特殊条件下管线钢管自动环缝焊接性研究

根据海外管线钢管用户需求,针对典型规格X70M大口径UOE管线钢管,在不超过0.25 kJ/mm超低热输入以及焊丝高强匹配条件下进行熔化极气体保护自动环缝焊接。通过研究实际焊接过程中环焊接头冷裂纹敏感性、焊后环焊接头强化、硬化与脆化倾向,全面评价X70M管线钢管在这种具有加速失效特征的特殊焊接条件下的环缝焊接性。同时,将特殊条件下X70M管线钢管接头使用性能特征与现场施工正常主流焊接工艺条件下的接头性能指标进行比较,从而证实了X70M管线钢管良好的环缝焊接性,并指出了特殊条件下管线钢管自动环缝焊接性评价结果对现场施工焊接的重要指导意义。结果表明,即使在特殊苛刻焊接条件下,X70M管线钢管焊接性仍能满足现场施工焊接要求。     

Field girth weldability evaluation of X70 UOE pipeline

Based on API STD 1104-2005 and CSA Z662-2007,field girth welding tests and girth weldability evaluations were executed for three types of wall thickness X70 UOE pipeline,in which the most popular main line girth welding method,single-wire automatic gas metal arc welding(GMAW),was used. The welding procedure specification was optimized to achieve a good quality and cold-crack-free girth weld joint without preheating or post-weld heat treatment. In addition,porosities,inclusions,and incomplete fusion defects were avoided. The tensile strength,bending,Vickers hardness,Charpy V-notch impact toughness,and crack tip opening displacement fracture toughness of the girth weld joint were evaluated,and the joint exhibited good mechanical performance. Thus,the field girth weldability of Baosteel's X70 UOE pipeline is excellent for automatic GMAW.     

Automatic girth welding and performance evaluation of the joints of hot-induction-bend and line pipes with different wall thickness

During the process of laying long-distance oil and gas transmission pipelines,the hot-induction-bend method is extensively used when the direction has to be changed.By considering the pipeline's ongoing processing and loading states during service,the pipeline that is generally used exhibits thicker walls than those that are observed in the line pipe.As such,during pipeline construction,hot-induction-bend and line pipes with different wall thickness are girth-welded.The chemical composition of hot-induction-bend and line pipes differs,with the carbon content being particularly higher in the hot-induction-bend pipe;it also depicts a higher carbon equivalent,which makes it possible to modify the girth of the pipe.In this study,using Baosteel's standard X70M UOE hotinduction-bend and line pipes,solid-wire automatic gas-metal-arc girth welding was performed and the performance of the girth-welded joint was evaluated.Furthermore,the weldability of the pipeline girth and the microstructure of the girth-welded joint were analyzed.The results reveal that Baosteel's standard UOE hot-induction-bend and line pipes exhibit good girth weldability,and their technical quality can be guaranteed in case of consumer fieldconstruction applications.     

管线钢WIC试验对UOE钢管现场施工环焊的指导

WIC试验是加拿大焊接协会20世纪80年代开发的一种用于评价管线钢材料抵抗焊接氢致裂纹能力的试验方法,其反映了管线钢材料的可焊性,尤其是制管后管线钢管现场施工环缝焊接性。因此可根据WIC试验的结果,制定UOE钢管现场施工环焊坡口设计与组对、环缝根焊方法选择与工艺制定、环焊后续处理等方面的指导原则,为相关用户提供技术支撑。     

Girth weldability and welding process of Baosteel X80 UOE linepipes

An analysis of the girth weldability of Baosteel X80 UOE (U-ing-O-ing-Expanding) linepipes was conducted using manual shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and semiautomatic self-shielded flux cored wire arc welding (FCAW).A technical specification for the optimum quality of a girth welding joint was obtained through a large amount of testing.According to the requirements of America Petroleum Institute(API) standard 1104 and the standards of the 2nd West-East natural gas transmission pipeline project,the mechanical properties of a girth welding joint were estimated.In addition,the effect of the girth welding procedure specifications and the consumable’s suitability on the impact toughness of the girth welding joint was discussed.     

Investigation of the impact toughness of self-shielded flux-cored wire girth welds for X80 pipelines

Self-shielded flux-cored wire is a convenient and efficient consumable for pipeline field girth welding because of its self-protection characteristic and high deposition rate,especially for remote construction sites in rugged terrain. From the perspective of pipeline safety,the impact toughness of the girth welds is an important factor in pipeline integrity,which determines the crack arrest behavior in the girth welds. Therefore,improving the girth weld impact toughness is of primary importance in the field of pipeline girth welding. Three self-shielded flux-cored wires comprising different chemical composition systems have been applied to large diameter X80 UOE( U-ing-O-ingExpanding) pipeline semi-automatic girth welding,and the impact toughness of the welds has been evaluated by girth weld chemical composition analysis and microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy( SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry( EDS) to investigate pipeline girth weld impact toughness and find ways to improve it.This helps in determining the main factors that influence girth weld impact toughness. Pipeline girth weld impact toughness is mainly determined by the final microstructure produced in the solid-state phase transition. In the as-weld state,acicular ferrite( AF) and fine bainite( FB) are a benefit to the impact toughness. For multilayer semiautomatic self-shielded flux-cored wire welding,the normalizing and tempering function of the latter beads to the initial beads plays an important role in the transition of girth weld microstructure,which affects the impact toughness. The original AF and FB and the corresponding heat treatment microstructure of the fine and uniform block ferrite and pearlite result in very good impact toughness. The following two mechanisms are found to promote the production of AF and FB in the girth weld. First,elements promoting the broadening of the austenitic region,such as Ni,C,Cu,and Mn,induce low temperature phase transitions and restrain the opposing function of Al,which is a benefit to the production of AF and FB. Second,dispersed high-melting-point inclusions,especially Al2O3,induce the nucleated production of AF. The advantageous function of inclusions is determined by their shape,distribution,and dimension. Dispersed spherical inclusions of small dimension are a benefit to the production of AF,and result in good impact toughness.     

高强管线钢管自动环焊技术现状及宝钢研究进展

介绍当前油气输送管道及其环缝焊接技术发展概况,综述了X80高强管线钢管的开发应用及环缝焊接技术。管道工程建设的发展对自动环缝焊接技术提出了新的需求,其将成为今后管道环缝焊接领域的发展趋势,阐述了当前存在的各种自动环缝焊接方法。宝钢在开展管道环缝手工焊接与半自动焊接的基础上,将开展管道自动焊接技术研究,为用户提供技术支撑。     

大口径油气管道环焊技术的进展及在宝钢的应用

介绍了当前管道工业的发展及管道焊接技术的进展情况,并阐明了管道全位置下向焊接技术的特性.管道环焊缝是由根焊、热焊、填充焊、盖面焊等不同焊道组成.对常用的手工焊、半自动焊和自动焊接方法在管道环焊缝不同焊道焊接时的应用以及各自特点做了介绍,还对焊接材料的选用、焊接设备的选型作了描述.宝钢铜管厂大口径直缝埋弧焊管(UOE)项目即将投产,投产后大口径焊管产品使用技术的研究势在必行,宝钢应尽快开展大口径UOE焊管的环缝焊接技术的研究,为将来的推广应用提供必要的技术支撑.     

Weldability of Low Carbon Transformation Induced Plasticity Steel

Transformation induced plasticity （TRIP） steel exhibited high or rather high carbon equivalent （CE） because of its chemical composition, which was a particularly detrimental factor affecting weldability of steels. Thus the weldability of a TRIP steel （grade 600） containing （in mass percent, %） 0.11C-1. 19Si-1.67Mn was extensively studied. The mechanical properties and impact toughness of butt joint, the welding crack susceptibility of weld and heat affected zone （HAZ） for tee joint, control thermal severity （CTS） of the welded joint, and Y shape 60° butt joint were measured after the gas metal arc welding （GMAW） test. The tensile strength of the weld was higher than 700 MPa. Both in the fusion zone （FZ） and HAZ for butt joint, the impact toughness was much higher than 27 J, either at room temperature or at -20 ℃, indicating good low temperature impact ductility of the weld of TRIP 600 steel. In addition, welding crack susceptibility tests revealed that weldments were free of surface crack and other imperfection. All experimental results of this steel showed fairly good weldability. For application, the crossmember in automobile made of this steel exhibited excellent weldability, and fatigue and durability tests were also accomplished for crossmember assembly.     

高强度耐大气腐蚀乙字钢焊接性能研究

通过对新型高强度耐大气腐蚀乙字钢焊接性分析、焊接工艺试验，检验分析了焊接接头的性能，确定了合适的焊接工艺参数、焊接材料，证明了攀钢生产的YQ450NQR1高强度耐大气腐蚀乙字钢具有良好的焊接性。     

含铝304和316L奥氏体不锈钢热轧板材焊接性能

 对加Al质量分数为4%的304、2%的316L不锈钢热轧板材的焊接性能进行了研究。采用手工氩弧焊（TIG）的焊接方法,利用光学显微镜对焊缝的显微组织进行分析,利用电子探针（EMPA）分析焊接母材的元素分布,并对焊接接头进行力学性能测试。组织和力学性能的研究结果表明：含铝304和含铝316L合金热轧板分别选用ER308L,ER316L作为焊接材料,经TIG焊接后,焊缝无裂纹、气孔等缺陷,接头具有良好的强度和塑性,焊接接头力学性能接近于其母材;热影响区组织与母材组织基本一致,焊缝与母材熔合良好,组织良好,加铝304和316L不锈钢具有良好的焊接性能。     

Heat Flow during the Autogenous GTA Welding of Pipes

A theoretical and experimental study of heat flow during the welding of pipes was carried out. The theoretical part of the study involves the development of two finite difference computer models: one for describing steady state, 3-dimensional heat flow during seam welding, the other for describing unsteady state, 3-dimensional heat flow during girth welding. The experimental part of the study, on the other hand, includes: measurement of the thermal response of the pipe with a high speed data acquisition system, determination of the arc efficiency with a calorimeter, and examination of the fusion boundary of the resultant weld. The experimental results were compared with the calculated ones, and the agreement was excellent in the case of seam welding and reasonably good in the case of girth welding. Both the computer models and experiments confirmed that, under a constant heat input and welding speed, the size of the fusion zone remains unchanged in seam welding but continues to increase in girth welding of pipes of small diameters. It is expected that the unsteady state model developed can be used to provide optimum conditions for girth welding, so that uniform weld beads can be obtained and weld defects such as lack of fusion and sagging can be avoided.     

Effect of Nb on Mechanical Properties of HAZ for High-Nb X80 Pipeline Steels

The mechanical properties of heat affected zone (HAZ) of two commercial high-Nb X80 grade pipeline steels with different alloy elements were investigated using thermal simulation performed on a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator. The results showed that the high-Nb steels have excellent weldability. Embrittlement regions appear in coarse grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ) and intercritically heat affected zone (ICHAZ); Softening region appears in fine-grain heat affected zone (FGHAZ), and the strength here was even lower than 555 MPa as required in the standard. Meanwhile, with the increase of heat input, the strength and the toughness of HAZ of steel with high Nb, C and lower alloy decrease notably. Therefore, take into account the welding procedure during manufacture of weld pipe, suitable amount of alloy elements, such as Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo and so on, is necessary for high Nb X80 heavy-thick steel plate.     

A study on weldability of zinc-coated steel sheets in lap joint configuration

The weldability of Zn-coated steel sheets 0.7 mm thick was investigated using resistance spot welding process. The effect of welding current, welding time and holding time on weld nugget characteristics, microstructure, and mechanical properties was discussed. Then, the possibility of replacing this welding process with laser beam welding was outlined. In this respect, quality of weld joints as a function of zinc removal by grinding prior to welding was evaluated. It is found that resistance spot welding current and time are the most significant parameters in affecting both expulsion and Zn-induced porosity. Expulsion was avoided and Zn-induced porosity was reduced with the decrease in welding current and/or welding time. Zn-induced porosity was completely eliminated by zinc-removal by grinding prior to welding. The best weld joint concerning nugget characteristics, soundness and tensile shear strength was obtained using welding current of 10 kA, weld cycle of 20, holding cycle of 18. Unlike resistance spot welds, high quality of CO₂ laser welds free from Zn-induced porosity could be made without zinc removal by grinding before welding.     

超低碳微合金X100管线钢CO2焊焊接接头的组织和性能

 采用CO2焊接方法焊接X100管线钢,分析了不同焊接工艺下焊接接头组织和性能的变化特征。随着焊接热输入的增加,焊接接头的屈服强度和抗拉强度降低,焊缝和热影响区处的冲击吸收功呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,而焊缝组织均以针状铁素体（AF）为主。焊接热输入为1.17 kJ/mm时,粗晶区的显微组织主要是贝氏体铁素体（BF）,强韧匹配性最为优异;当热输入增加至1.91 kJ/mm时,粗晶区的组织除了BF外,还出现了粒状贝氏体（GB）,强韧水平明显降低。综合考虑,可将1.17 kJ/mm作为X100管线钢CO2焊接时的最佳热输入。     

高炉自动焊机技术的应用

文章介绍了在新疆八一钢厂2 500 m3新1#高炉工程中采用GHH-Ⅱ型高炉横缝埋弧自动焊机焊接炉壳横环缝,采用GLH-Ⅱ型气电立焊机焊接炉壳立缝及锥体立缝,进行焊接工艺评定及确定有关焊接工艺参数的技术,为今后类似工程施工提供了经验和借鉴。     

Ti—V—Nb微合金管线钢水下焊接粗晶区的韧性与沉淀物行为

对Ｘ６０,Ｘ６５和Ｘ７０三种微合金管线钢水下焊接及空气中焊接热影响粗晶区（ＣＧＨＡＺ）的显微组织,冲击韧性以及Ｔｉ－Ｖ－Ｎｂ沉淀物的尺寸分布和溶解行为进行了考察并用Ｘ射线能谱仪测定了沉淀物的成分。     

国产SS41钢焊接性能研究

研究了国产ＳＳ４１普通碳素结构钢的焊接性能。通过与相同成分及板厚的Ｑ２３５钢试验对比试验：ＳＳ４１钢采用Ｅ４３１５低氢焊条（手工电弧焊）、Ｈ０８Ａ焊丝配ＨＪ４３１焊剂焊接，焊接接头的力学性能与Ｑ２３５钢相当，可以替代Ｑ２３５钢用于重要的焊接结构工程。     

Weldability of 1 000 MPa Grade Ultra-low Carbon Bainitic Steel

Maximum hardness test in weld heat-affected zone(HAZ),oblique Y-groove cracking test and mechanical property test of welding joint of 1 000 MPa grade ultra-low carbon bainitic steel were carried out,so as to research the weldability of the steel.The results show that the steel has lower cold cracking sensitivity,and preheating temperature of 100 ℃ can help completely eliminate cold cracks,generating good process weldability.The increase of preheating temperature can reduce the hardening degree of heat-affected zone.The strength of welding joint decreases and hardness reduces when heat inputs increase,and excellent mechanical properties can be obtained when low welding heat inputs are used.Fine lath bainites of different orientations combined with a few granular bainites that effectively split the original coarse austenite grains are the foundation of good properties.     

Crossed-Wire Laser Microwelding of Pt-10 Pct Ir to 316 LVM Stainless Steel: Part II. Effect of Orientation on Joining Mechanism

With the increasing complexity of medical devices and with efforts to reduce manufacturing costs, challenges arise in joining dissimilar materials. In this study, the laser weldability of dissimilar joints between Pt-10 pct Ir and 316 low-carbon vacuum melted (LVM) stainless steel (SS) crossed wires was investigated by characterizing the weld geometry, joint strength, morphology of weld cross sections, and differences in joining behavior, depending on which material is subject to the incident laser beam. With the Pt-Ir alloy on top, a significant amount of porosity was observed on the surface of the welds as well as throughout the weld cross sections. This unique form of porosity is believed to be a result of preferential vaporization of 316 LVM SS alloying elements that become mixed with the molten Pt-10 pct Ir during welding. The joining mechanism documented in micrographs of cross-sectioned welds was found to transition from laser brazing to fusion welding. It is inferred that the orientation of the two dissimilar metals (i.e., which material is subject to the incident laser beam) plays an important role in weld quality of crossed-wire laser welds.