普洱茶黄曲霉毒素污染风险及其抑制研究进展

近年来,关于"喝普洱茶致癌"、"普洱茶中检测出黄曲霉毒素"等言论时有传出,引起市场以及饮茶人恐慌。本文对普洱茶中黄曲霉污染状况以及近年来开展的相关实验研究进行综述。结果表明,在普洱茶发酵过程中,黑曲霉等优势菌群不仅会抑制黄曲霉的生长及产毒,还可降解其毒素,但黄曲霉毒素污染风险抑制机制有待进一步研究阐明。同时,普洱茶由于含茶多酚、咖啡碱等物质对黄曲霉毒素有一定的抑制作用。潜在的黄曲霉毒素污染风险可能来自于鲜叶采摘、产品加工、产品流通及仓储等各生产环节的外源性污染。随着质量安全意识的日益提升和科学技术的飞速发展,普洱茶的质量安全风险管控越来越朝着规范化、专业化、标准化、清洁化的方向健康发展,普洱茶真菌毒素污染风险也必将得到越来越有效的控制,广大消费者可不必为此忧心。     

黄曲霉毒素的产生机制及污染防控策略

黄曲霉是一种广泛分布的环境习居菌,经常在种植、贮藏、加工、运输过程污染玉米、花生等富含脂肪酸的粮食及相关食品和饲料,并会产生多种有毒次生代谢产物。其中,黄曲霉毒素是黄曲霉产生的最主要真菌毒素之一,是公认的一类致癌物。黄曲霉毒素污染严重影响农产品质量安全;带来巨大的经济损失和贸易争端;更重要的是,黄曲霉毒素具有高毒性、高致癌性、致突变性和免疫抑制性,严重威胁人畜健康。因此,黄曲霉毒素合成、调控及防控的相关工作一直是食品安全领域的研究重点和热点。阐述已知的黄曲霉毒素产生途径及相关调控机制,并介绍了多种有效的防控手段。重点讨论光照、温度、水活度、营养物质、pH值、氧化胁迫等环境因子对黄曲霉毒素合成的影响及已明确的调控机制;阐明了参与不同环境因子调控毒素合成的关键转录因子;同时分别从物理、化学和生物等不同技术层面介绍了多种有效抑制或降解黄曲霉毒素的方法,总结了黄曲霉毒素污染防控策略;并对今后的关键研究方向和重点防控措施做出了展望。     

玉米中黄曲霉毒素的检测与降解

阐述了黄曲霉毒素的性质及黄曲霉毒素在我国玉米中的污染情况.通过对目前玉米中黄曲霉毒素主要检测方法和降解方法的比较、分析,为今后的研究和实际应用提供参考.     

山东临沂部分地区2014年产花生真菌及黄曲霉毒素污染调查

中文：目的 对山东临沂地区五个花生主产区2014年产花生真菌及黄曲霉毒素污染情况进行调查。方法 分别采集收获前1个月的花生和土壤样品、收获期、收获后贮藏1个月及3个月的花生样品,花生和土壤真菌菌相调查分别采用点种法和稀释法接种马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)平板,于28±1℃培养5后进行菌落计数并鉴定;黄曲霉毒素含量采用高效液相色谱法测定。结果 临沂不同地区花生和土壤样品污染的真菌菌相不同,土壤样品真菌菌相更为丰富,但黄曲霉(7%)及黄曲霉毒素(1%)污染水平均较低。结论 山东临沂部分地区花生样品受黄曲霉及黄曲霉毒素污染较轻,但仍需注意土壤中其它真菌污染,可以有效预防花生中真菌及其毒素污染和减少人类膳食暴露。     

乳酸菌对乳制品中黄曲霉毒素的生物防治作用

黄曲霉及其毒素污染常发生于乳制品中,导致一定的经济损失,且严重危害人体健康。乳酸菌及其代谢产物均可有效地吸附去除黄曲霉毒素。就黄曲霉毒素、乳酸菌生物防治作用、乳酸菌对乳制品中黄曲霉毒素生物防治作用的应用及安全性评价进行综述,为提高我国发酵乳制品的卫生安全质量提供理论依据。     

黄曲霉毒素与食品污染

食品污染包括很多,黄曲霉毒素的污染是其中比较突出的一种。就黄曲霉毒素在中国食品的污染和监测情况,及有关黄曲霉毒素预防控制措施进行简要评述。     

坚果和干果中黄曲霉毒素的污染、检测与控制

坚果和干果在生产、加工和储藏过程中易受到黄曲霉毒素污染。黄曲霉毒素是一类毒性极强的真菌毒素, 其中黄曲霉毒素B1污染最普遍、毒性最强, 其易引发急、慢性毒性, 致癌、致畸、免疫抑制等多种危害, 严重威胁果品安全, 危害人类健康。坚果和干果中黄曲霉毒素污染状况的阐释能够更加明晰其在不同果品中的污染差异, 为有针对性地控制毒素污染奠定了基础。坚果和干果中黄曲霉毒素的准确检测是分析其污染状况的前提。另外, 如何防控黄曲霉毒素在坚果和干果中的污染, 降低黄曲霉毒素对人类健康的影响, 一直是研究的重点。本文对国内外坚果和干果中黄曲霉毒素的污染情况及限量标准, 黄曲霉毒素的检测方法和防控措施进行了综述, 以期为坚果和干果中黄曲霉毒素的污染控制提供理论基础和指导。     

稻谷黄曲霉毒素的检测与污染控制研究进展

稻谷在生长、收获和储存的过程中,容易受到黄曲霉菌及黄曲霉毒素的污染,其加工形成的粮食制品进入食物链后,易引发人类急、慢性中毒。黄曲霉毒素是由真菌代谢产生的天然毒素主要分为B族黄曲霉毒素、G族黄曲霉毒素及M族黄曲霉毒素,其中黄曲霉毒素B1是众多霉菌毒素中较常见且毒性较高的一种,过量摄入具有致癌、致畸形、免疫抑制等毒性效应。本文综合国内外研究进展,从稻谷中黄曲霉毒素的分子结构,检测及防控等方面对稻谷中黄曲霉毒素污染展开综述,并对其检测方法和脱除方法进行了概述对比,旨为后续研究提供参考。     

2014年山东临沂地区花生真菌及黄曲霉毒素污染调查

目的对山东临沂地区五个花生主产区2014年花生真菌及黄曲霉毒素污染情况进行调查。方法分别采集收获前1个月的花生和土壤样品和收获期、收获后贮藏1个月及3个月的花生样品,花生和土壤真菌菌相调查分别采用点种法和稀释法接种马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)平板,于28±1℃培养5 d后进行菌落计数并鉴定;黄曲霉毒素含量采用高效液相色谱法测定。结果临沂不同地区花生和土壤样品污染的真菌菌相不同,土壤样品真菌菌相较为丰富,但黄曲霉(7%)及黄曲霉毒素(1%)侵染水平均较低。结论山东临沂部分地区花生样品受黄曲霉及黄曲霉毒素侵染较轻,但仍需注意土壤中其他真菌污染。     

黄曲霉毒素污染控制的研究进展

黄曲霉可以引起粮油作物的霉变,其产生的毒素能够污染粮食及其制品,对人类和动物的健康造成极其严重的危害。本文概述了黄曲霉毒素在产生、运输和调控阶段的分子生物学过程,重点对黄曲霉毒素污染控制方法,如：遗传育种法、物理降解法及化学降解法等进行综述,并对植物源杀菌剂控制前期毒素污染,以及干预吸收控制后期毒素污染的前景进行展望。     

Aflatoxins in food: occurrence, biosynthesis, effects on organisms, detection, and methods of control

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by species of Aspergilli, specifically Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. These molds are ubiquitous in nature and grow on a variety of substrates, thereby producing aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are of great concern due to their biochemical and biological effects on living organisms. In this article, the occurrence of aflatoxins, their biosynthesis, factors influencing their production, their effects on living organisms, and methods of detection and control in food are reviewed. Future areas of research involving mathematical modeling of factors influencing aflatoxin production and alternative methods of control, such as modified atmosphere packaging, are also discussed.     

Ethylene inhibits aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus grown on peanuts

The filamentous fungi Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus synthesize aflatoxins when they grow on a variety of susceptible food and feed crops. These mycotoxins are among the most carcinogenic naturally occurring compounds known and they pose significant health risks to humans and animals. We previously demonstrated that ethylene and CO2 act alone and together to reduce aflatoxin synthesis by A. parasiticus grown on laboratory media. To demonstrate the potential efficacy of treatment of stored seeds and grains with these gases, we tested ethylene and CO2 for ability to inhibit aflatoxin accumulation on Georgia Green peanuts stored for up to 5 days. We demonstrated an inverse relationship between A. parasiticus spore inoculum size and the level of toxin accumulation. We showed that ethylene inhibits aflatoxin synthesis in a dose-dependent manner on peanuts; CO2 also inhibits aflatoxin synthesis over a narrow dose range. Treatments had no discernable effect on mold growth. These observations support further exploration of this technology to reduce aflatoxin contamination of susceptible crops in the field and during storage.     

微生物代谢黄曲霉毒素B1的研究进展

黄曲霉毒素是由黄曲霉、寄生曲霉等真菌产生的次级代谢产物，主要存在于谷类、花生、玉米等农作物中。在我国尤其是南方省份，受高温高湿环境的影响，黄曲霉毒素在农作物上的污染极易发生，造成巨大的经济损失。利用微生物代谢黄曲霉毒素，具有专一、高效、反应条件温和等诸多优点，是目前公认的理想脱毒方法。本文首先简要介绍了黄曲霉毒素B₁的形成过程、结构特征以及毒性基团，接着重点介绍了已报道的能代谢黄曲霉毒素B₁的微生物种类、关键酶以及代谢途径，最后列举了应用基础研究的例子。     

粮油食品中黄曲霉毒素去除方法研究进展

黄曲霉毒素广泛存在于粮油食品中,给全球农作物生产造成巨大经济损失。黄曲霉毒素具有极强的毒性和致癌性,严重威胁着人类的健康,迫切需要寻找一种有效、安全、环保控制黄曲霉生长或降解黄曲霉毒素的方法。对物理方法、化学方法和生物方法抑制黄曲霉生长或降解黄曲霉毒素的研究进行了综述。     

Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food in Africa

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, occur widely on many staple foods and cause a broad range of detrimental health effects in animals and humans. As a consequence, maximum tolerated levels (MTLs) have been legislated in many countries. However, in developing countries where food safety compliance can be low and significant levels of the food supply are locally consumed by the producers or purchased at local markets, more comprehensive strategies are required. In this regard, risk analysis with its components of risk assessment, risk management and risk communication, is an important tool in dealing with food safety issues. Risk assessment for aflatoxin B(1) in Africa has been performed using the carcinogenic potency, established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and applying it to typical food products and consumption across the continent, to illustrate the significant health implications caused by the intake of high levels of contaminated foods. Highlighted in this assessment is the fact that even low levels of contamination, which might of themselves fall within legislated limits, can have serious health implications due to high levels of consumption, i.e. meeting a MTL does not of itself guarantee food safety. Recent developments have highlighted the growth retardation and immune suppression caused by aflatoxin exposure in human populations in west Africa. Using the limited data available on both these health effects, a first step has been taken to incorporate them into a risk assessment paradigm quantifying the risk of immunosuppression, malnutrition and stunting in children exposed to aflatoxins and highlighting again how excessive consumption of foods meeting MTLs can carry significant health risks.     

黄曲霉毒素的提取、检测及防治方法研究进展

黄曲霉毒素是一类主要由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉分泌的次级代谢产物,具有致癌、致畸和致突变的作用,主要损害机体的肝脏和肾脏等组织,对人类危害极大。该文介绍了黄曲霉毒素的危害、提取和检测方法,并综述了黄曲霉毒素的防治方法,为进一步加强黄曲霉毒素的控制提供参考。     

黄曲霉素的毒害及防除

真菌在新陈代谢过程中会产生大量化学结构各异的活性物质，这些物质被称为真菌毒素，其中许多对人和动物有害。黄曲霉毒素，简称黄曲霉素，就是由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉两种真菌菌株产生的真菌毒素，具有强烈的毒性和致癌、致畸、致突变性。本文介绍了黄曲霉素的危害及防除措施。     

Occurrence of Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxin B1 in Malaysian foods used for human consumption

Malaysian population widely consumes the cereal-based foods, oilseeds, nuts, and spices in their daily diet. Mycotoxigenic fungi are well known to invade food products under storage conditions and produce mycotoxins that have threat to human and animal health. Therefore, determining toxigenic fungi and aflatoxin B(1) (AFB1) in foods used for human consumption is of prime importance to develop suitable management strategies and to minimize risk. Ninety-five food products marketed in Penang, Malaysia were randomly collected from different supermarkets and were analyzed for presence of Aspergillus spp. by agar plate assay and AFB1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A. flavus was the dominant fungi in all foods followed by A. niger. Fifty-five A. flavus strains were tested for their ability to produce aflatoxins on rice grain substrate. Thirty-six (65.4%) strains out of 55 produced AFB1 ranging from 1700 to 4400 μg/kg and 17 strains (31%) produced AFB2 ranging from 620 to 1670 μg/kg. Natural occurrence of AFB1 could be detected in 72.6% food products ranging from 0.54 to 15.33 μg/kg with a mean of 1.95 μg/kg. Maximum AFB1 levels were detected in peanut products ranging from 1.47 to 15.33 μg/kg. AFB1 levels detected in all food products were below the Malaysian permissible limits (<35 μg/kg). Aspergillus spp. and AFB1 was not detected in any cookies tested. Although this survey was not comprehensive, it provides valuable information on aflatoxin levels in foods marketed in Malaysia.