交联聚乙烯中水树枝向电树枝的转化

水树枝老化是运行在潮湿环境下的聚烯烃电力电缆发生绝缘击穿的主要诱因,水树枝在一定情况下可能引发电树枝,进而导致绝缘击穿。该文主要研究水分和水树枝劣化对交联聚乙烯(cross-linked Polyethylene,XLPE)中电树枝引发生长的影响。选用过氧化物交联聚乙烯作为实验材料,用水针电极、高频加速老化的方法培养水树枝,采用计算机实时显微数字摄像系统观测电树枝的引发和发展。分别研究了湿润水树枝和干燥水树枝在不同电极类型(水针电极、钢针电极)、不同电压下(15、20 kV)向电树枝的转化规律。实验研究发现：就电树枝的平均引发时间而言,未劣化试样最短,湿润水树枝试样最长,干燥水树枝试样介于二者之间;就电树枝引发率而言,干燥水树枝试样最高,湿润水树枝试样最低,未劣化试样介于二者之间;采用水针电极时,3种试样引发的电树枝均为枝状。结合对比3种试样中电树枝的形态,研究了湿润水树枝和干燥水树枝中电树枝的引发和生长机制。     

低密度聚乙烯/纳米蒙脱土复合材料的水树枝生长特性

低密度聚乙烯是高压电力电缆的主要绝缘材料,水树枝生长特性与聚乙烯高压电力电缆绝缘击穿具有紧密联系。采用熔融插层复合法制备了一种低密度聚乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料;设计制作了纳米复合材料的水树枝老化试样及试验装置,在试验中观测了试样的水树枝生长长度,并对试样的水树枝引发率进行了统计,分析了低密度聚乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的吸水率对水树枝生长的影响;采用差示扫描热法分析了试样的结晶度和晶粒尺寸均匀性,通过分析低密度聚乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的结晶行为,说明了纳米蒙脱土对纳米复合材料中水树枝的抑制机理。试验与分析结果表明:掺杂质量分数为3%的纳米蒙脱土粒子能够有效地提高低密度聚乙烯的结晶度,使晶粒尺寸分布均匀,吸水率减小,延缓水树枝在低密度聚乙烯中的引发与生长。     

热处理对聚乙烯水树枝老化特性的影响

为研究热处理对聚乙烯(PE)中水树枝老化特性的影响,选用低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)、过氧化物交联聚乙烯(XLPE)作为试验材料,采用热循环和热冲击两种方法对试样进行处理。用水针电极法培养水树枝,用金相显微镜观测水树枝形态,并统计水树枝尺寸和引发率;同时测试试样的力学性能,观测结晶形态,测定XLPE的交联度。结果表明:热处理后,LDPE的力学性能变化不大,XLPE的力学性能明显下降;LDPE的晶块尺寸变小且趋于均匀化,XLPE的晶块尺寸变大且趋于不均匀化;LDPE和XLPE中水树枝都容易发展,XLPE水树枝的老化特性受热处理影响更大。热处理导致材料中微孔聚集、力学性能下降,是造成热处理后材料抗水树枝化性能下降的主要原因。     

温度对聚乙烯水树枝老化特性的影响

为研究温度对PE水树枝老化特性的影响,选用低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)、过氧化物(DCP)交联聚乙烯(XLPE)作为试验材料。在室温(20°C)、40°C、60°C、80°C 4个温度下,采用水针电极法培养水树枝,用金相显微镜观测水树枝形态,并统计水树枝尺寸和引发率。研究发现,在60°C以上,温度对PE水树枝老化特性影响显著;水树枝的引发率随温度的升高先减小后增大;水树枝的尺寸随温度的升高总体呈现增大的趋势;LDPE和XLPE的试验得到类似的结果,但XLPE的抗水树枝老化性能优于LDPE。同时研究发现,随温度的升高,材料的力学性能大幅下降。经分析认为,交联限制大晶块的形成,使材料的力学性能增强,是XLPE抗水树枝化性能优于LDPE的两个主要原因;高温下两种材料力学性能下降、微孔膨胀、水分和盐离子的加速扩散是高温下水树枝劣化加速的主要原因。     

交联聚乙烯绝缘电缆内的水树枝

阐述了水/电加速树枝试验和线路运行电缆发生故障后,在交联聚乙烯绝缘内存在的水树枝现象。通过显微观察,揭示和比较了交联聚乙烯电缆内水树枝对其寿命的影响。     

改性XLPE材料的水树枝抑制特性研究

为提高交联聚乙烯(XLPE)的抗水树枝性能,分别将片层状纳米蒙脱土(MMT)、球型纳米二氧化硅(SiO2)和极性乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)与XLPE熔融共混,制备出3种改性XLPE材料,并对其进行加速水树枝老化试验。结果表明:纯XLPE试样的水树枝生长长度较长且分形复杂,而添加纳米颗粒和极性共聚物的改性试样,其水树枝生长长度减小且分形维数降低,表明改性试样具有较好的抑制水树枝的能力;水树枝老化后,纯XLPE试样和改性XLPE试样水树区的羰基指数均高于非水树区,说明水树枝老化是电化学降解的作用;改性试样水树枝老化后,水树区的结晶度低于非水树区,结晶能力变差。     

交联度对交联聚乙烯水树枝老化特性的影响

通过向低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)中加入不同质量分数的过氧化二异丙苯(DCP),制备了不同交联度的XLPE试样,用热延伸实验法对交联度进行表征;利用水刀电极法对试样进行水树枝老化,并采用光学显微镜观测其水树枝的生长形貌;采用差示量热扫描仪(DSC)对试样的结晶度进行测试,并分别通过偏光显微镜(PLM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察其结晶形貌,研究交联度对交联聚乙烯(XLPE)水树枝老化特性的影响机理。结果表明:提升XLPE的交联度可以显著增强其耐水树枝能力;虽然交联反应抑制了XLPE球晶和片晶的生长,使其结晶度下降,导致无定形区域面积增大,但形成的三维网状结构限制了材料内部水分沿电场方向发生形变挤压形成水树枝的能力,交联度越高,这种抑制能力越强。相比于结晶的影响,三维网状结构对提高材料耐水树枝能力的影响更明显。     

EAA改性XLPE中空间电荷和电树、水树的关系

以不同含量的EAA（乙烯－丙烯酸共聚物）改性XLPE（交联聚乙烯）,用电声脉冲法测量了样品中的空间电荷分布。探讨了试样中空间电荷分布与EAA含量的关系,找到了抑制空间电荷的最佳含量。同时测出了在直流预压电压下短路电树枝的起始电压。对交流电压下抑制水树枝的产生和成长了做了研究。试验发现：当试样中含EAA为1．0％wt时,聚乙烯的直流预压短路树枝的起始电压得到提高;交流电压下树枝的出现概率和水树枝长度都减小。     

乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物改性聚乙烯的空间电荷对电树和水树的影响

通过添加不同含量的乙烯 -丙烯酸共聚物 (EAA)改善了聚乙烯 (PE)的电气性能。用电声脉冲法测量了样品中的空间电荷分布。测出了在直流预压电压下的短路电树枝的起始电压。对交流电压下抑制水树枝的产生和成长也做了研究。试验发现 ,不同EAA含量的试样中空间电荷的累积、短路 50 %电树枝的起始电压以及水树枝的形成有一定关系。空间电荷的测量可作为衡量改善试样耐电树枝和水树枝能力的手段     

冷热两种扎孔方式下交联聚乙烯电缆中的水树生长特征

为了进一步认识机械应力对交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆中水树生长的影响,研究了XLPE薄片试样在不同温度下受机械应力作用时的水树生长特征。对XLPE试样采用冷扎孔和热扎孔两种方式制造针孔缺陷,并对试样进行加速水树老化实验。利用偏光显微镜观测未老化试样针孔周围XLPE材料的形态,并通过显微镜观测老化试样中的水树形态。结果表明:热扎孔试样中存在明显倾斜的应力纹,且热扎孔老化试样中存在和应力纹形态相似的倾斜生长的水树枝。基于高聚物在不同温度下的力学响应特性,温度升高时XLPE材料的屈服强度降低,在较小的机械应力作用下发生取向,进而导致倾斜的水树枝出现。     

高频电压下交联聚乙烯中电树枝的形态特性

为研究高频电压下交联聚乙烯（cross-linkedpolyethylene,XLPE）中电树枝的形态特性,进行了不同电压、频率和电极间距下的电树枝生长显微观测实验,分析了局部电场强度和频率对电树枝形态特性的影响规律和影响机制,并引进了一个新的参数即能量阈值,来综合考虑电树枝的生长速度、分形维数与电树枝形态之间的关系。结果表明：局部电场强度和频率对电树枝形态的影响有明显的规律性。丛林状电树枝只在较高电压下形成,而且针尖附近小区域内的局部电场强度是形成丛林状电树枝的重要影响因素。纯藤枝状电树枝只在较高频率下出现,而且这个频率随着电压的升高而增大。双结构电树枝的结构转换位置的电场强度在不同的电压和电极间距下基本保持不变,但是随着频率的升高而明显增大。     

Understanding Electrical Performance and Microstructure of Water Tree Aged Cables after Silicone Injection during Electrical-Thermal Accelerated Aging

To further understand the long-term effect of rejuvenation fluid on water tree aged cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables after silicone injection, electrical performance and microstructure of water tree aged cables were investigated during an electrical-thermal accelerated aging experiment. Two groups of treated and untreated water tree aged cable samples were subjected to electrical-thermal aging for 2 weeks. The results of the dielectric loss factor showed that the electrical performance of the treated samples was significantly better than that of untreated samples after electrical-thermal aging. Microobservation results showed that the overall water tree sizes of the treated samples were much smaller than those of the untreated samples after electrical-thermal aging. Furthermore, there was a second growth of water trees in the original water tree region during electrical-thermal aging in both groups of samples. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), rejuvenation fillers were observed tightly embedded in water tree voids after electrical-thermal aging. The infrared (IR) spectroscopy analysis results showed that the concentration of rejuvenation fluid increased from the outer layer to the inner layer of insulation. Based on the results, due to the improvement of the electric field at the water tree tip and the diffusion of silicone fluid in the insulation layer, both the second growth in the original water tree region and continuing growth at the water tree tip can be effectively inhibited.     

在线注入有机硅修复液对交联聚乙烯电缆中水树生长的影响

提出了水树老化电缆的在线修复方法,讨论了在交变电场下修复液对水树的抑制作用及其绝缘修复机理。采用高频高压水针电极法对新样本、预修复样本和在线修复样本进行加速水树老化。老化一个月后,使用显微镜观察样本中水树形态并测量其水树长度。通过差示扫描量热法分析样本绝缘层的劣化程度,同时利用扫描电镜和能谱分析仪对比水树区域的微观形貌及化学结构变化。研究表明,在线注入有机硅修复液能有效地抑制水树的生长。在电场的作用下,修复液分子和水分子同时向强电场区域(如微孔、水树区域等)进行扩散并发生反应,消耗水分并且生成凝胶颗粒填充微孔,一定程度上缓解了绝缘的劣化。     

冷却介质对低密度聚乙烯电树枝老化特性的影响

低密度聚乙烯是电力电缆的主要绝缘材料,电树枝生长特性分析是评估电缆绝缘性能的基础。为此选用冰水、空气和硅油3种不同介质对聚乙烯进行淬火处理,采用针板电极设计出试样的电树枝生长实验系统,通过实时数字显微摄像系统对试样中电树枝生长过程进行了观测,采用差示扫描量热法分析了试样的结晶度和晶粒尺寸均匀性,采集了试样的局部放电数据并对数据进行了统计分析。试验与分析结果表明:硅油冷却聚乙烯电树枝增长速度与扩散系数均小于冰水、空气冷却试样;3种试样中,硅油冷却聚乙烯结晶度最高,晶粒尺寸分布最均匀,放电量与放电重复率较低;冰水冷却聚乙烯结晶度最低,放电量与放电重复率较高。     

Condition assessment of 12- and 24-kV XLPE cables installed during the 80s. Results from a joint Norwegian/Swedish research project

This paper reports the results from the condition assessment of 12- and 24-kV cross-linked polyethylene (XPLE) cables using a technique based on dielectric spectroscopy initially developed at KTH in Sweden. The work aims to examine whether the method could detect water tree degradation for the second generation medium voltage (MV) cables with long, but not bridging, water trees. While the overall cable condition was better than expected for second generation XPLE cables, water trees were found in most of the selected cables. The diagnostic method based on the measurement of the dielectric response could only detect water tree degradation in the examined second generation cables when the water trees bridged the insulation wall. Condition assessment above service stress may, in some cases, be required to detect bridging water trees. The results indicate that there is a correlation between the voltage level and the breakdown voltage of the cable. This can be used as a diagnostic criterion for this group of cables.     

Water treeing in binary linear polyethylene blends: the mechanicalaspect

Water treeing tests were performed on low density polyethylene (LDPE) and four different binary blends of sharp linear polyethylene (LPE) fractions (M_w=2500 and 76000), which were either quenched in air from the melt or isothermally crystallised at 123°C. Although the morphology and initial mechanical properties of the materials tested were significantly different, the vented tree growth characteristics were similar for all of them. This is in disagreement with the electromechanical models of water treeing, which correlate water tree growth with the fracture toughness of the material. Time to breakdown distributions were also similar for both LDPE and the binary LPE blends, which indicates that, regardless of the initial material morphology and the actual structure of water trees, the length of water trees is one of the controlling factors in insulation failure. The visible light image of water trees in LPE blends did not disappear upon drying as it usually does in LDPE and crosslinked polyethylene insulation     

几种因素对水树生长影响的研究

通过在实验室采用水针法对交联聚乙烯绝缘块进行水树枝的培养,重点研究了施加的交流电压、试验时间、频率以及针尖曲率半径对水树枝生长的影响。并通过数学分析验证试验结果,结果表明：这4种因素与水树枝长度均近似成幂函势关系;电压和针尖曲率半径对水树生长的促进作用较时间和频率更为明显;而且所施电压越高、针尖曲率半径越小、频率越高、时间越长,则水树生长越快。     

Accelerated life tests on a new water tree retardant insulation forpower cables

This paper describes the results of an investigation in which 15 kV rated cables insulated with a new water tree retardant cross-linked polyethylene (TR XLPE) were subjected to accelerated aging tests under a controlled voltage stress and thermal load cycle conditions. Cables insulated with conventional XLPE and a commercially available TR XLPE were used as reference test populations to affirm the test methodology. Under the chosen conditions, cable life of the new TR XLPE as calculated using Weibull and log normal statistical distributions, was more than twice that for the reference TR XLPE. Extensive diagnostic measurements (water content, dissipation factor, water tree analysis) were performed on failed cable samples to bring out the differences between the three insulations. Electron micrographic investigations revealed the size and distribution of micro voids in the new TR XLPE to be smaller supporting its extended life under these tests. The experimental details of the accelerated life tests are also documented in a clear manner facilitating any archival of the data for future analysis and comparison