溶解状态下番茄红素稳定性研究

研究了溶解状态下番茄红素在不同条件下存放时被氧化破坏或发生顺反异构化的规律，依据SAS软件的处理结果给出了其残留率计算公式并提出了适宜的产品存放条件。     

增强番茄红素稳定性制剂的研究进展

番茄红素具有增强机体免疫、预防癌症、延缓慢性病的发生等多种生理功能。作为天然类胡萝卜素,番茄红素为异戊二烯结构,其分子含11个共轭双键和2个非共轭双键。这种多共轭双键结构赋予了番茄红素极强的抗氧化活性,但同时易受光、氧和热的影响而发生氧化降解,稳定性较差,限制了其发展。经制剂化处理可有效增强番茄红素的稳定性,从而有利于其保存、运输及工业化应用。目前,番茄红素稳定性制剂主要包括以各类糊精、蛋白和淀粉为载体制备的包合物类制剂和微胶囊类制剂、以小分子脂质、磷脂等为载体制备的微乳类制剂和脂质体类制剂等。本文即综述了增强番茄红素稳定性制剂的制剂方法及其特性的研究进展,以期为高稳定性番茄红素制剂的开发利用提供理论依据。     

番茄红素的化学及其生物学性质

番茄红素(Lycopene)是一种类胡萝卜素(cerotenoid),存在于水果和蔬菜中,是番茄、红辣椒、红葡萄中的红色物质的成份之一。在植物体中番茄红素的功能是接受光、保护植物不受光致氧化作用。在正常的有氧细胞代谢中,所产生的高活性氧可以与番茄红素反应,起到抗氧化剂的作用,以免活性氧对组织细胞的破坏。番茄红素有11个共轭双键,抵抗着过氧游离基,以保护细胞的正常功能。番茄红素猝灭单线氧要比β-胡萝卜素几乎高一倍。     

番茄粉在加工和贮藏过程中番茄红素的稳定性研究

对番茄粉在加工和贮藏过程中番茄红素的稳定性进行了研究。番茄粉在加工和贮藏过程中,番茄红素将会发生氧化降解和异构化。采用高效液相色谱和二极管阵列分析测定了番茄红素的损失率以及番茄红素顺势异构体的变化。当番茄在85℃破碎1min时, 0.56%的番茄红素发生了降解。番茄浆料浓缩时,分别有6.24%和3.05%的番茄红素发生了氧化降解和异构化。在喷雾干燥过程中,约有1.1%的番茄红素发生了降解,2.1%的番茄红素变成了顺式异构体。当番茄粉在和37℃室温下贮藏6周后,番茄红素的保留率分别为70%和86%。     

番茄红素在有机溶剂中的异构化

采用C 3 0柱 (YMCTM CarotenoidS 5 4 6mm× 2 5 0mm )对番茄红素顺反异构体进行分离测定 ,对番茄红素在不同温度及不同有机溶剂中的异构化程度进行了比较。结果表明 ,在以甲醇 甲基叔丁基醚 乙酸乙酯 (体积比为 5 0∶40∶1 0 )为流动相 ,流速为 1 5mL/min ,温度 2 5℃条件下 ,可将番茄红素全反式与顺式异构体进行分离。番茄红素在不同溶剂中顺反异构化程度不同 ,二氯甲烷 >丙酮 >四氢呋喃 >乙酸乙酯 >正己烷 ;异构化程度与温度有关 ,1 5℃时异构化程度高于 4℃时     

Cosmosil Cholester-HPLC法分离番茄红素异构体的研究

番茄红素是一种由11个共轭双键和2个非共轭双键组成的直链型多不饱和烯烃。由于分子中双键数目较多,番茄红素有很多空间异构体。对COSMOSIL Cholester-HPLC法分离番茄红素异构体的方法进行了研究并优化了分离条件。最终确定的试验条件如下:流动相为V(四氢呋喃)∶V(乙腈)=10∶90,进样量20μL,流速1 mL/min,检测波长472 nm。此试验条件下进行的重复性试验表明,该方法分离效果比较理想,重复性良好。     

番茄红素在微乳液制备和贮藏过程中构型转化及稳定性研究

由于分子中存在大量共轭双键、具有高度不饱和性,番茄红素在加工和贮藏过程中容易发生构型转化和/或氧化降解。作者采用Cosmosil Cholester-HPLC高效液相色谱系统对番茄红素微乳液在制备及贮藏过程中番茄红素质量分数及构型变化情况进行研究。结果表明,在番茄红素微乳液制备过程中全反式番茄红素能异构化为4种不同构型的顺式异构体。在番茄红素微乳液中all-trans番茄红素占43.99%、9-cis番茄红素占17.96%、13-cis番茄红素占15.65%,x1-cis番茄红素占7.85%,x2-cis番茄红素占9.64%,且在贮藏过程中9-cis番茄红素比13-cis番茄红素稳定。番茄红素微乳液在4℃下贮藏40 d后,反式番茄红素和总顺式番茄红素保留率分别为93.4%、80%,在37℃贮藏40 d后两者保留率分别为76.4%,21.2%。     

番茄红素微胶囊的稳定性研究

研究了番茄红素微胶囊在不同时间、光、热及微波条件的稳定性,并与番茄红素纯提物和粗提物进行稳定性对照实验。结果表明,番茄红素经微胶囊化后贮藏稳定性大为改善,为番茄制品的护色与安全贮藏提供了参考和依据。     

超高压协同中温处理对番茄汁中番茄红素和总VC 含量的影响

探讨超高压协同中温加工对番茄汁中番茄红素和总VC 含量的影响。番茄汁在温度为33.5℃,压力为469.2MPa,时间为14.0min 的条件下处理,番茄红素含量显著增加,但番茄红素顺反异构体变化不明显;VC 含量变化不显著。     

番茄饮料中番茄红素的检测及稳定性研究

对番茄饮料中番茄红素的提取和分析方法进行了研究。测定了市售5种番茄饮料,确定了番茄饮料中番茄红素以石油醚为提取溶剂,超声波辅助提取法为最佳提取方法,回收率91%;分别用分光光度法和高效液相色谱法作为定量分析方法,并进行了比对。试验还对番茄饮料中的番茄红素稳定性进行了研究,结果表明:番茄饮料中的番茄红素在常温和冷藏条件下比较稳定,而番茄红素溶液在紫外光照下易损失。     

Lycopene in tomatoes: chemical and physical properties affected by food processing

Lycopene is the pigment principally responsible for the characteristic deep-red color of ripe tomato fruits and tomato products. It has attracted attention due to its biological and physicochemical properties, especially related to its effects as a natural antioxidant. Although it has no provitamin A activity, lycopene does exhibit a physical quenching rate constant with singlet oxygen almost twice as high as that of beta-carotene. This makes its presence in the diet of considerable interest. Increasing clinical evidence supports the role of lycopene as a micronutrient with important health benefits, because it appears to provide protection against a broad range of epithelial cancers. Tomatoes and related tomato products are the major source of lycopene compounds, and are also considered an important source of carotenoids in the human diet. Undesirable degradation of lycopene not only affects the sensory quality of the final products, but also the health benefit of tomato-based foods for the human body. Lycopene in fresh tomato fruits occurs essentially in the all-trans configuration. The main causes of tomato lycopene degradation during processing are isomerization and oxidation. Isomerization converts all-trans isomers to cis-isomers due to additional energy input and results in an unstable, energy-rich station. Determination of the degree of lycopene isomerization during processing would provide a measure of the potential health benefits of tomato-based foods. Thermal processing (bleaching, retorting, and freezing processes) generally cause some loss of lycopene in tomato-based foods. Heat induces isomerization of the all-trans to cis forms. The cis-isomers increase with temperature and processing time. In general, dehydrated and powdered tomatoes have poor lycopene stability unless carefully processed and promptly placed in a hermetically sealed and inert atmosphere for storage. A significant increase in the cis-isomers with a simultaneous decrease in the all-trans isomers can be observed in the dehydrated tomato samples using the different dehydration methods. Frozen foods and heat-sterilized foods exhibit excellent lycopene stability throughout their normal temperature storage shelf life. Lycopene bioavailability (absorption) can be influenced by many factors. The bioavailability of cis-isomers in food is higher than that of all-trans isomers. Lycopene bioavailability in processed tomato products is higher than in unprocessed fresh tomatoes. The composition and structure of the food also have an impact on the bioavailability of lycopene and may affect the release of lycopene from the tomato tissue matrix. Food processing may improve lycopene bioavailability by breaking down cell walls, which weakens the bonding forces between lycopene and tissue matrix, thus making lycopene more accessible and enhancing the cis-isomerization. More information on lycopene bioavailability, however, is needed. The pharmacokinetic properties of lycopene remain particularly poorly understood. Further research on the bioavalability, pharmacology, biochemistry, and physiology must be done to reveal the mechanism of lycopene in human diet, and the in vivo metabolism of lycopene. Consumer demand for healthy food products provides an opportunity to develop lycopene-rich food as new functional foods, as well as food-grade and pharmaceutical-grade lycopene as new nutraceutical products. An industrial scale, environmentally friendly lycopene extraction and purification procedure with minimal loss of bioactivities is highly desirable for the foods, feed, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. High-quality lycopene products that meet food safety regulations will offer potential benefits to the food industry.     

番茄红素分析方法的研究进展

番茄红素是一种红色的、脂溶性的类胡萝卜素,广泛存在于各种蔬菜水果中。流行病学研究、组织培养及动物实验的结果均表明其具有很强的抗氧化活性,能显著地降低心血管、癌症等疾病的发病率,被广泛应用于医药、保健食品、食品添加剂、化妆品等行业。番茄红素含量的测定是评价各种番茄制品以及番茄红素为主要成分的保健品和药品质量的重要指标,也是深入研究番茄红素在人体组织和器官中的活性作用机理和代谢机制的前提。本文综述各种含番茄红素的果实、番茄制品、番茄红素提取物、食品及血清和组织中番茄红素分析方法的研究进展。     

Lycopene content of tomatoes and tomato products and their contribution to dietary lycopene

Tomatoes are an integral part of diet world wide. Many population studies have established link between dietary intake of tomatoes, a major source of a carotenoid antioxidant lycopene and reduced risk of chronic diseases. This study evaluates the lycopene contents of various commonly consumed tomato products and estimates its daily intake levels. A fast and simple spectrophotometric method for routine analysis of lycopene was developed and validated against HPLC method. Lycopene content in various tomato products ranged from 42 ppm to 365 ppm. Average daily dietary lycopene intake levels were assessed by administering food frequency questionnaire and were estimated to be 25.2 mg day⁻¹. Fresh tomatoes accounted for 50% of total lycopene intake.     

番茄红素的抗氧化及抗肿瘤作用

为促进番茄红素在保健食品中的应用，对番茄红素的抗氧化和抗肿瘤作用进行了论述。番茄红素是最主要的类胡萝卜素。几乎存在于所有的番茄和番茄类制品中。体外实验证明，在饮食胡萝卜素中，番茄红素是最强的单线态氧捕捉剂。已有实验证明番茄红素摄入量或血清中番茄红素水平与患癌风险有显的负相关关系。     

The physico-chemical characteristics of extruded snacks enriched with tomato lycopene

Adding tomato derivatives to traditional starchy extruded snacks can improve their nutritional properties by adding lycopene and fibre; however the physico-chemical properties of these products must also be considered. Ingredients and extrusion parameters, including temperature, alter these properties, but their effect on lycopene content is not known. In this study, crisp low density extruded snacks were manufactured from corn, wheat and rice, with or without dried tomato skin or paste powder extruded at temperatures of 140, 160 or 180 °C. Lycopene content and the physico-chemical properties (expansion, density, hardness, colour parameters and percentage of moisture loss) of the extruded products were measured. Lycopene retention was higher in products containing tomato skin powder and significantly lower when wheat flour was used to make the snacks. Increases in the processing temperature improved the physico-chemical characteristics of the snacks but had no significant effect on lycopene retention (P > 0.05).     

KINETICS OF LYCOPENE DEGRADATION IN TOMATO PUREE BY HEAT AND LIGHT IRRADIATION

Lycopene as a natural antioxidant may provide protection against a broad range of epithelial cancers. Tomatoes and tomato‐based food products are a major source of lycopene compounds. Thermal processing is the main procedure in tomato puree production. Heat and light induces lycopene oxidation and isomerization of the all‐trans form to the cis form. The level of cis‐isomers increases as treatment time increases but only for a short period during the beginning of the treatment. The major effect of thermal processing was a significant decrease in the total lycopene content. Lycopene is relatively stable if heated at temperatures below 100C, but the duration of heating must be taken into consideration. The kinetics of lycopene degradation was analyzed. A shorter period of time of heating and less light irradiation in processing and storage would reduce lycopene degradation to a great extent.     

Thermal Stability and Isomerization of Lycopene in Tomato Oleoresins from Different Varieties

ABSTRACT: Lycopene, a tomato carotenoid, has been associated with the inhibition of certain chronic diseases including prostate cancer. Tomato oleoresin is a lipid-rich material resulting from successive solvent extraction of the tomato fruit. Thermal stability and isomerization of lycopene in oleoresins prepared from 3 different tomato varieties, Roma, High Lycopene, and Tangerine, and tomato peel waste, were studied at 25 °C, 50 °C, 75 °C, and 100 °C in the dark. Thermally degraded lycopene compounds and isomers of lycopene were analyzed by a combination of C₃₀ reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatograph with a photodiode array detector, UV-visible spectrometer, or mass spectrometer. Effects of antioxidants on lycopene were also studied at 50 °C. As the storage temperature increased from 25 °C to 100 °C, the degradation of total lycopene in oleoresin from all samples increased significantly ( P <0.05). Lycopene at 25 °C and 50 °C may degrade mainly through oxidation without isomerization. Isomerization of lycopene in tomato oleoresins increased at 75 °C and 100 °C. Tetra- cis lycopene in Tangerine tomato varieties followed different degradation and isomerization pathways compared with all -trans lycopene in other tomato varieties. Addition of α-tocopherol or butylated hydroxytoluene slowed the rate of degradation of lycopene in oleoresin.     

Extraction of Lycopene from Tomato Paste by Ursodeoxycholic Acid Using the Selective Inclusion Complex Method

Lycopene, a precursor of β‐carotene with well‐known antioxidant activity and powerful health properties, can be found in many natural products such as tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), watermelon, red pepper, and papaya. Many separation methods have been reported for extracting lycopene from its sources. The inclusion complex is an effective method for extraction and purification of organic chemicals. This procedure has 2 main components: host and guest molecules. In this study, lycopene (guest) was extracted from tomato paste by ursodeoxycholic acid, the inclusive agent (host). The molecular structure of the extracted lycopene was then confirmed by ¹HNMR and its purity was evaluated using high‐performance liquid chromatography and UV‐Vis spectrophotometry methods, in comparison with a standard product. The results indicated that the proposed separation method was very promising and could be used for the extraction and purification of lycopene from tomato paste.     

Lycopene degradation and isomerization in tomato dehydration

Lycopene is an important nutrient, since it appears to provide protection against a broad range of epithelial cancers. Tomatoes and tomato products are the major source of lycopene, and are considered to be an important source of carotenoids in the human diet. Biodegradation of lycopene not only affects the attractive color of the final products, but also their nutritive value. The main cause of lycopene degradation in tomato dehydration is isomerization and oxidation. The objectives of this study were to determine the retention of total lycopene and isomerization in different dehydration methods, and to optimize processing technology for the retention of lycopene biological potency in the tomato products. Experiments were carried out to compare the effect of osmotic treatment, vacuum-drying, air-drying and their combination on the retention of lycopene bioactivity. Firstly a skin treatment was applied to the tomatoes, following an osmotic treatment at 25°C in 65°Brix sucrose solution for 4 h, then vacuum-drying at 55°C for 4–8 h, or air-drying at 95°C for 6–10 h. In the fresh tomato samples, lycopene content is 75.5 μg/100 g on dry weight basis. Lycopene occurs in nature primarily in the more stable all-trans form. A significant increase in the cis-isomers with simultaneous decrease in the all-trans isomers can be observed in the dehydrated tomato samples in the different dehydration methods. The cis-isomers increased with temperature and processing time. In the osmotic treatment, the predominating mechanism is isomerization of lycopene. Since the total lycopene content remained essentially constant, but the distribution of trans- and cis-isomers changed. In the air-drying processing, isomerization and oxidation (autoxidation) as two strong factors affected simultaneously the decrease of total lycopene content, distribution of trans-and cis-isomers, and biological potency. A possible explanation of this result is that sugar enters the tomato matrix and strengthen the binding force on lycopene in the tomato matrix. Osmotic solution (sugar) remaining on the surface layer of the tomato prevents oxygen from penetrating and oxidizing lycopene. The osmotic treatment could reduce lycopene losses in comparison with other dehydration methods.     

Enhancing lycopene stability and bioaccessibility in homogenized tomato pulp using emulsion design principles

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of oil, emulsifier, and texture modifier addition on the bioaccessibility of lycopene in homogenized tomato pulp. Different types (olive or corn oil) and levels (0 to 8 wt%) of digestible lipids, a protein-based emulsifier (whey protein isolate, WPI) and/or a polysaccharide-based texture modifier (sodium alginate, SA) were added to the tomato pulp. The addition of these substances increased the amount of lycopene liberated from the tomato tissues. WPI addition led to the formation of smaller oil droplets during homogenization that scattered light more strongly, thereby leading to a tomato pulp that appeared more turbid. SA addition increased the viscosity of the tomato pulp, thereby increasing its uniformity. The best storage stability of lycopene in the tomato pulp was achieved by adding 8% corn oil and 1% WPI. However, the best in vitro bioaccessibility of lycopene (61.5%) was achieved using 6% olive oil and 1% SA. Overall, our results show that lycopene bioaccessibility in tomato products can be increased by careful manipulation of emulsion properties.Industrial relevance: Lycopene is a strongly hydrophobic carotenoid found in tomatoes that contributes to their desirable appearance and potential health benefits. However, it has poor chemical stability and low oral bioavailability, which limits its beneficial effects. We show that the stability and bioaccessibility of lycopene can be improved by high-pressure homogenization of tomato pulp in the presence of specific food additives. This approach may be suitable for the large-scale production of tomato products with enhanced health benefits.