基于异常探测的高光谱端元提取方法研究

端元提取是高光谱影像分析重要且具有挑战性的任务,是解决高光谱图像混合像元分解关键的步骤。现行的高光谱端元提取算法在端元提取过程中,异常像元同时加入到端元数组中,如何有效区分异常与端元,成为高光谱遥感端元提取的瓶颈,也是提高高光谱图像混合像元分解精度的关键因素。提出一种基于异常探测的高光谱端元提取方法,首先利用RX算法对原始影像进行异常探测,根据异常探测的结果剔除一定数量的像元,将剔除的像元用原始图像均值向量替代,再对影像进行正交子空间投影(OSP)提取端元。实验表明,该方法能够有效区分异常与端元,抑制异常像元参与端元提取,同时处理后的图像端元提取的结果受异常处理的影响很小,证明了去除异常信息后提取端元的可行性。     

基于空谱初始化的非负矩阵光谱混合像元盲分解

混合像元分解是提高遥感监测能力的有效方法之一,因此一直以来是遥感领域的重要研究内容。非负矩阵盲分解(Non-negative Matrix Factorization,NMF)方法无需监督选择端元,无需假定纯像元存在,且能同步获取优化的端元光谱与端元丰度,从而为先验知识不足、高度混合场景下的混合像元分解提供了不错的选择,因此成为高光谱混合像元分解方法的重要分支之一。但NMF易陷入局部最优,若直接应用于混合像元解混难以获取稳定的最优解,从而影响了NMF在光谱混合分解的推广应用。针对这一问题,提出一种利用空谱预处理(SSPP)改进NMF的混合像元分解方法(SSPP-NMF)。首先利用SSPP算法结合空间和光谱信息筛选出合理有效的数据子集;然后用NMF算法对筛选出的数据子集进行混合像元分解,获取具有空间均匀性和光谱纯净性的端元光谱;最后基于上一步获取端元光谱利用非负最小二乘法(NNLS)获取整个研究区的最终端元丰度。为检验该方法的有效性和适用性,分别采用模拟仿真数据和真实遥感影像分析了SSPP对NMF的改善效果,并与ATGP-NMF、MVC-NMF两种基于初始化改进NMF的方法进行了比较分析,结果表明:相比ATGP-NMF、MVC-NMF而言,SSPP算法更能有效抑制噪声的影响,明显地提高NMF分解效果,并且具有较高的时间效率。     

一种端元可变的混合像元分解方法

混合像元线性分解是高光谱影像处理的常用方法，它使用相同的端元矩阵对像元进行分解，其结果是分解精度不高。为此提出了一种端元可变的混合像元分解方法，在确定端元矩阵时，首先考察混合像元与端元的光谱相似性，结合地物空间分布特点，实现了可变端元的混合像元分解。试验结果表明，该分解方法分解精度优于传统线性模型，符合实际情况。     

Normalized Cut与分水岭变换在高光谱影像混合像元端元提取中的应用

现有的遥感影像端元提取方法主要是从光谱特征角度提出,而结合空间信息的端元提取方法是近些年遥感影像混合像元分解的研究热点,为此使用图论的图像分割Normalized Cut与分水岭变换方法提出了一种改进的空间预处理模型用于高光谱遥感影像混合像元的端元提取。该方法在混合像元端元提取过程中不仅利用遥感影像的光谱信息而且引入了像元的空间位置信息,实验结果表明本文提出的端元提取方法与现有的方法相比提高了遥感影像的混合像元分解精度。     

端元约束下的高光谱混合像元非负矩阵分解

提出一种端元约束条件下的非负矩阵分解方法来自动反演混合像元组分。以端元光谱之间的差距为约束条件,使得目标函数综合了影像的分解误差和端元光谱的影响,并以最大后验概率方法导出了限制性非负矩阵分解的迭代算法。成像光谱数据实验结果表明该方法能够自动提取影像的端元光谱矩阵与组分信息,且分解精度比IEA方法高。     

基于OSP的端元个数估计方法

针对在缺乏先验知识的情况下难以确定高光谱影像端元个数的问题,提出一种新的虚拟维数估计方法,其结果可作为端元个数的估计。该方法采用正交子空间投影(OSP)原理,逐个提取并剥离端元信号,通过比较残余值与阈值,实现虚拟维数的估计。对模拟高光谱数据和PHI高光谱影像数据的实验结果验证方法的可行性,与Nerman-Pearson法相比其具有更高的灵活性和准确性。     

基于形态学和支持向量的遥感图像混合像元分解

为了更好地解决混合像元问题,将自动形态学端元提取方法与支持向量机算法相结合进行混合像元自动分解。首先利用自动形态学端元提取方法寻找影像的纯净端元,此方法基于形态学理论,结合像素的光谱信息和空间信息,可以更精确地提取纯净端元。然后通过支持向量算法得到像元组分,支持向量机后验概率作为地物的组分信息。实验结果证明,这种方法具有很高的混合像元分解精度。     

4种混合像元分解方法在沿海丘陵城市地表组分分析中的比较研究

近年来混合像元分解在城市地表组分监测与分析中的应用逐渐成为城市遥感的一个热点。目前多数研究选择内陆或沿海平原城市作为研究区,并在分解之前把水体作为干扰因素掩膜去除,以获得较好的分解结果,并符合V-I-S(Vegetation-Impervious Surface-Soil)概念模型。以沿海丘陵城市厦门为研究对象,使用4种方法对2007年1月8日TM影像进行混合像元分解,对分解结果的有效性进行了比较,并使用2006年12月25日SPOT5影像对分解结果的精度进行评估和比较。结果表明：在厦门这种沿海丘陵城市,去水的3端元方法会引起阴坡植被与不透水面之间的光谱混淆,而包含水体的4端元方法则能得到更好的分解结果,光谱归一化对于分解结果并没有太大的改善。下一步将通过更多的试验来获得适合沿海丘陵城市的最佳光谱混合像元分解方法。     

Landsat-8与ZY-3卫星影像降尺度地表温度反演及分析

地表温度(land surface temperature,LST)在表征地表能量转换和气候方面具有很重要的作用。目前获取的高空间分辨率遥感影像,通常没有热红外波段,而能获取的热红外影像,空间分辨率往往不够。针对时间分辨率和空间分辨率的矛盾问题,提出了一种利用降尺度进行地表温度反演的方法。该方法利用Landsat-8卫星影像的热红外波段进行地表温度LSTOLI,30m反演;根据不同地物的光谱特性,选取代表城市热特性的地物端元,对ZY-3多光谱影像大气校正后,进行混合像元分解,获取每个像元内不同端元的丰度,利用端元的平均温度建模,估算地表温度,得到高空间分辨率的地表温度LSTZY-3,5.8m。为了验证估算结果的准确性,将LSTZY-3,5.8m升尺度为30mLSTZY-3,30m,与LSTOLI,30m进行对比。结果表明,LSTZY-3,30m和LSTOLI,30m具有很高的一致性,精度较高。这种方法可以作为一种实用的估算地表温度的方法。     

基于线性光谱模型的混合像元分解方法与比较

线性光谱模型是目前解决城市中等空间分辨率遥感(如Landsat)中存在的混合像元问题的简单、有效的策略。本实验以广州区域为研究区,利用ENVI/IDL影像处理和开发平台对4种混合像元线性光谱分解方法进行了对比,即无约束条件法、带部分约束条件法、普通带全约束条件法和带全约束条件的可变端元法。结果表明,普通带全约束条件法和带全约束条件的可变端元法的分解结果比无约束条件法和带部分约束条件法的分解结果合理,均方根误差明显要小;同时,带全约束条件的可变端元法要优于普通带全约束条件法。光谱归一化处理则对不同分解方法带来不同的影响,应依据实际需要采取合适的光谱处理方式。     

基于拉格朗日的高光谱解混算法研究*

针对混合像元分解误差问题,提出一种基于拉格朗日算法的高光谱解混算法。通过变分增广拉格朗日算法提取出部分端元,由于端元组中存在相似端元影响解混精度,利用基于梯度的光谱信息散度算法进行光谱区分,除去相似端元。通过对得到的端元进行排序,依次增加端元进行光谱解混,将满足条件的端元增加进端元组,最终得到优选端元。该方法不仅有效去除了相似端元的干扰,而且不需要不断搜索端元的组合,根据每个端元对于混合像元的重要性做出相应次数的非限制性最小二乘法计算,得到更精确高光谱端元的子集,该方法对高光谱混合像元解混的效率以及可靠性均有所提高。     

基于线性混合模型的高光谱图像端元提取

近年来,基于线性混合模型的光谱解混合技术正在越来越广泛地用在光谱数据分析和遥感地物量化中,这项技术的关键就在于确定端元(Endmember)光谱。通常,端元的荻取有两种方式：来源于光谱库以及来源于图像数据,相比之下后者得到的结果更能体现真实的地面信息。为此,从线性混合模型的特点出发,归纳了目前几种比较成熟的端元提取算法,分析了它们的主要思想和存在的优缺点,并总结了评估算法结果的依据,最后介绍了端元提取技术的发展趋势。     

基于光谱信息散度与光谱角匹配的高光谱解混算法

针对采用线性逆卷积(LD)算法进行端元初选过程中,端元子集中存在相似端元光谱,影响解混精度的问题,提出了一种基于光谱信息散度(SID)与光谱角匹配(SAM)算法的端元子集优选光谱解混算法。通过在端元进行二次选择时,采用以光谱信息散度和光谱角(SID-SA)混合法准则作为最相似端元选择的判据,去除相似端元,降低相似端元对解混精度的影响。实验结果表明,基于SID与SAM的高光谱解混算法将重构影像的均方根误差(RMSE)降低到0.0104,该方法比传统方法提高了端元的选择精度,减少了丰度估计误差,误差分布更加均匀。     

A quantitative and comparative analysis of different preprocessing implementations of DPSO: a robust endmember extraction algorithm

Linear spectral unmixing is a very important technique in hyperspectral image analysis. It contains two main steps. First, it finds spectrally unique signatures of pure ground components (called endmembers); second, it estimates their corresponding fractional abundances in each pixel. Recently, a discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSO) algorithm was introduced to accurately extract endmembers with high optimal performance. However, because of its limited feasible solution space, DPSO necessarily needs a small amount of candidate endmembers before extraction. Consequently, how to provide a suitable candidate endmember set, which has not been analyzed yet, is a critical issue in using DPSO for unmixing problem. In this study, three representative pure pixel-based methods, pixel purity index, vertex component analysis (VCA), and N-FINDR, are quantitatively compared to provide candidate endmembers for DPSO. The experiments with synthetic and real hyperspectral images indicate that VCA is the most reliable preprocessing implementation for DPSO. Further, it can be concluded that DPSO with the proposed preprocessing implementations given in this paper is robust for endmember extraction.     

Linear spectral unmixing using endmember coexistence rules and spatial correlation

Mixed pixels are often formed when surface materials are smaller than the spatial resolution of a sensor, or two or more ground features fall within a pixel. Spectral unmixing, decomposing a mixed pixel into a set of endmembers and their corresponding abundance fractions, is an important method for extracting the underlying spectral and spatial information from remote sensing images. Recent studies have shown that it is difficult to increase the accuracy of unmixing using single pixel processing. Here, we suggest combining information on the fundamental interrelations of ground components and a priori knowledge on how ground components co-exist or exclude each other according to general geographic and geomorphic relations with spectral information may allow improved unmixing. Therefore, we propose a novel spectral unmixing method to estimate endmember abundances based on linear spectral mixing model with endmember coexistence rules and spatial correlation (LSMM-R&C). This method was implemented by incorporating endmember coexistence rules along with spatial correlation into a weighted least square method. Experiments with both synthetic and real satellite images were carried out to verify the proposed method, and its performance was also evaluated in comparison to the commonly used LSMM (linear spectral mixture method), LAU (local adaptive unmixing), ISU (iterative spectral unmixing) and ISMA (iterative spectral mixture analysis) methods. LSMM-R&C showed the smallest error, and was more effective at revealing the detailed spatial distribution of endmembers’ abundance, showing high potential for solving the problem of spatial heterogeneity among neighbouring pixels.     

Spectral mixture analysis for subpixel vegetation fractions in the urban environment: How to incorporate endmember variability?

In the urban environment both quality of life and surface biophysical processes are closely related to the presence of vegetation. Spectral mixture analysis (SMA) has been frequently used to derive subpixel vegetation information from remotely sensed imagery in urban areas, where the underlying landscapes are assumed to be composed of a few fundamental components, called endmembers. A critical step in SMA is to identify the endmembers and their corresponding spectral signatures. A common practice in SMA assumes a constant spectral signature for each endmember. In fact, the spectral signatures of endmembers may vary from pixel to pixel due to changes in biophysical (e.g. leaves, stems and bark) and biochemical (e.g. chlorophyll content) composition. This study developed a Bayesian Spectral Mixture Analysis (BSMA) model to understand the impact of endmember variability on the derivation of subpixel vegetation fractions in an urban environment. BSMA incorporates endmember spectral variability in the unmixing process based on Bayes Theorem. In traditional SMA, each endmember is represented by a constant signature, while BSMA uses the endmember signature probability distribution in the analysis. BSMA has the advantage of maximally capturing the spectral variability of an image with the least number of endmembers. In this study, the BSMA model is first applied to simulated images, and then to Ikonos and Landsat ETM+ images. BSMA leads to an improved estimate of subpixel vegetation fractions, and provides uncertainty information for the estimates. The study also found that the traditional SMA using the statistical means of the signature distributions as endmember signatures produces subpixel endmember fractions with almost the same and sometimes even better accuracy than those from BSMA except without uncertainty information for the estimates. However, using the modes of signature distributions as endmembers may result in serious bias in subpixel endmember fractions derived from traditional SMA.     

基于RM S 误差分析的高光谱图像自动端元提取算法

提出了一种基于RM S ( root mean square) 误差分析的自动端元提取算法。对图像每做一次线性解混合, 就得到一幅以均方根RMS误差表示的残余误差图像, 从中选出误差较大的像素作为新的端元开始下一次解混合, 通过多次迭代, 直到得到了要求数目的端元。该算法克服了以往端元提取方法监督特性的局限, 减少了对先验信息的依赖, 同时保留了图像中的异常。利用仿真和实验数据验证了该算法的有效性。     

Spectral unmixing of Landsat Thematic Mapper data

The observed spectral signature of pixels in remote sensing imagery in most cases is the result of the reflecting properties of a number of surface materials constituting the area of a pixel. Despite this knowledge most image classification techniques aim at labelling a pixel according to a singular surface category. An alternative product can be generated using spectral unmixing: a technique that strives to find the surface abundances of a number of spectral components together causing the observed spectral reflectance at a pixel. A stepwise approach to implement spectral unmixing in Landsat Thematic Mapper image analysis is proposed: (1) atmospheric calibration of the image data, (2) preselection of a large number of ‘candidate’ endmembers, (3) reduction to the most important spectral endmembers using spectral angle mapping, (4) finding the relative abundances of the endmembers through spectral unmixing analysis, (5) combining the abundance estimates into a final product comparable to a classified image, and (6) accuracy assessment. A Landsat Thematic Mapper image from southern Spain covering a large peridotite body with adjacent limestone and low-grade metamorphic rocks is used as an example to demonstrate the usefulness of unmixing.