装置的研制

将剖切、去除内脏工艺结合在一起是鱼加工前期处理的关键问题,前处理不仅要求生产率高,还要保证处理后的品质好.从鱼结构特点及对其品质要求出发,设计链式鱼加工前处理装置,并简述其工艺流程、结构特点及主要设计参数.该装置采用链盒固鱼输送、圆盘刀剖切鱼腹、掏铲去内脏及清水冲洗联合处理工艺.试验证明该装置结构紧凑,处理能力20尾/min左右,操作安全,运行可靠,能够满足实际生产的要求.     

毛竹钻孔中切削力的分析研究

目前,毛竹在家居与装饰工程以及竹制工艺品上的应用越来越多,高速高效地加工各类毛竹,在建材加工与工艺装饰领域有着广泛的应用前景。钻削加工是毛竹加工中最重要的切削加工方式之一,钻削加工过程中的切削力对毛竹产品的性能和外观影响巨大。影响毛竹钻削力的主要因素有刀具的材质、钻头几何形状和钻削工艺参数。传统毛竹钻削工艺参数中,主轴转速一般低于5000r/min。本文就其从低速到高速的钻削工艺过程进行理论与实验分析,得出结论为刀具直径对轴向钻削力影响最为显著,其次为进给速度,钻削主轴转速对轴向钻削力的影响最小。高速钻削毛竹的最佳工艺参数为刀具直径4mm、主轴转速12000r/min、进给速度1500mm/min;特定加工情况下钻削毛竹的最佳工艺参数为刀具直径8mm、主轴转速10000r/min、进给速度1000mm/min。     

小杂鱼去脏工艺参数的优化

为了降低去脏过程中鱼肉损伤,增加内脏去除率,优化去脏机剖切及去脏机构的技术参数,利用自制的小杂鱼去脏试验平台,以竹筴鱼和深水红娘鱼为试验对象,应用二次回归通用旋转组合试验设计,研究了传送带线速度、剖切刀转速和去脏轮转速与小杂鱼去脏后可接受性评分之间的关系,建立了去脏后可接受性评分同剖切及去脏机构技术参数间的数学模型。通过对拟合方程求极值,得出适合竹筴鱼去脏最佳参数组合为：传送带线速度为1.92 m/s、剖切刀转速为1154.0 r/min、去脏轮转速为60.0 r/min;适合深水红娘鱼去脏最佳参数组合为：传送带线速度1.39 m/s、剖切刀转速1280.0 r/min、去脏轮转速为95.0 r/min;在此条件下可达到可接受性评分的预测最大值,同时也能满足去脏加工的工艺要求。     

环形金刚石线锯切割大理石试验研究

选用环形电镀金刚石线锯切割大理石,分析了锯丝线速度、工件进给速度和锯丝张紧力对大理石表面加工质量的影响,研究了金刚石锯丝的磨损机理。结果表明：工件进给速度对大理石表面粗糙度的影响最大,锯丝线速度对大理石表面粗糙度的影响次之,锯丝张紧力对大理石表面粗糙度的影响再次之。在本试验参数范围内,最优工艺参数为：工件进给速度为10mm/min,锯丝线速度为30m/s,锯丝张紧力为100N。     

Ti-6AL-4V合金精锻棒材新工艺研究

Ti-6AL-4V钛合金具有较高的强度,较好的耐热性、塑性、韧性、成形性、可焊性等。本研究利用正交试验法,对Ti-6AL-4V精锻棒材,其质量的主要影响因素的热处理方式、夹头进给速度、变形程度和加热温度进行了研究,得出了合理的β处理工艺参数,提出合适的夹头进给速度,得出了合适的变形程度。提出了新的工艺参数是:β处理的温度为β+15℃;精锻机的夹头进给速度为4.0m/min;每火次变形程度为50%以上;在α+β区进行不少于两火次加工,加热温度为β-30℃。     

喷动床最小喷动速度的计算颗粒流体力学数值模拟

为了进一步研究喷动床的操作参数和结构参数对最小喷动速度Ums的影响,以及建立最小喷动速度的预测关联式,课题组建立了二维喷动床数理模型,床的高度为800 mm、宽度为200 mm和厚度为20 mm,喷动气入口底部是夹角为60°的V形结构。采用计算颗粒流体力学(CPFD)方法模拟计算了5种颗粒在3种喷口宽度和在不同静止床高时最小喷动速度变化情况。结果表明:喷动床的结构参数和操作参数对最小喷动速度有着极大的影响,最小喷动速度随着静止床高和颗粒粒径增大而增大,而随着喷口宽度的增大而减小;综合所有数据进行多因素影响回归,得到了新的最小喷动速度预测关联式。研究结果对于喷动床实际操作条件的确定和工艺设计提供了借鉴。     

立达A1/2型自动抓棉机工艺特点分析

为了寻求立达Ａ１／２型自动抓棉机的最佳工艺参数,提高产品质量,通过对该机主要性能的分析和重要工艺参数与半制品质量对比试验得出：抓棉臂往复运动速度;打手刀片伸出肋条的距离;打手速度和抓棉深度是影响质量的主要因素。试验分析表明：抓棉臂往复速度为８．７ｍ／ｍｉｎ;打手片伸出助条２ｍｍ;打手转速１３３５ｒ／ｍｉｎ;抓棉深度２ｍｍ时工艺效果最好。     

多工位压曲机压制大曲成型工艺优化

大曲是白酒酿造过程中的糖化剂、发酵剂和生香剂,其质量的好坏将直接影响白酒的品质。为确定多工位压曲机压制大曲的最佳成型工艺参数,本文以大曲表面提浆效果面积比和大曲内部含水率均匀因子为评价指标,进行响应面试验,研究了不同压制速度、踩踏次数与成型次数3个因素对大曲提浆效果和含水率均匀度的影响。结果表明,各工艺参数对大曲提浆效果的影响作用依次为:踩踏次数>成型次数>压制速度,对大曲含水率均匀度的影响作用依次为:压制速度>踩踏次数>成型次数。最佳工艺参数为:压制速度A=20 mm/s,踩踏次数B=20次,成型次数C=7次。在该工艺参数条件下压制大曲得到的大曲表明提浆效果面积比为85.66%,大曲内部含水率均匀因子为6.37。本研究为白酒大曲成型工艺提供了生产性和实用性的技术支持。     

气圈理论及其实际应用(四)

工艺参数和安装规格的影响 工艺参数如锭速、捻度、筒管直径和长度、钢领型式和直径、钢丝圈型式和重量等,安装规格如龙筋高度、钢领板起始位置(俗称打脚位置)、导纱钩与筒管顶端的距离、罗拉座的高低进出位置与倾角,以及钢领板、导纱钩的升降动程和升降速度等对气圈形态和气圈张力都有不同程度的影响。由于在实际生产中,以上各因素往往总是以不同的组     

打印参数对未漂洗鲟鱼糜凝胶3D打印成型效果的影响

为进一步提高未漂洗鲟鱼糜凝胶的打印质量,本文探究了打印速度、分层高度、填充密度、喷嘴直径、挤出程度和温度等相关打印参数对鱼糜凝胶3D打印成型效果的影响,并进行了打印精度评价。结果表明,分层高度要与喷嘴直径相同或略低于喷嘴直径,分层高度、喷嘴直径和打印速度越大,打印效率越高。综合打印效果和打印效率可确定最佳打印参数为喷嘴直径1.20 mm、分层高度1.2 mm、填充密度100%、挤出程度100%、打印速度25 mm/s和温度25℃。在此打印参数下,打印鱼糜结构紧密,成型性好,打印精度高,可获得高质量的3D打印鱼糜。     

高效液相色谱法测定海水鱼中嘌呤含量

本文建立同时检测海水鱼中腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤、次黄嘌呤、黄嘌呤的高效液相色谱检测方法。对部分海水鱼可食用部分及内脏中的4种嘌呤含量进行检测。结果表明,当使用Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以水-甲醇-冰乙酸-20%四丁基氢氧化铵(V/V/V/V=879/100/15/6)为流动相,设置流速为0.8 mL/min,柱温30℃,检测波长254 nm,进样量10μL时,4种嘌呤可完全分离且峰型较好。经方法学验证,得出此方法在0.1~400 mg/L范围线性关系良好,相关系数(R)在0.9998~1.0000之间,方法检出限范围0.0465~0.1056 mg/L。高效液相色谱检测方法精密度RSD在0.0200%~0.7000%之间,样品处理重复性腺嘌呤、鸟嘌呤、次黄嘌呤、黄嘌呤依次为1.2421%,0.9711%,0.8836%,1.9727%。加标回收率在94.2888%~102.9188%之间,适用于海水鱼中4种嘌呤的测定。经检测,不同种类海水鱼可食用部分(鱼眼睛、腹部鱼肉、背部鱼肉、鱼皮)嘌呤总含量由高到低依次为海鲈鱼、大菱鲆、金仓鱼、黄花鱼、美国红鱼、踏板鱼、鳕鱼。     

Effects of formulation and processing variables on dry fish feed pellets containing fish waste

A low-cost preparation process starting from fish waste, pregelatinised wheat flour and soya flour was optimised with regard to the physical properties of the pellets, by using response surface modelling. Independent variables were the ratio of wheat flour to soya flour, quantity of added water, temperature of added water, and mixing time. Pellet quality attributes measured for each set of variables were bulk density, water absorption index, sinking velocity, residual moisture, and structural integrity in water. Mixing time played the most important role among the input variables in defining pellet quality. The results suggest that a dry fish feed pellet of good quality can be manufactured by a simple pressing method using a mixture of 50% fish waste, 30–35% pregelatinised wheat flour, and 15–20% soya meal mixed with water (30-35% of the sum of other ingredients) of 60–65°C for 4–5 min. A method for determining structural integrity of pellets in turbulent water is presented.     

HPLC示差折光法测定水产品中还原糖、磷酸化单糖和蔗糖

以市售淡水鱼为试材,建立水产品中还原糖(葡萄糖、核糖)、磷酸化糖(磷酸化核糖和磷酸化葡萄糖)和蔗糖的定性、定量检测方法。对鱼肉中各糖进行检测,建立鱼肉中糖的高效液相示差折光分析法检测法。将鱼肉分成背部肌肉和腹部肌肉两个部分,用乙醇/水提取鱼肉中各糖物质,经树脂吸附处理后,对鱼肉中各糖物质进行分析。磷酸化糖检测,首先用碱性磷酸酶脱磷酸化,然后用同法进行检测。结果显示:各糖物质分离效果较好,方法学验证,各物质线性关系良好,回收率在70.2%~98.5%之间,重复性RSD均小于5%。     

Persistence of orally administered Salmonella enterica serovars Agona and Montevideo in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

The objective of our experiments was to study the persistence and dissemination of orally administered Salmonella in smoltified Atlantic salmon. In experiment 1, salmon kept at 15 degrees C were fed for 1 week with feed contaminated with 96 most-probable-number units of Salmonella Agona per 100 g of feed and then starved for 2 weeks. Samples were taken from the gastrointestinal tract and examined for Salmonella 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 days after the feeding ended. In experiment 2, Salmonella Agona and Montevideo were separately mixed with feed and administered by gastric intubation. Each fish received 1.0 x 10(8), 1.0 x 10(6), or 1.0 x 10(4) CFU. The different groups were kept in parallel at 5 and 15 degrees C and observed for 4 weeks. Every week, three fish in each group were sacrificed, and samples were taken from the skin, the pooled internal organs, the muscle, and the gastrointestinal tract and examined for the presence of Salmonella. The results from the two experiments showed that the persistence of Salmonella in the fish was highly dependent on the dose administered. Salmonella was not recovered from any of the fish that were fed for 1 week with the lowest concentration of Salmonella. In the fish given the highest dose of Salmonella, bacteria persisted for at least 4 weeks in the gastrointestinal tract as well as, to some extent, the internal organs. The present study shows that under practical conditions in Norway, the risk of Salmonella in fish feed being passed on to the consumer of the fish is negligible.     

带式夹送淡水鱼剖鱼机的研制

依据鲢鱼的结构特征和对产品品质的要求,研制了一款带式夹送淡水鱼剖鱼机,并以鲢鱼为试验对象进行了剖鱼试验。该剖鱼机由机架、夹送系统、剖切系统组成。夹送系统皮带间距、皮带转速、剖切系统刀盘高度等关键部件工艺参数均可调节,配套功率共为3.7kW,其中剖切系统电机1.5kW,夹送系统电机2.2kW。以(1.50±0.25)kg鲢鱼为剖切对象所进行的试验结果表明:皮带间距对进料、剖切、出料均有显著影响,皮带间距40 mm时,可以实现100%顺利进料、平稳剖切和顺利出料;刀盘高度则对剖切质量影响显著,从鱼头到鱼尾完整剖开鱼体要求刀盘高度不高于190mm,完整保留鱼鳔要求刀盘高度不低于210 mm,不破坏鱼胆要求刀盘高度不低于180 mm。皮带间距取40 mm,刀盘高度取180~190 mm时,剖鱼机运行稳定且剖切效果最优,处理速度可达1 200尾/h。     

Sensory quality of marinated frozen stored chicken thighs as affected by dietary fish fat and vitamin E

The effects of diets containing fish meal (0 or 4%), fish silage (0 or 4%) and vitamin E (60 or 200 mg kg^–1) and the processing effect of marinating with sodium citrate (0.24 or 0.48%) or ascorbate (0.31 or 0.62%) have been studied to test the hypothesis that oxidative stability of frozen stored chicken thighs can be improved by such treatments. A trained sensory panel assessed the samples after storage at –25 °C for 1 week, 3 and 6 months. Feed with 4% fish meal resulted in increased fish flavour and odour of the thighs while 4% fish silage had a smaller effect on these attributes. Fish meal and fish silage added together into the feed by an amount of 4% each, caused strong fish flavour and odour in the product and accelerated the rancidity process. High concentration of vitamin E (200 mg kg^–1) in the feed reduced rancidity when 4% fish products had been added to the feed, but no effect was noted when 4% fish meal plus 4% fish silage had been added together. High concentration of ascorbate in the brine (0.62%) decreased sensory score for rancidity attributes (hay, grass, soap and paint), while high concentration of citrate (0.48%) increased these parameters in frozen stored chicken thighs.     

番茄酱加工后皮渣分离试验装置的设计

为优化基于双作用的加工番茄酱后皮渣分离装备性能,进一步提高番茄籽与皮的分离率和分离净度,设计了以离心筛分装置、斜板沉降装置和喂入系统为核心工作部件的双作用皮渣分离试验台。采用可组合的模块化结构,试验台更换安装方便,工作部件的结构参数和运动参数完全可调,可建立不同工况下各因素与分离率、分离净度等质量指标之间的关系模型,获得沉降室流场分布规律。验证试验结果表明,试验台工作性能稳定,参数调整方便,离心筛分工作部件的喂入量(F=5329.00,P0.01)、刮板转速(F=841.00,P0.05)、刮板角度(F=1225.00,P0.05)、喂入量和刮板角度的交互作用(F=225.00,P0.05)对皮渣分离净度(64%~98%)影响显著。本试验台为加工番茄酱后皮渣双作用分离装备的优化设计提供参数依据。     

In vitro digestibility based on fish crude enzyme extract for prediction of feed quality in growth trials

Biochemical structure of protein (reactive SH content, content ratio of SH/S? S and concentration of D ‐Asp as % of total (D + L )‐Asp) indicating digestibility of dietary protein was changed under different processing conditions. Based on fish crude enzyme extract, in vitro digestibility of different fish materials processed under different conditions correlated positively with reactive SH content and content ratio of SH/S? S and negatively with D ‐Asp concentration. In vitro digestion of different experimental feeds, based on Atlantic salmon crude enzyme extracts, was studied in association with growth trials in order to investigate its value as a criterion for industrial strategy in predicting feed quality. Crude enzymes were extracted from the pyloric caeca before feeding. Significant differences in in vitro digestibility between the experimental feeds were observed whereby there would be differences in feed conversion efficiency within 3 months of feeding. There were associations between the in vitro digestibility and other parameters for dietary quality, such as mink digestibility and the biochemical structure parameters of the dietary protein due to different processing conditions. Crude enzyme extracts from rainbow trout and European seabass were also used for in vitro digestibility study of different experimental feeds by standardising trypsin activity to that of Atlantic salmon crude enzyme extract. The results indicated that different fish species have different digestion ability to the same feed types, and the effective time for feed utilisation and growth is dependent on fish sensitivity and the extent of difference in digestibility between the feeds consumed as observed in the Atlantic salmon trials. For the species investigated, sensitivity ranking of the enzymes to feed quality under the condition studied was Atlantic salmon > rainbow trout > European seabass. The results indicated that in vitro digestibility study of experimental feeds using pyloric caecal crude enzyme extract from a specific species at an age of interest could be a practical, quick and reliable method for testing feed quality in growth trials. By standardising the crude enzyme extract with regards to trypsin activity, the in vitro digestibility values could be comparable not only within the same species but also between different species. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

淡水鱼糜挤压膨化技术研究

本实验研究了不同加工温度、物料含水量、螺杆转速、喂料速度对挤压膨化产品系统参数扭矩、4区压力、5区压力、两区压力差的影响。研究表明:加工温度、物料含水量、螺杆转速、喂料速度对挤压膨化产品系统参数的影响,只有螺杆转速对两区压力差不显著,其余都达到极显著水平;随着加工温度、物料含水量、螺杆转速升高,扭矩、4区压力、5区压力、两区压力差呈大致降低趋势;随着喂料速度升高,扭矩、4区压力、5区压力、两区压力差呈现大致升高的趋势。     

海水鱼内脏高值化利用的研究现状与发展趋势

近年来,我国海水鱼类捕捞与养殖产业发展快速,海水鱼类加工过程产生的大量副产物,只有小部分作为饲料,大部分被废弃造成环境污染。而海水鱼内脏含有丰富的生物活性肽、酶以及脂质等可以被有效利用的成分,有必要对其进行开发利用。本文综述了近年来国内外学者对海水鱼内脏在生物活性肽如抗氧化肽、抗疲劳肽、抗高血压肽,内脏酶如蛋白酶、超氧化物歧化酶、胆碱酯酶、酸（碱）性磷酸酶,脂质中磷脂、脂肪酸、不皂化的脂质提取工艺与运用方面的研究进展,并对海水鱼内脏今后的高值化开发利用提出建议,以期为海水鱼内脏的高值化利用,促进海水鱼产业的零废弃高值高质加工提供参考。