位相型衍射光学元件设计的混合算法

针对传统的光束整形算法在设计位相型衍射光学元件时效果差的缺点,本文提出了一种适合于位相型衍射光学元件设计的新混合算法.该混合算法是将变尺度BFGS算法融入遗传算法中,其中变尺度BFGS算法主要用于局部搜索,同时将罚函数优化准则用于成本函数的构造中.相比于传统的优化算法,该混合算法具有效率高、收敛快和稳定性好等优点.作为一个设计实例,我们分别将传统模拟退火算法和该混合算法应用到高斯光束整形中,进行了数值模拟,为了考察该混合算法的可靠性,设定了衍射效率和信噪比两个技术指标.设计结果表明:该混合算法收敛速度快,设计效费比优,仅需少量的迭代次数就能达到高衍射效率和高信噪比的要求.用该混合算法设计的衍射光学元件,能极大地改善整形效果,在均匀性要求较高的场合有广泛的应用前景.     

对衍射光学元件温度特性的研究

大多数空间光学仪器的工作环境温度变化范围都较大。对折射元件和衍射元件的温度特性进行了分析,建立了透镜焦距和衍射效率随环境温度的变化关系,并论述了利用衍射光学元件的温度特性实现光学系统消热差的原理和设计方法。     

基于免疫遗传算法的二元光学元件的位相设计

在激光诱导扩散中,需要利用二元光学元件对激光器输出的高斯光束进行整形,以实现曝光区的温度分布均匀化。为了得到二元光学元件的位相分布,采用免疫遗传对相位分布进行设计。免疫遗传算法中采取变频率的交叉操作、变异操作,克服了遗传算法在局部搜索解空间上效率差的缺点,并使算法跳出局部极大值的能力得到了增强。采取由正向记忆细胞库提取的免疫疫苗对抗体群进行接种,使群体的进化方向得到引导,提高了算法的进化效率;采取由反向记忆细胞库提取的劣化疫苗对抗体群进行反向接种,减少算法的重复运算,极大地抑制了群体退化;采用B、T细胞的作用机制,保持群体在进化过程中的多样性,很大程度上抑制了算法未成熟收敛。运算结果表明,免疫遗传算法较遗传算法具有更高的算法效率和更强的寻优能力。最后考虑到实际加工,对最优解做适当调整得到了更适合于实际加工的二元光学元件的位相分布。     

橡胶悬置元件结构参数优化设计方法

由于橡胶悬置元件的结构比较复杂,截面不规则,无法用传统的优化方法对其结构优化.利用遗传算法和神经网络相结合的策略对橡胶悬置元件的几何结构参数进行优化,即用神经网络学习算法建立橡胶悬置元件几何结构参数与其三个方向刚度的非线性全局映射关系,获得遗传算法求解结构优化问题所需的目标函数,用遗传算法进行优胜劣汰的寻优搜索运算,求出最优解.优化结果表明,橡胶悬置元件结构参数优化设计方法是可行的.     

二元光学元件横向加工误差对衍射效率的影响

横向加工误差包括对准误差和线宽误差,加工误差对衍射效率的影响是二元光学元件研究的重要问题.本文基于标量衍射理论,提出了一种与MATLAB相结合的分层计算方法,重点分析了4阶和8阶二元光学元件横向加工误差和衍射效率的关系.结果表明,控制8阶二元光学元件对准误差,可抑制衍射效率的迅速下降,适当调整线宽能够减小对准误差造成的...     

半导体激光器列阵二元光学准直器的设计和制作

阐述了二元光学元件用于半导体激光器列阵准直的新方法 ,并设计制作了二元光学准直器。针对半导体激光器列阵的特点 ,采用综合平衡方法进行设计和制作 ,使其理论衍射效率超过 5 1 %。     

包装废弃物回收车辆路径问题的改进遗传算法

目的采用优化传统遗传算法(GA)研究包装废弃物回收车辆路径问题(VRP)的性能。方法提出改进遗传算法(IGA)。首先,设计基于贪婪算法的初始种群生成算子,提高初始种群质量;其次,设计根据适应度值大小、进化代数等自适应调整的交叉和变异概率;然后,设计最大保留交叉算子,保证种群的多样性;最后,对企业实例和标准算例进行仿真测试。结果采用IGA算法、蚁群算法(ACO)能求得算例最优解,且IGA算法运行速度快于ACO算法,分支界定算法(BBM)、传统GA算法无法求得算例最优解。结论与BBM算法、传统GA算法和ACO算法相比,IGA算法求解包装废弃物回收VRP问题的整体性能更优。     

基于复合形算子的基础支护桩优化设计智能算法研究

本文通过遗传算法和传统复合形搜索法相结合,基于对遗传算法算子计算结构的调整,并将遗传算法与神经网络相结合,提出并研究了一种新的优化设计方法,协同求解复杂工程中的优化问题。并针对悬臂式支护桩的优化设计的数学模型,采用该算法进行了优化设计分析;计算结果表明,该算法可克服遗传算法最终进化至最优解较慢和人工神经网络易陷入局部解的缺陷,具有较好的全局性和收敛速度。     

二元光学二维激光扫描器设计

提出一种新型的二元光学二维纯位相型激光扫描器。首先利用计算全息图ＣＧＨ的设计方法设计出扫描器的初始结构参数，最后把其看成衍射光学元件（ＤＯＥ）对其进行成象质量优化。设计出一电视制式的二维扫描器，其扫描范围为±１２．５°×（±１０°）（水平×垂直），光斑尺寸约１ｍｒａｄ。     

基于遗传算法的复合材料层压板固有频率的铺层顺序优化

本文提出了一种用于组合优化的译码方式和遗传算子.对给定铺层的复合材料层压板在满足固有频率的要求下,采用遗传算法进行了铺层顺序的优化.算例的计算表明:采用本文所述方法,只要搜索解空间的一小部分就能收敛到组合优化问题的最优解.      

Rigorous electromagnetic design of finite-aperture diffractive optical elements by use of an iterative optimization algorithm

We propose a rigorous electromagnetic design of two-dimensional and finite-aperture diffractive optical elements (DOEs) that employs an effective iterative optimization algorithm in conjunction with a rigorous electromagnetic computational model: the finite-difference time-domain method. The iterative optimization process, the finite-difference time-domain method, and the angular spectrum propagation method are discussed in detail. Without any approximation based on the scalar theory, the algorithm can produce rigorous design results, both numerical and graphical, with fast convergence, reasonable computational cost, and good design quality. Using our iterative algorithm, we designed a diffractive cylindrical lens and a 1-to-2-beam fanner for normal-incidence TE-mode illumination, thus showing that the optimization algorithm is valid and competent for rigorously designing diffractive optical elements. Concerning the problem of fabrication, we also evaluated the performance of the DOE when the DOE profile is discrete.     

Efficient optimization of diffractive optical elements based on rigorous diffraction models.

An efficient optimization strategy for the design of diffractive optical elements that is based on rigorous diffraction theory is described. The optimization algorithm combines diffraction models of different degrees of accuracy and computational complexity. A fast design algorithm for diffractive optical elements is used to yield estimates of the optimum surface profile based on paraxial diffraction theory. These estimates are subsequently evaluated with a rigorous diffraction model. This scheme allows one to minimize the need to compute diffraction effects rigorously, while providing accurate design. We discuss potential applications of this scheme as well as details of an implementation based on a modified Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm and the finite-difference time-domain method. Illustrative examples are provided in which we use the algorithm to design Fourier array illuminators.     

Genetic local search algorithm for optimization design of diffractive optical elements

We propose a genetic local search algorithm (GLSA) for the optimization design of diffractive optical elements (DOE's). This hybrid algorithm incorporates advantages of both genetic algorithm (GA) and local search techniques. It appears better able to locate the global minimum compared with a canonical GA. Sample cases investigated here include the optimization design of binary-phase Dammann gratings, continuous surface-relief grating array generators, and a uniform top-hat focal plane intensity profile generator. Two GLSA's whose incorporated local search techniques are the hill-climbing method and the simulated annealing algorithm are investigated. Numerical experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is highly efficient and robust. DOE's that have high diffraction efficiency and excellent uniformity can be achieved by use of the algorithm we propose.     

Algorithm based on rigorous coupled-wave analysis for diffractive optical element design

Diffractive optical element design is an important problem for many applications and is usually achieved by the Gerchberg-Saxton or the Yang-Gu algorithm. These algorithms are formulated on the basis of monochromatic wave propagation and the far-field assumption, because the Fourier transform is used to model the wave propagation. We propose an iterative algorithm (based on rigorous coupled-wave analysis) for the design of a diffractive optical element. Since rigorous coupled-wave analysis (instead of Fourier transformation) is used to calculate the light-field distribution behind the optical element, the diffractive optical element can thus be better designed. Simulation results are provided to verify the proposed algorithm for designing a converging lens. Compared with the well-known Gerchberg-Saxton and Yang-Gu algorithms, our method provides 7.8% and 10.8%, respectively, improvement in converging the light amplitude when a microlens is desired. In addition, the proposed algorithm provides a solution that is very close to the solution obtained by the simulated annealing method (within 1.89% error).     

Iterative optimization of diffractive phase elements simultaneously implementing several optical functions

The design of diffractive optical elements that incorporate several optical functions in a single element is discussed. The technique used involves iterative optimization. Aprevious paper is continued, in which initial results with few sampling points were reported. Here new results that involve a large number of sampling points are reported. Because the algorithm is computationally intensive with a large number of data points, the parallel implementation of the algorithm on a MASPAR machine is described. MASPAR is a single-instruction multiple-data machine with 16,384 processors. The computer simulations discussed involve simultaneous wavelength demultiplexing, focusing, and the filtering out of a particular wavelength component. It is shown that satisfactory designs of diffractive optical elements can be achieved by the assignment of only a small number of sampling points on the output plane that adequately specify what is required at each wavelength.     

Diffractive optical elements with modulated zone sizes

Abstract

The standard design for phase-only diffractive optical elements comprises a transformation of the continuous phase function into a surface relief by means of wrapping the phase into regular intervals of M2π. This results in a structure with diffractive zones aligned in a horizontal plane. We present an alternative design concept with modulated zone sizes leading to non-periodic boundary positions and non-aligned surface structures. The diffractive properties are compared to those of conventional diffractive optical elements. It can be shown that they are fully equivalent for the design wavelength, but exhibit a different spectral behaviour for deviating wavelengths. These properties are exploited for the improvement of the optical performance of blazed gratings and diffractive lenses under conditions of deviating wavelengths. Special emphasis is put on the optimization of the ratio between diffractive efficiencies of the design order and other orders for blazed gratings and focusing diffractive lenses, as well as the suppression of interference effects within Gaussian beams collimated with diffractive lenses.     

Energy control by linking individual patterns to self-repeating diffractive optical elements

In general, as diffractive optical elements formed by use of self-repeating patterns possess beneficial characteristics such as scratch resistance, low design effort, ease of fabrication, and natural formation of large panels, an efficient design methodology that was developed with a modified preserving-the-best strategy of genetic algorithms is presented. Both genetic algorithms and simulated annealing are examined by the Markov-chain stochastic process to create the insight needed to use these two heuristic algorithms efficiently. It was found that adding the preserving-the-best strategy to traditional genetic algorithms guarantees the possibility of locating the global optimum. Combining this sufficient and necessary condition for locating a global optimum for genetic algorithms with the built-in chromosome crossover searching mechanism and its neighborhood identification makes this newly developed genetic algorithm an effective method for designing diffractive optical elements. In our study, a prototype was fabricated based on our case study with the modified genetic algorithm. The performance of this prototype was measured and analyzed. Experimental results are shown to agree well with theoretical predictions.     

Iterative Fourier transform algorithm with regularization for the optimal design of diffractive optical elements

There is a trade-off between uniformity and diffraction efficiency in the design of diffractive optical elements. It is caused by the inherent ill-posedness of the design problem itself. For the optimal design, the optimum trade-off needs to be obtained. The trade-off between uniformity and diffraction efficiency in the design of diffractive optical elements is theoretically investigated based on the Tikhonov regularization theory. A novel scheme of an iterative Fourier transform algorithm with regularization to obtain the optimum trade-off is proposed.     

New Design of High NA Photolithographic Lens Using Diffractive Optical Element

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Design of fan-out kinoforms in the entire scalar diffraction regime with an optimal-rotation-angle method

An algorithm for the design of diffractive optical phase elements (kinoforms) that give rise to fan-out (i.e., spot) patterns was developed and tested. The algorithm is based on the Helmholtz-Kirchhoff rigorous scalar diffraction integral for the evaluation of the electric field behind the kinoform. The optimization of the kinoform phase modulation is performed with an efficient optimal-rotation-angle method. The algorithm permits any spatial configuration of the locations of the desired spots. For example, the spots (all or some) can be located at large angles to the optical axis (nonparaxial case) or they can be located in the near near field of the kinoform, i.e., where the Fresnel approximation is no longer valid. Two examples of fabricated kinoforms designed with this algorithm are presented.