Abrasive wear property of bainitic nodular cast iron in laser processing

The effects of the different austenitizing and isothermal transformation temperature and time on the wear resistance in bainitic ductile iron has been investigated and compared with surface hardening by laser processing, to find the best wear resistance for the bainitic ductile iron. It was found that the wear resistance of the lower bainitic ductile iron was better than upper bainitic ductile iron, and that the factor affecting hardness and wear properties the most was the isothermal transformation temperature. After surface hardening by laser processing, the hardening reached RC 55 or more, no evidence of any difference between the lower and the upper bainitic ductile iron being found.     

Functionally gradient ceramic/metallic coatings for gas turbine components by high-energy beams for high-temperature applications

Failure of turbine blades generally results from high-temperature oxidation, corrosion, erosion, or combinations of these procedures at the tip, and the leading and trailing edges of a turbine blade. To overcome these limitations, functionally gradient ceramic/metallic coatings have been produced by high-energy beams for high-temperature applications in the aerospace and turbine industries to increase the life of turbine components. Thermal spray processes have long been used to apply high-temperature thermal barrier coatings to improve the life of turbine components. However, these processes have not met the increased demand by the aerospace and turbine industries to obtain higher engine temperatures and increased life enhancement as a result of the inhomogeneous microstructure, unmelted particles, voids, and poor bonding with the substrate. High-energy beams, i.e. electron beam-physical vapour deposition (EB-PVD), laser glazing, laser surface alloying, and laser surface cladding, have been explored to enhance the life of turbine components and overcome the limitations of the thermal spray processes. EB-PVD has overcome some of the disadvantages of the thermal spray processes and has increased the life of turbine components by a factor of two as a result of the columnar microstructure in the thermal barrier coating (TBC). Laser glazing has been used to produce metastable phases, amorphous material, and a fine-grained microstructure, resulting in improved surface properties such as fatigue, wear, and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures without changing the composition of the surface material. Laser surface alloying and laser surface cladding have shown promising results in improving the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of the substrate's surface. Metal-matrix composite coatings have also been produced by a laser technique which resulted in increased wear and oxidation-resistant properties. The advantages and disadvantages of thermal spray processes, EB-PVD, laser glazing, laser surface alloying, and laser surface cladding will be discussed. Microstructural evolution of thermal barrier coatings, recent advancements in functionally gradient coatings, laser grooving, and multilayered textured coatings will also be discussed.     

我国航空用变形钛合金材料

钛合金材料作为一种20世纪中叶出现并发展起来的新兴结构材料,因其具有优异的耐腐蚀性、高的比强度以及无磁性等一系列独特的优点,在航空航天等高端工业部门获得了广泛应用,目前飞机机体结构中的隔框、大梁、起落架以及航空发动机压气机匣、轮盘、叶片等承力部件大量使用钛合金材料制造。在上世纪60年代,美国、英国、前苏联等工业发达国家就已经在飞机及航空发动机制造中大量使用钛合金材料。我国钛合金材料在航空工业中的应用起步较晚,上世纪80年代开始才陆续在飞机及航空发动机制造中少量使用钛合金材料,但是进入21世纪之后,我国航空工业钛合金材料的应用水平大幅度提升。对我国目前已经进入工业化生产并在航空工业中获得工程化应用的变形钛合金材料进行了系统阐述。     

Effect of electric contact surface treatment on microstructure and wear behaviour of ductile iron

Abstract

A study of electric contact surface treatment to ductile iron has been carried out. This technology was based on the application of the contact resistance heating between the electrode and workpiece. For comparison, the experiments of induction hardening to ductile iron were studied. The microstructure, microhardness, surface residual stress and wear properties were investigated using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Vickers microhardness and rolling contact wear tests. Electric contact surface treatment resulted in the formation of fine ledeburite (white bright layer) and martensite in the ductile iron surface, in which the hardness in these areas was higher than that of induction hardened surface. The wear test results showed that the ductile iron surface after electric contact surface treatment had better wear resistance owing to the fine microstructure, high hardness and residual compressive stress.     

医用钴合金表面改性技术的研究进展

钴合金具有优异的生物力学特性、耐磨损性能和耐腐蚀性能,在医学植入领域有着广阔的应用前景,其表面改性技术已成为医用金属材料的研究热点和重点。本文简述了钴合金材料表面改性技术的优势,包括钴合金材料的生物力学特性、耐磨性能、耐腐蚀性能等。同时归纳了钴合金材料因人体体液腐蚀和摩擦磨损会释放出Co、Cr等金属离子而导致生物致敏等问题。在上述基础上,重点综述了近年来钴合金表面改性技术的研究进展,包括离子注入技术、选区激光熔化技术、真空沉积技术。其中,离子注入技术主要包括氮离子注入、钇离子注入、镧离子注入和钛镍离子注入等;选区激光熔化技术主要包括粉层厚度、激光功率、组分含量、扫描方式和扫描速度等;真空沉积技术主要包括物理气相沉积和化学气相沉积。针对不同钴合金表面改性技术,分别从钴合金材料的生物力学特性、耐磨性、耐腐蚀性和生物相容性等方面进行了归纳分析。最后分析了钴合金表面改性的发展趋势,认为钴合金表面改性技术应朝着高生物相容性、无金属离子释放、生物功能化、高耐腐蚀性和高耐磨性的方向发展。     

粉末钛合金的表面强化技术

低硬度和低耐磨性限制了钛合金尤其是粉末钛合金的实际应用.表面强化技术是提高粉末铁合金表面性能的有效手段之一.综述了近年来为提高钛合金表面硬度和耐磨性而采用的典型的表面强化技术,如激光表面改性、激光熔覆涂层、微孤氧化、离子注入、双层辉光离子渗和高频感应处理等.讨论了每种工艺方法的特点及其所获得表面强化层的结构和性能.最近,乌克兰国家科学院提出氮环境下钛合全的淬水技术,为钛合金表面强化提出了一个新的发展方向.     

基于虚拟样机技术的飞机起落架着陆载荷分析

起落架是飞机重要的承载机构,其在飞机的起飞、降落和着陆过程中担负着十分重要的作用。起落架着陆载荷是指在飞机着陆瞬间起落架所承受的地面载荷,根据位置的不同可分为轮胎接地点载荷、轮轴点载荷和交点载荷。飞机设计重量（包括空机重量、商载和燃油重量）的分布变化会对起落架着陆载荷产生影响。以典型民用飞机的起落架为研究对象,基于虚拟样机技术对起落架模型进行着陆分析。首先利用HyperMesh、MSC.Nastran软件对飞机起落架模型进行前处理和简化,然后根据中国民用航空规章运输类飞机适航标准相关条目要求,在MSC.ADAMS软件中设置相应的工况参数并进行起落架着陆动力学仿真分析,研究不同燃油密度下飞机的重量和重心变化对起落架轮轴点着陆载荷的影响。通过对比仿真结果可以发现：飞机的重量和重心变化对起落架轮轴点着陆载荷产生了明显的影响,而燃油密度变化对起落架轮轴点着陆载荷的影响较弱。研究结果可为今后有针对性地开展起落架着陆载荷计算提供参考和指导。     

Austempered ductile iron: an alternative material for earth moving components

Traditionally steels have enjoyed some kind of monopoly in earth movement applications like ripper tips and grader blades. Earth movement demands that the material possesses both wear resistance and toughness. Ironically, the limitation of steels is that it is difficult to get a good combination of these properties. Recent research efforts in earth movement have focused on austempered ductile iron (ADI) as an alternative material, which exhibits both these properties. ADI is obtained when ductile cast iron is accorded a special heat treatment known as austempering. Before the usage of ADI can flourish, there is a need to thoroughly understand its mechanical and tribological behaviour. This paper details the heat treatment of ductile iron to yield ADI and also examines its mechanical and abrasive wear properties. These properties are compared with those of a proprietary quenched and tempered (Q&T) steel used in applications requiring wear resistance. Typically, when a load of 0.25 N mm⁻² is used, the relative abrasion resistance (RAR) of ADI austempered at 375 °C with an initial hardness of 315 Hv is 2.01, while that of a Q&T steel, of hardness 635 Hv is 2.02. The good wear resistance exhibited by ADI despite the low initial hardness can be attributed to the surface transformation of retained austenite to martensite during abrasion. This phenomenon has been positively confirmed by XRD.     

铁碳合金表面激光熔覆的研究进展

激光熔覆技术具有加热速度快、熔覆过程中产生的热影响区小、基体表面温度低等优点,因此能够较好地保证零部件的尺寸精度,近年来发展成广泛应用的表面改性技术。激光熔覆技术对涂层粉末以及基材选择要求不高,因此广泛应用于不同种类基体材料的再制造修复。从铁碳合金材料出发,分别对激光熔覆技术在改善铸铁、碳钢及合金钢材料的力学性能、耐磨性、耐蚀性、抗热疲劳性等方面的应用进展和存在的问题及对策进行了分析,阐明了工艺参数、材料成分以及工件的预热或后处理对制备高质量大熔覆层组织和性能的影响规律,最后指出了激光熔覆技术在目前研究中存在的问题并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。     

Study and Analysis of a Landing Gear Actuating Cylinder Inner-lock

Three kinds of landing gear actuating cylinder inner-locks of an aircraft:block ring lock,steel ball lock,finger lock are taken as the study object based on the mechanics,geometry,materials,technology etc and some aircraft typical inner-lock practical applications.The working principle of the three typical actuating cylinder inner-locks are expounded and the stress and workmanship requirements of the three inner-lock core components are analyzed.The advantages and disadvantages of different kinds are compared and the characteristics and applications of the three inner-locks investigated.The research and analysis results provide valuable information for the actuating cylinder inner-lock of the aircraft landing gear design.     

Dry rolling/sliding wear of nanostructured pearlite

The dry rolling–sliding wear behaviour of pearlite that has an interlamellar spacing of just 85 nm has been characterised. Its wear resistance is found to be comparable to that of much harder bainitic steels. Microstructural observations indicate that there is substantial plastic deformation of both ferrite and cementite components of pearlite in the vicinity of the wear surface. Plasticity is not expected from Hertzian analysis that assumes a smooth contact surface. Instead, it is likely to be a consequence of exaggerated stresses due to surface roughness. The material remains ductile to shear strains in the order of 4. Diffraction data indicate that the coherent domain size is reduced to about half the interlamellar spacing and that some of the cementite may dissolve and contribute to the expansion of the lattice parameter of ferrite.     

力学在飞机结构设计中的应用与发展

首先阐述了飞机结构中的力学问题。基于我们近几年的研究工作,从若干方面介绍了力学在飞机结构设计中的应用与发展,如机身的广布疲劳损伤蔓延的断裂力学计算和风险评估,鸟撞驾驶舱盖和起落架落震的强度问题,以及低速冲击作用下机翼的复合材料层合板的脱层和基体断裂问题等。     

Einsatzhärten mit Stickstoff für nichtrostende Wälzlager und Werkzeuge

Case hardening of stainless bearings and tools using nitrogen Case hardening of low alloy steels is widely used for bearings, tools, gear wheels etc. Carburizing of high alloy stainless steels, however, leads to the precipitation of carbides and lowers the corrosion resistance. This may be avoided by case hardening with nitrogen instead of carbon. Dissolved nitrogen increases the hardness, the corrosion resistance and the compressive residual stresses of the martensitic case. Secondary hardening during tempering allows for service temperatures up to about 350°C with only little loss of corrosion resistance. The new heat treatment, which is quite different from nitriding, may be applied e. g. to advanced bearings for aircraft or tools for processing aggressive polymers.     

Dot Matrix Hardening of Steels Using a Fiber Optic Coupled Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser

This paper describes a novel process called “Dot Matrix Hardening” as applied to Ol, D2 and AISI 4340 steels. This process uses a pulsed laser (particularly an Nd:YAG laser) to create a uniform distribution of transformation-hardened spots to cover only a certain percentage of the desired surface. Due to significantly reduced energy input, wear resistance can be imparted to thin and intricate parts without distortion. In addition, with the use of a coupled fiber optic beam delivery system, this process provides greater flexibility compared to conventional CO₂ laser hardening for a number of applications. The use of an Nd:YAG laser also eliminates the need of absorptive coating required for hardening with a CO₂ laser. With optimized processing parameters, a relatively uniform hardened layer is obtained within the hardened spot, with a thickness of about 60 um and hardness values around 800 HV₁₀₀. The sliding wear test results show that the wear resistance of Ol samples with only 20-40% area coverage of laser-hardened spots is similar to the 100% covered laser dot hardened sample as well as the furnace hardened (Re 60) sample.     

Influence of carburising on distortion behaviour

Case hardening is a common process to produce steel components, which are characterised by a hard surface combined with a ductile core. As a result of this treatment the parts show a good wear resistance as well as an increase in fatigue strength. High strengthened gear wheels can be mentioned as important examples, being treated in this manner. The case hardening process consists of a carburising and a hardening treatment. The carbon gradient in the surface results in a gradient in the transformation behaviour. The transformation to ferrite, pearlite and bainite is affected as well as the martensite transformation. Distortion due to these chemical inhomogeneities is added to distortion caused by temperature gradients and temperature gradient implied transformation stresses. In this project the effect of the carburising process on distortion behaviour is investigated. The influence of the microstructure before carburising, the carburising depth, the surface carbon content, the course of the process, the carburising temperature, the hardening temperature and the interaction between these parameters are investigated. Design of experiment methods are used to receive the effect of interactions between the varied parameters and to reduce the number of experiments. Additional investigations concern parameters, which can not be varied completely with the other parameters. The influence of low pressure carburising treatments and carburising at high temperatures, for example, are analysed in a spot‐check. The aim of the investigations is to find the decisive parameters affecting distortion in the carburising process, which are later on varied in a design of experiments plan containing the whole production line.     

TiAl合金表面涂层技术研究现状

TiAl合金由于其密度低,比强度和比刚度高,是航空航天工业理想的新型高温结构材料.室温塑性差的问题已通过添加合金元素和显微组织调控等手段基本得到解决,进一步提高其高温抗氧化和耐磨性能已成为需要重点研究的问题.表面涂层技术为这一问题的解决提供了一条有效的途径,为此,综述了国内外TiAl合金表面涂层技术的研究现状,重点介绍了激光技术和热喷涂技术及其应用,并展望了TiAl合金表面涂层技术的发展趋势.     

The effect of quenching medium on the wear behaviour of a Ti–6Al–4V alloy

The aerospace alloy, Ti–6Al–4V is a difficult material to machine, and, in general, shows poor wear resistance due to the soft, ductile properties of the alloy. In this study, the Ti–6Al–4V alloy has been heat treated to a temperature above and below the β-transus temperature and then quenched using a medium of oil, water or liquid nitrogen to change the surface wear behaviour of the alloy. The results showed that no significant change in microstructure and surface properties was achieved when the alloy was heated to 750 °C and then quenched in liquid nitrogen. However, when the alloy was heated to 1,000 °C (above the β-transus), the hardness of the titanium alloy significantly increased from 400 VHN to about 800 VHN, but the wear resistance of the alloy did not improve. In fact, the wear resistance of the alloy decreased as the surface hardness increased, and this change in wear behaviour was attributed to a change in the mechanism of wear from plastic deformation to brittle-fracture of the surface.     

Tribological properties of powder metallurgy – Processed aluminium self lubricating hybrid composites with SiC additions

In this experimental study, aluminium (Al)-based graphite (Gr) and silicon carbide (SiC) particle-reinforced, self-lubricating hybrid composite materials were manufactured by powder metallurgy. The tribological and mechanical properties of these composite materials were investigated under dry sliding conditions. The results of the tests revealed that the SiC-reinforced hybrid composites exhibited a lower wear loss compared to the unreinforced alloy and Al–Gr composites. It was found that with an increase in the SiC content, the wear resistance increased monotonically with hardness. The hybridisation of the two reinforcements also improved the wear resistance of the composites, especially under high sliding speeds. Additionally, the wear loss of the hybrid composites decreased with increasing applied load and sliding distance, and a low friction coefficient and low wear loss were achieved at high sliding speeds. The composite with 5 wt.% Gr and 20 wt.% SiC showed the greatest improvement in tribological performance. The wear mechanism was studied through worn surface and wear debris analysis as well as microscopic examination of the wear tracks. This study revealed that the addition of both a hard reinforcement (e.g., SiC) and soft reinforcement (e.g., graphite) significantly improves the wear resistance of aluminium composites. On the whole, these results indicate that the hybrid aluminium composites can be considered as an outstanding material where high strength and wear-resistant components are of major importance, predominantly in the aerospace and automotive engineering sectors.     

起落架载荷标定模型的集成学习方法

为解决飞机起落架载荷标定实验使用线性回归建立标定方程结果不理想的问题,考虑到实验中起落架压缩行程和应变片布片位置等因素对标定载荷的非线性影响,运用特征融合、集成学习理论,通过使用AdaBoost和XGBoost非线性回归方法,构建起落架载荷标定模型。首先,通过起落架载荷标定实验获取实验数据,使用主成分分析方法建立输入特征矩阵;其次,构建起落架载荷标定模型,将起落架三向加载载荷分别作为标签向量,训练集和测试集根据随机取样原则划分,使用AdaBoost和XGBoost两种方法训练标定模型;最后,在测试集中对载荷进行拟合预测,并使用均方根误差、平均绝对误差、决定系数、耗时4个评价指标对模型进行评估。实验结果显示,与广泛使用的最小二乘法相比,XGBoost方法建立的标定模型能够更好地拟合加载载荷,在不考虑时效性的场景下XGBoost算法更具优势。研究结果对提高飞机起落架载荷实测准确性以及飞机结构健康监测的进一步研究具有重要价值。     

Laser Surface Hardening of 9CrSi Steel

The effects of laser hardening parameters such as beam power,beam diameter and scanning rate on microstructure and mardness of 9CrSi steel were investigated.The microstructure of the surface layer of 9CiSi steel was changed from pearlite to martensite,retained austenite and carbide by laser hardening .The depth of the hardened layer increased with increasing laser energy density and the surface hardeness increased by 3-5times as high as the untreated steel.The laser hardened surface had good wear resistance due to martensite and carbide in the surface layer.The wear mode at low speed was abrasive,while the wear mode at high speed was adhesive.