微通道内超临界CO_2压降与传热特性的数值分析

建立了微细通道内超临界CO2的控制方程和物理模型,用低雷诺数L-B模型对其换热系数和压降进行了数值研究,得到了换热系数随平均温度的变化规律,压降随平均温度的质量流速的变化规律,以及热流密度对微通道内超临界CO2换热系数与压降的影响。模拟结果和文献中的试验结果及经验公式吻合较好,证实了用低雷诺数L-B模型模拟超临界CO2在微通道内的压降及传热特性的方法可行。     

超临界二氧化碳在套管内换热的实验研究

对超临界CO2在套管内的换热特性进行了实验研究,探讨了超临界CO2换热过程中,质量流率、压力和入口温度的变化对换热性能特性和压降的影响。实验得出,换热系数随着质量流率的增加而增加;而换热系数随压力的增加而减少;入口温度的变化对换热系数基本没有影响;压降随着入口温度的升高而逐渐增大;并给出了Re和Nu数的变化规律。研究为超临界二氧化碳换热器的设计提供了依据。     

水平光滑细管内R1234ze冷凝换热特性实验研究

对流体R1234ze在内径2 mm 的水平光滑圆管内的冷凝换热特性进行了实验研究,设定流体饱和温度为35 ℃、40 ℃,质量流量为100~400 kg/(m2?s),热流密度为4~22 kW/m2。实验获得了R1234ze在不同工况下的冷凝换热系数和摩擦压降。发现R1234ze的冷凝换热系数范围在1.5到8 kW/(m2?K)之间,且随干度的增加而增加,随质量流量的增大而增大,随饱和温度的升高而降低,比在相同工况下R134a 、R32的换热系数分别平均低约22%和31%。R1234ze的摩擦压降随质量流量增加而增大,随饱和温度的升高而降低,高于相同工况下R32的摩擦压降。并将本次实验值与其它经典换热模型和压降模型进行了对比分析,发现Baird等人的模型对本次实验的换热系数预测较好,对其它文献中的相似数据点预测也较好。Müller- Heck模型对摩擦压降预测最好。     

电冰箱用微通道冷凝器制冷剂侧传热与压降特性试验研究

建立电冰箱换热器试验台,对具有百叶窗翅片的微通道冷凝器制冷剂侧的传热和压降进行测试。结果表明:随着制冷剂质量流速的增加,冷凝器换热量、换热系数及制冷剂流动压降均增大,在冷凝压力为1.46MPa,制冷剂质量流速从90 kg/(m~2·s)增加到150 kg/(m~2·s)时,换热量、换热系数和压降分别增加63%,116%和166%;随着冷凝压力的升高,换热量增大,换热系数减小,在制冷剂质量流速为150 kg/(m~2·s)时,冷凝压力为1.46 MPa与冷凝压力为1.16 MPa相比,换热量增加12%,换热系数降低39%。     

翅片式蒸发器换热性能的数学模型

本文采用分布参数法对翅片式蒸发器建立了数学模型，通过计算局部换热系数和摩擦压降来简化翅片式蒸发器内复杂的三维流动关系，总结了文献已有的换热系数和摩擦压降的关联式，并添加到模型控制方程中，基于此模型，可对制冷剂在翅片式蒸发器中应用的换热性能进行模拟研究。     

小管径铜管内含油制冷剂流动冷凝换热与压降特性的实验研究

实验研究了小管径铜管内R410A-油混合物的流动冷凝换热与压降特性。测试管为外径为5mm的光管和强化管。实验结果表明,润滑油的存在总是恶化5mm光管和强化管内的换热特性,最大分别恶化24.8%和25.1%。润滑油的存在对光管和强化管内的冷凝压降影响不同。对于光管,润滑油总是降低冷凝压降,最大降低19%。对于强化管,干度小于0.6时,润滑油的存在降低强化管内的压降,最大降低18%;干度大于0.6时,润滑油的存在增大强化管内的压降,最大增强9%。相同工况下,5mm强化管与光管相比,换热系数增大60%～130%、压降增大40%～65%。     

分液冷凝器的管程理论设计及热力性能评价

根据分液冷凝器强化换热思想对其管程理论设计方法进行了研究。依据质量流速和干度来判断每一流程中制冷剂的流型,并依此选取Cavallini换热模型公式的方法求其平均换热系数,同时采用Cavallini两相压降模型和Darcy-Weisbach单相压降模型分别确定冷凝区和过冷段的压降。针对一个案例计算了三种管程设计方案下冷凝器管内冷凝换热系数和端压值,并用惩罚因子PF对其综合热力性能进行了评价。计算结果表明:不同的管程设计方案中管内制冷剂的流量分配均匀性存在较大的差异,均匀性越好,其综合热力性能越优。在质量流速为1200~1500 kg/(m2.s)范围内,与同等换热面积的蛇形管冷凝器相比,其中最好的分液冷凝器的PF值减小了48.5%~54.1%,可见设计优良的分液冷凝器的综合热力性能明显优于蛇形管冷凝器。     

涟漪纹管换热性能试验研究

为了研究涟漪纹管换热性能搭建测试台。采用外径为12.7 mm,内径为11.5 mm的涟漪纹管,以及外径为12 mm的光管,统一采用外径为17 mm的套管进行试验研究。制冷剂进、出口干度分别为0.8和0.2,制冷剂质量流速为90~260 kg/(m~2·s),冷凝饱和温度为318 K。测试结果表明,单相热平衡损失在±3%以内,光管冷凝换热系数的3个关联式计算结果与试验结果的偏差范围都在±20%以内。随着制冷剂质量流速的增大,涟漪纹管的冷凝换热系数和压降增大,涟漪纹管相对于光管的换热强化倍率为1.05~1.24,涟漪纹管多凹坑表面使得其强化冷凝换热效果明显。     

R134a单元式风冷冷风机组冷凝器设计

单元式风冷冷风空调机组普遍采用波纹翅片管冷凝器。对冷凝器进行设计的关键是确定制冷工质在铜管内的冷凝换热系数及空气在翅片侧的表面换热系数，同时也需要考虑空气流过冷凝器的压降，以便选择风机。采用数学模型及换热关联式计算相关参数，在此基础上对R134a单元式风冷冷风空调机组的冷凝器进行设计。     

R32在小管径水平光管内的流动沸腾换热与压降特性试验研究

对R32在?5 mm的水平光管内的流动沸腾换热与压降特性进行试验研究和理论分析。试验的蒸发温度为5℃,质量流量范围为100~500 kg/(m2·s),热流密度为8~24 kW/m2。结果表明,沸腾换热系数在1~8 kW/(m2·K)之间,压降在1~4 kPa/m之间。沸腾换热系数随着干度增大而增大,质量流量的增大和热流密度的增大都有利于换热系数的增加。质量流量的变化对压降的影响比较明显。与R32在?7 mm管内流动传热性能相比,换热系数提高了30%左右。将得到的沸腾换热系数和压降试验数据与多个模型的预测结果进行比较,发现多数换热经验关联式的预测误差较大,仅有Fuji-Nagata关联式的预测值与试验值较为接近;压降的预测误差相对较小。     

Condensation and evaporation heat transfer of R410A inside internally grooved horizontal tubes

Heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop were measured for condensation and evaporation of R410A and HCFC22 inside internally grooved tubes. The experiments were performed for a conventional spiral groove tube of 8.01 mm o.d. and 7.30 mm mean i.d., and a herring-born groove tube of 8.00 mm o.d. and 7.24 mm mean i.d. To measure the local heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop, the test section was subdivided into four small sections having 2 m working length. The ranges of refrigerant mass flow density was from 200 to 340 kg/(m² s) for both condensation and evaporation of R410A and HCFC22, and the vapour pressure was 2.41 MPa for condensation and 1.09 MPa for the evaporation of R410A. The obtained heat transfer data for R410A and HCFC22 indicate that the values of the local heat transfer coefficients of the herring-bone grooved tube are about twice as large as those of spiral one for condensation and are slightly larger than those of spiral one for the evaporation. The measured local pressure drop in both condensation and evaporation is well correlated with the empirical equation proposed by the authors.     

滴形管换热性能的实验研究

采用特殊形状和表面的管子是最为常用、有效的强化换热手段。本文基于滴形管换热器回收天然气锅炉排烟余热,提出了烟气侧的换热系数实验关联式。通过改变换热管间的排列间距,在不同烟气流量下,对圆管和滴形管的换热性能及影响因素进行了分析。与实验数据比较,验证了实验关联式可正确反映凝结换热的特性。结果表明:不同烟气量通过滴形换热管的压损小于圆管,约为圆管的0.33~0.38倍;烟气温度降大于圆管;冷却水通过滴形管的温升高于圆管;换热系数滴形管比圆管的提高约7%,表明滴形管的换热性能优于圆管。因此对于有凝结换热过程发生时,滴形换热管具有强化换热的作用。     

一种新型高效传热铜管的冷凝传热性能实验研究

建立无润滑油实验台，以R22。R134a和R410A为工质。测试新型铜管Turbo-DWT和常规内螺纹铜管Turbo—A的冷凝传热性能，并进行比较。从实验数据可知。新管型Turbo-DWT的冷凝传热系数高于Turbo-A约42％，且压降低于Turbo-A约65％（R134a）。三种制冷荆相比，R22的传热系数最高，R410A的压降最小。Turbo-DWT是一种更高效的冷凝传热管，且适用于各种冷媒。     

Experimental investigation on flow condensation of methane in a horizontal smooth tube

An experimental investigation on flow visualization of adiabatic and condensation conditions as well as condensation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of methane in a horizontal smooth tube was carried out. The tests were conducted at saturation pressure of 2–3.5 MPa with mass flux of 99–255 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ and fluid-to-wall temperature difference of 4.8–20.2 K throughout the vapor quality range. The effects of mass flux, saturation pressure, vapor quality and temperature difference were studied and discussed. In order to expand the range of temperature difference, some condensation heat transfer coefficients of ethane with larger temperature differences (19.7–39.2 K) were also reported in this paper. The experimental data were compared with many well-known correlations of condensation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. An improved heat transfer correlation for different flow patterns was proposed and predicted the experimental results well with a mean absolute relative deviation of 6.86%.     

水平内螺纹管内R410A流动凝结换热的实验研究

本文实验研究了R410A在水平内螺纹管内的流动凝结换热特性,分析了水力工况、测试管结构参数对管内制冷剂侧表面传热系数、压降的影响。结果表明:表面传热系数、压降均随着质量流速的增加、冷凝温度的降低而增大;虽然表面传热系数随着测试水Re的增加而减小,但测试水Re对压降的影响很小。利用单位压降表面传热系数对换热进行综合性能评价时发现,单位压降表面传热系数随着质量流速的增加而减小,随着冷凝温度的增大而增大。将实验数据与经典关联式的预测值进行对比,对于光滑管,除了Akers et al.关联式低估了实验数据,Shah关联式与Thome et al.关联式均高估了实验数据,并且Thome et al.关联式表现出最高的预测精度。而对于内螺纹强化管,Cavallini et al.关联式展现出最高的预测精度,而Koyama et al.关联式与Miyara et al.关联式均低估了实验数据。     

Experimental investigation on flow condensation heat transfer and pressure drop of R170 in a horizontal tube

Condensation heat transfer and pressure drop of R170 were studied experimentally in a horizontal tube with inner diameter of 4 mm. The tests were conducted at saturation pressures from 1 MPa to 2.5 MPa, mass fluxes from 100 kg (m²∙s)⁻¹ to 250 kg (m²∙s)⁻¹ and average heat fluxes from 55.3 kW m⁻² to 96.3 kW m⁻² over the entire vapor quality range. The effects of vapor quality, mass flux and saturation pressure on condensation heat transfer and pressure drop were examined and analyzed. The experimental data were compared with various well-known correlations of condensation heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. The comparison results showed that Koyama et al. correlation agreed with the experimental heat transfer coefficient with a mean absolute relative deviation less than 25%, and the Yan and Lin correlation can accurately predict the experimental pressure drop with a mean absolute relative deviation less than 18%.     

Heat transfer and pressure drop of HFC134a-oil mixtures in a horizontal condensing tube

The paper reports the results of condensation heat transfer and pressure drop from tests with pure and oil-contaminated refrigerant HFC134a in a horizontal tube (10 m in length, 6 mm ID). The experimental results are compared with prediction from correlation. The heat transfer coefficient in the case of oil-contaminated refrigerant is shown to depend strongly on the definition of the saturation temperature. Using the pure refrigerant saturation temperature (hence disregarding the influence of oil on the vapour pressure), the results for average heat transfer coefficient show only minor effect of the oil contents. If the saturation temperature of the refrigerant—oil mixture is used, there is thus a significant degradation of the heat transfer coefficient (as expected) with increasing oil concentrations.     

Condensation heat transfer and pressure drop in flattened microfin tubes having different aspect ratios

In this study, condensation heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops of R-410A are obtained in flattened microfin tubes made from 7.0 mm O.D. round microfin tubes. The test range covers saturation temperature 45 °C, mass flux 100–400 kg m⁻² s⁻¹ and quality 0.2–0.8. Results show that the effect of aspect ratio on condensation heat transfer coefficient is dependent on the flow pattern. For annular flow, the heat transfer coefficient increases as aspect ratio increases. For stratified flow, however, the heat transfer coefficient decreases as aspect ratio increases. The pressure drop always increases as aspect ratio increases. Possible reasoning is provided based on the estimated flow pattern in flat microfin tubes. Comparison with existing round microfin tube correlations is made.     

CO_2水平管外池沸腾换热的实验研究

对自然工质CO2在不同沸腾压力下的光管、机械加工表面强化管(Turbo-EHP)水平单管管外电加热池沸腾进行了实验研究。从核态沸腾的角度分析了光管、强化管管外沸腾换热系数随热流密度、沸腾压力的变化规律,通过对热流密度在10~50k W/m2、蒸发压力在2~4 MPa范围内的换热数据分析拟合得出光管时CO2在该范围下的换热关联式,拟合关联式的计算值和实验值的误差在±8.73%以内。新的拟合关联式的计算值与已有关联式的预测值的偏差在±15%之内。在热流密度范围内强化管的强化倍率在1.50~1.72之间。研究结果对进一步深入研究CO2池沸腾换热及蒸发器的设计具有指导意义。