Complex Metal Cations as Modifiers of the Properties of Polyester Fibres

Treatment of Lavsan fabric with a solution of chromium(III) benzoate complexes causes the highest rate of fixation of acid dye by the fabric and the highest equilibrium sorption, 2.5 times higher than this index for untreated fabric. The fabric also acquires higher capillarity. A simple method is proposed for production of chromium(III) benzoate and salicylate complexes and their composition is investigated spectrophotometrically as a function of the ratio of chromium ions and acid molecules in the solution.     

Autoadhesive Bonding of Modified Polyester Fibres

An efficient method of autoadhesive bonding of polyester fibres in a high-strength nonwoven textile was developed. The method includes application of a small amount (0.25 wt. %) of a new organosilicon modifier — oligo(ethoxy)(isobutoxy)siloxane — on washed fibres and pressing under a pressure of 2 MPa for 2 min. The method allows reducing the pressing temperature by 5-6°C and elimiantes the use of 30-40 wt. % traditional bonding substances.     

Modification of the Physicomechanical Properties of Polycaproamide Fibres by Exposure to Ultrahigh-Frequency Electromagnetic Vibrations

Modification of the physicomechanical properties of textured PCA fibres with UHF electromagnetic vibrations was investigated. The dependence of the unit breaking force of PCA fibres on the duration of exposure to an UHF field in different orientation of the sample relative to the electromagnetic wave strength vector was established.     

New Fluorine-Containing Polymers for Modification of the Surface Properties of Chemical Fibres

A series of polymers was made from new fluoroalkyl acrylates and the effect of the structure of their fluoroalkyl radical on the decrease in the wettability of fibre materials was investigated. It was found that polymers with long fluoroalkyl radicals of linear structure are characterized by the highest effectiveness. Chain branching and incorporation of an oxygen atom in the fluoroalkyl chain decrease the nonwettability effect of the modified fibres.__________Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 2, pp. 3–5, March–April, 2005.     

Solvent-assisted Dyeing of Nylon 6.6 and Polyester Fibres

The results of laboratory semi-bulk and bulk trial work on the dyeing of nylon 6.6, with anionic dyes in the presence of n-butanol, in an aqueous dyebath are described. The method gives improvements in coverage of barre which cannot be achieved in other ways, without detectable adverse effects on the physical properties of the nylon 6.6 or the colour and fastness properties of the dyes. Results of work by a similar, solvent-assisted dyeing method for polyester fibre are given. Improvements in migration and speed of fixation of dye in the presence of n-butanol are noted, but these are similar in magnitude to the improvements obtainable with conventional carriers for polyester dyeing at much lower concentrations. The method is likely to be commercially viable only if a substantial proportion of the butanol added to the dyebath can be recovered for re-use. This should theoretically be possible, but experimental confirmation of the process has not yet been obtained.     

Change in the Properties of Textile Materials Containing Polyester and Cellulose Fibres Caused by Moisture

The hygroscopic properties, swelling, and change in the mechanical properties of thread containing polyester and natural cellulose fibres and one-component thread (yarn) were comprehensively investigated. The kinetics of swelling of textile materials is described by an exponential equation, and the coefficients of this equation are determined. It is shown that for yarn made of fibre blends, the equilibrium sorption and swelling values are satisfactorily described by additive dependences on the component content. It is found that equilibrium swelling is 2-3 times greater than equilibrium sorption of water vapors from air due to different mechanisms of binding of moisture with the fibres. It is shown that the breaking characteristics of flax and cotton varieties of yarn increase in swelling due to an increase in the frictional interaction between the fibres.     

超支化聚酯的改性及紫外光固化涂层性能研究

以丙烯酸为端基改性剂,采用溶液法对超支化聚酯进行改性,制备出可紫外光固化的端乙烯基超支化聚酯(VHBP)。采用FT-IR、1H-NMR、DSC和乌氏黏度计分别对产物的结构、玻璃化转变温度和特性黏数进行表征。将VHBP作为聚氨酯丙烯酸酯(PUA)的交联剂,研究了PUA/VHBP体系紫外光固化涂层的摆杆硬度、柔韧性、耐冲击性和附着力等性能,并与传统的聚氨酯丙烯酸酯/环氧丙烯酸酯(PUA/EA)紫外光固化涂层进行对比。结果表明,FT-IR、1H-NMR证实超支化聚酯的端基经丙烯酸改性后由羟基转化为双键基团,改性程度可达88.7%,改性后玻璃化转变温度和特性黏数均降低。在PUA中加入VHBP后涂层的摆杆硬度大幅提高,随着VHBP含量的增加,PUA/VHBP体系涂层的摆杆硬度逐渐增大,柔韧性保持不变,在VHBP含量较高时耐冲击性和附着力略有降低。VHBP含量为10%和20%时PUA/VHBP紫外光固化涂层具有良好的综合性能。对于PUA/EA体系,虽然加入EA后涂层的摆杆硬度也略有提高,但在相同组分比例时摆杆硬度均低于PUA/VHBP体系,EA含量较高时涂层的柔韧性、耐冲击性和附着力均降低。以VHBP作为交联剂改性PUA,所得到的紫外光固化涂层综合性能优于传统的PUA/EA涂层。     

Production and Use Of Polyester Fibres Today and Tomorrow

World production of polyester fibres and filaments in 2002 attained a record level: 20.4 million tons, including 11.8 million tons of complex filaments (+8%) and 8.6 million tons of fibres (+6%). The share of the former has increased at high rates in recent years and is now 58%, which is 16% higher than the share of fibres and twist. New kinds of fibres and filaments based on different polyesters are being manufactured on an industrial scale: liquid crystalline polymers — Vectran HS and Vectran M, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (industrial fibres), poly(butylene terephthalate) (fibres with high dyeability), and poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (fibres and filaments), as well as fibres with low combustibility, antibactericidal, conducting, and other fibres.     

Molecular Mechanisms of Disperse Dyeing of Polyester and Nylon Fibres

The kinetics of the dyeing of polyester fibres with disperse dyes have previously been discussed in terms of a model in which the only forces of interaction between dye and polymer are those that give rise to mutual solubility. The rate and extent of dyeing depend on the size and shape of the dye molecules and the detailed structure of the fibre. The concentration profiles of dye within single filaments of polyesters and nylons have now been determined by a new method termed ‘optical sectioning’, in which an image of a filament is scanned by a narrow slit. The dye distributions are found by comparing experimental transmission values with those calculated by a computer for a model system in which various parameters can be adjusted. For the polyester-dye systems the rate constant of transfer of dye from dyebath to fibre (k₁) was the same as the rate constant of diffusion away from the interface (k₂). Some nylon-dye systems, on the other hand, behaved as if k₂ = k₁, whereas others behaved initially as if k₁ = k₂ but later as if k₂ > k₁. Apparent diffusion coefficients were also derived from sorption measurements and were found to fall as the dye concentration in the fibre increased. Measurement of the orientation of the dye molecules by optical dichroism showed that the dye molecules entering the filaments late in the dyeing process were more highly orientated than the earlier ones. The decrease in diffusion coefficient has been interpreted in terms of the observed higher orientation, as resulting from a greater entropy of activation in the diffusion process.     

涤纶织物表面改性及其对水中Cu~(2+)的吸附研究

以柠檬酸作为交联剂,次亚磷酸钠作为催化剂,将β-环糊精整理到涤纶织物上。通过单因素分析发现,织物增重率与β-环糊精浓度、柠檬酸浓度、催化剂浓度、焙烘时间及焙烘温度有关。确定最佳整理工艺为:β-环糊精90 g/L,柠檬酸100 g/L,催化剂30 g/L,焙烘温度180℃,焙烘时间20 min。经过整理后的织物对Cu2+有较好的吸附能力。     

Modification of Polycaproamide in the Drying Stage for Manufacture of Fibres with Improved Performance Properties

Polycaproamide is modified with polyfluorinated compounds to increase the resistance of the material to heat and aggressive media and the elasticity of the fibre. The mechanism of the modification process is examined.     

Properties of Metallized Carbon Fibres

The capacity of CF for galvanic application of copper sulfate is assessed and the optimum coating parameters (0.4 A current, duration of 5-15 min) and change in the strength indexes of the CF are determined. It was found that soldering of metallized CF both together and with copper wire is the most effective. The most effective methods of joining metallized CF are determined with respect to the lowest electric resistance of the contact zone.     

Sorption Properties of Polyacrylonitrile Fibres

As-spun undrawn PAN fibre wet-spun from solutions of the polymer in DMF, DMA, and DMSO are porous with a developed specific surface (up to 80 m²/g for nitrogen), while fibres spun from aqueous solutions of sodium thiocyanate or zinc chloride are nonporous with a specific surface of under 1 m²/g. The finished PAN fibres spun from solutions in different solvents have a closely packed structure, equivalent to highly crystalline, according to the data from sorption of inert gases and water vapors, and according to the results on the kinetics of sorption of vapors of liquids with different molecule sizes, they can be considered ultramicroporous.     

超支化聚酯的合成及改性

以三羟甲基丙烷为核分子,二羟甲基丙酸为单体,合成了超支化聚酯。采用了IR、GPC、特性黏数和化学滴定等方法对产物进行了表征和分析。实验表明合成的超支化聚酯具有较窄的分子质量分布和较小的大分子流体力学半径,有类似球形的分子结构;得到的支化聚酯Mn=4.68×103g/mol,Mw=5.4×103g/mol,Mw/Mn=1.15,[η]=5.28 mL/g。进一步用油酸对聚合物进行改性,并研究了固含量与黏度的关系及其漆膜的性能;结果表明该树脂具有良好的成膜性和涂膜性能。     

Padding,Drying, Steaming and Baking Stages in the Application of Dyes to Cellulosic Fibres and their Blends with Polyester Fibres

Padding, drying, steaming and baking are the basic unit processes of continuous dyeing; special aspects of this very wide range of processes have been examined. A new technique of padding has been developed in which the air in the material is removed by applying a high vacuum. The material is then immersed in the treating liquor without release of the vacuum; impregnation occurs on release of the vacuum. This technique can also be used in batchwise dyeing. Its advantages are that penetration is greatly improved and excellent results are obtained on completely unprepared material without the need to use wetting agents; in batchwise dyeing the uniformity of dye absorption during the initial stages of dyeing is improved. In this padding system, the pressure of the atmosphere forces the liquor into every interstice of the material, in contrast to the situation in conventional padding, where the trapped air opposes the pressure of the pad mangle. Results of the application of this technique are illustrated and discussed. Drying, steaming and baking have been considered as heat- and mass-transfer unit operations, and the techniques and data of chemical engineering have been applied to show that this approach can give much useful information to the dyer without the need for difficult empirical experimentation. There are, however, few data derived on a textile basis; even so, the standard data available show reasonable agreement with textile experience. More data in this field are required. Thoughtful use of such studies could lead to improved textile processing machinery. Finally, the ICI high-temperature (HT) steaming process (with superheated steam) and continuous pressure steaming are compared with comparable conventional treatments. The advantages and limitations of these systems are discussed. The two new methods are shown to be complementary, but the HT steaming process is more versatile in application and simpler in design.     

Textile Auxiliaries in Production of Aramid Fibres and Articles Made from Them

NO-2 and FTs 53/96-56 oiling agents can be recommended as effective oiling agents for aramid fibres. Cation-active detergents with high emulsifying power — Solpon KV and Rucogen DFL-200 — are recommended for ensuring optimum removal of oiling agents from aramid fibres in continuous and period washing of fabrics. The organofluorine products Oleofobol SL and Pluvioperl UNI provide permanent hydrophobic finishing for fabrics made of aramid fibres according to the special requirements of the manufacturers.