基于裂缝分形特征的钢混梁疲劳损伤精细评估

为了改进传统损伤检测和识别方法在精度和实用性等方面的不足,基于分形理论和图像处理技术,提出提取桥梁关键部分表观裂缝特征和分形盒维数的方法,通过建立表观裂缝分形维数和典型力学参数之间的函数关系实现损伤评估。为了验证该方法的有效性,开展 T型钢筋混凝土简支梁的疲劳加载试验。采用分形理论建立不同疲劳加载和损伤状态下的裂缝分形维数与跨中挠度、一阶频率和静动刚度等实测参数的函数,明确分形维数与损伤指数的匹配关系。结果表明,基于分形维数的损伤评估具有良好的准确性和鲁棒性,可以通过传统物理参数与裂缝分形维数的稳定函数关系对桥梁疲劳损伤进行精细化评估。     

基于环境激励的桥梁模态参数识别

介绍了获取桥梁模态参数的试验手段,阐述了环境激励的桥梁模态参数的识别方法,通过移动测量方法测试了基于环境激励的某桥梁,并采用自功率谱、互功率谱和相干函数分析,识别了桥梁振动的前3阶振动频率、阻尼比和振型。结果表明,试验得到的桥梁模态参数与设计参数基本相同,桥梁性能良好。     

基于气弹模型风洞试验的输电塔气动阻尼研究

输电塔挂线和不挂线情况下的气动阻尼比是精确进行其风振响应评估的重要参数。基于完全气弹模型风洞试验测试得到的位移与加速度响应时程,结合使用经验模态分解法(empirical mode decomposition,简称EMD)、小波分析和随机减量方法(random decrement technology,简称RDT)以及Hilbert变换识别了输电塔在挂线和不挂线情况下各阶振型结构阻尼比和气动阻尼比,分析输电塔在挂线和不挂线情况下结构阻尼比和气动阻尼比的变化规律。结果显示,输电塔挂线时的结构阻尼比比不挂线情况要大;输电塔的气动阻尼比随各阶振型频率的增加而减小,随着风速的增加而增加。最后,采用最小二乘法拟合得到了在试验风速条件下气动阻尼比的经验公式。     

变截面PC连续箱梁桥腹板粘贴钢板加固后评估研究

早期修建的桥梁在车辆荷载和自然侵蚀下,桥梁构件会产生许多裂缝,针对这类桥梁结构损伤的加固方法有粘贴纤维布法、粘贴钢板法和压力灌浆法等。本研究以某变截面PC连续箱梁桥为对象,对存在裂缝的变截面预制箱梁构件进行桥梁结构损伤分析,以粘贴钢板法对其腹板和底板进行加固,并从加固施工同设计的吻合度、加固构造缺陷、协同受力和有限元模拟等多角度对粘贴钢板加固构造质量进行评估。多方面评估结果表明：该桥腹板和底板采用的粘贴钢板加固合理有效,能够降低裂缝开展速度,但部分箱梁外部钢板存在锈蚀现象等缺陷,建议重新加固。     

桥梁结构损伤的振动模态检测

首先介绍了桥梁结构损伤检测的振动模态方法的原理及其４ 个要素。总结了用模态参数（固有频率、阻尼比及位移振型）进行损伤检测评估的困难,进而阐述应变模态测量的原理及其用于桥梁结构损伤检测时,相对于位移模态的优势。由于应变模态方法应用于实桥检测受到传统应变测量手段的制约,本文最后提出了一种通过相邻点振动位移的测量,推估桥梁在动载作用下的应力状态,进行实桥损伤检测的途径,并推荐一种新型低频高灵敏度传感器作为位移测量用传感器。     

多功能机床关键导轨副动态特性分析

针对多功能机床关键滑块导轨运动副HG45CA结构,采用东方所试验模态设备和CASP软件对约束状态的滑块导轨副进行了动态性能分析。试验研究得到的导轨滑块固有动态参数表明:滑块导轨运动副具有横摇、横荡、垂荡、首摇和扭转前5阶固有振型,其固有振动频率在300~1 000 Hz之间;试验得到的导轨滑块阻尼比在0.1以下,说明滑块导轨运动副属于粘性阻尼振动系统,并计算得到导轨滑块的刚度和阻尼值;试验结果为机床振动环境下导轨滑块的强迫振动性能奠定理论基础,并为进一步深入分析机床整体振动系统特点提供了关键参数。另外,导轨滑块的试验模态机理、试验方案和试验数据的分析为相关试验研究提供了借鉴。     

藏式古建筑木结构损伤识别的数值模拟

为保护藏式古建筑木结构,针对实际中众多结构存在的梁、柱构件损伤问题进行了损伤识别理论的研究。基于实地勘查结果,对梁、柱构件的残损类型和残损机理进行了汇总和分析。以某典型藏式古建筑多层梁柱排架结构为损伤识别对象,在建立其有限元模型的基础上,采用振动响应灵敏度损伤识别方法对该结构梁、柱构件的3种不同损伤状态进行了数值模拟识别。为了模拟古建筑结构构件之间物理参数离散性大的特点,给每个构件的弹性模量添加了随机误差。识别时,为了减小离散的物理参数对结果收敛性和准确性的影响,采用修正的正则化方法求解识别方程。结果表明,该方法可以克服测量噪声的影响,准确识别出藏式古建筑木结构梁、柱构件的损伤,为该类型结构实际的损伤识别提供了理论依据。     

PolyMAX法在自升式平台模型损伤检测中的应用

对某自升式海洋平台模型进行了脉冲锤击法试验模态研究.采用移动力锤法对自升式海洋平台模型无损伤和有损伤两种工况进行振动测试,对振动数据采用PolyMAX法进行模态分析,研究了两种工况下的结构动态特性.试验分析结果表明,PolyMAX方法在自升式海洋平台模型损伤检测中,不仅能够获得清晰的稳态图,还可以有效识别结构模态频率、模态振型;根据平台模型损伤前后的模态参数可知,平台模型损伤后X,Y方向的一阶频率均有明显降低,尤其是损伤处模态振型变化更为明显.该特征为自升式海洋平台损伤检测提供了一个依据.     

基于频率变化率的结构刚度非均匀退化识别

针对不利环境作用、损伤等易造成结构局部损伤且刚度退化程度不均匀的问题,以受弯梁为研究对象,从构件动力特性入手,综合考虑损伤前后的模态挠度曲率和固有频率变化,提出了基于频率变化率的刚度非均匀退化识别方法。首先,在柔度矩阵的基础上推导模态挠度曲率,通过损伤前后模态挠度曲率的改变量识别损伤位置参数,判定损伤区域;其次,对损伤区域进行节段划分,从欧拉-伯努利梁的动力方程出发建立损伤程度、损伤区域位置参数与固有频率之间的矩阵函数,实现直接利用频率值变化评估构件不同区域损伤程度。研究结果表明,该方法能很好地识别结构局部损伤位置和损伤程度,尤其是对于结构局部刚度不均匀退化的评估具有明显的优势。     

电机换向抽油机支架的有限元优化设计

应用有限单元法对电机换向抽油机支架进行了优化设计与分析,建立了支架优化的有限元分析和数学模型。优化分析计算结果表明:优化后的支架在满足结构安全的条件下最大限度地发挥了结构各构件的承载能力;有限元优化分析目标可以支架重量为最小的优化目标,还可以对支架固有频率、阻尼比等有关支架系统的动态特性参数进行目标有限元优化分析。     

Dynamic testing of a damaged bridge

In this paper the results of a campaign of dynamic tests carried out on an existing reinforced concrete single-span bridge subjected to increasing levels of damage are presented. The deck structure consists of a slab and three simply supported beams. The damage is represented by a series of notches made on a lateral beam to simulate the effect of incremental concentrated damage. The modal parameters of the lower vibration modes were estimated from frequency response measurements obtained under harmonic excitation. The variation of natural frequencies shows an anomalous increase in the transition from one intermediate configuration to the next damage configurations. Changes in vibration modes are appreciable from the earliest level of damage. In particular, changes in modal curvature of lower modes do provide indication on the damage location.     

Dynamic identification of a reinforced concrete damaged bridge

The results of a series of harmonically forced tests carried out on a reinforced concrete single-span bridge subjected to increasing levels of damage are interpreted in this paper. The deck structure of the bridge consists of a slab and three simply supported beams. The damage is represented by a series of notches made on a lateral beam to simulate the effect of incremental concentrated damage. The variation of lower natural frequencies shows an anomalous increase in the transition from one intermediate damage configuration to the next ones. Vibration mode shapes show an appreciable asymmetry in the reference configuration, despite the nominal symmetry of the bridge. A justification of this unexpected dynamic behavior is presented in this paper. The analysis is based on progressive identification of an accurate finite element model of the reference configuration and on reconstruction of damage evolution from natural frequency and vibration mode measurements. Changes in modal curvature of the first two vibration modes evaluated along the main beams are successfully used to identify the location of the damage.     

Structural safety assessment of bowstring type RC arch bridges using ambient vibration testing and finite element model calibration

The structural safety evaluation of a bowstring type reinforced concrete (RC) arch bridge was investigated by ambient vibration testing and finite element model calibration in this study. The bridge named as Ali Çetinkaya Bridge in Samsun, Turkey, was selected for this investigation. The bridge constructed in 1937 consists of the seven discrete arches and its total length is approximately 250 m. The bridge damaged by environmental effects and it was closed to the traffic loads. The presented study consists of four main parts: ambient vibration test, initial finite element modeling, finite element model calibration and structural analysis of the calibrated finite element model. The ambient vibration tests were performed using Operational Modal Analysis Method under the wind, human and water flow loads to identify the actual natural dynamic parameters, such as the natural frequencies and mode shapes, modal damping ratios. Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition and Stochastic Subspace Identification methods were used to extract the experimental dynamic characteristics. The initial finite element model was developed by including the soil effects in SAP2000 program to obtain the analytical dynamic characteristics. In the initial finite element model, the beam, plane and solid elements were used. After that, the initial finite element model was calibrated according to the ambient vibration test results considering the material properties and boundary sections as variable parameters. The calibrated model assumed to reflect the current state of the bowstring bridge was analyzed under dead, moving, traffic, water and earthquake loads. The maximum displacements, tensile stress, compressive stress and shear stress were attained each case and compared with each other.     

基于倒塌分析的连续梁桥地震损伤评估方法

为了掌握钢筋混凝土连续梁桥在地震作用下从完好到倒塌的破坏历程,首先,基于振动台试验研究对两跨连续梁桥模型进行倒塌仿真分析;其次,建立结构层次的单一倒塌准则;最后,根据影响结构倒塌的关键构件提出两跨连续梁桥地震损伤的整体评价指标D和破坏等级划分标准。结果表明:提出的能量比指标可以有效识别出地震损伤时刻甚至倒塌时刻,当能量比小于能量比限值时即可判定进入倒塌阶段;纵向地震动作用下中墩墩柱和固定支座是关键受力构件;基于关键构件提出的两跨连续梁桥地震损伤整体评价指标D可对不同损伤程度的两跨连续梁模型桥进行评估,该评价体系也可为同类桥型的地震损伤评估和抗震加固提供参考。     

Localization and quantification of damage in beam-like structures using sensitivities of principal component analysis results

Principal component analysis (PCA) is known as an efficient method for dynamic system identification and diagnosis. This paper addresses a damage diagnosis method based on sensitivities of PCA in the frequency domain for linear-form structures. The aim is not only to detect the presence of damage, but also to localize and to evaluate it. The Frequency response functions measured at different locations on the beam are considered as data for the PCA process. Sensitivities of principal components obtained from PCA to beam parameters are computed and inspected according to the location of sensors; their variation from the healthy state to the damaged state indicates damage locations. The damage can be evaluated next providing that a structural model is available; this evaluation is based on a model updating procedure. It is worth noting that the diagnosis process does not require a modal identification achievement. Both numerical and experimental examples are used for better illustration.     

ABAQUS钢筋混凝土有限元分析

介绍了混凝土损伤塑性模型的原理、钢筋和混凝土材料的塑性计算过程、混凝土损伤因子的定义及计算,通过对一根钢筋混凝土悬臂粱进行了有限元分析,对比了理论计算和有限元计算的差异,探讨了粘性系数和混凝土损伤对计算结果的影响等问题,为进一步利甩ABAQUs对钢筋混凝土进行有限元分析提供了参考.     

Frequency response function interpolation for damage detection under changing environment

Damage detection can be carried out based on measured dynamic characteristics of the monitored structure. Several experimental investigations have shown that structural parameters are affected by environmental conditions. This circumstance can lead to erroneous conclusions if damage detection methods based on variations of global structural parameters are applied without properly taking into account this influence. In this paper the sensitivity to changing temperature of a new damage detection method, denoted as interpolation damage detection method (IDDM), is investigated with reference to an experimental example, widely studied by several researchers to check damage detection algorithms: the I40 bridge. Results show that, despite the changes of temperature, the IDDM provides a correct identification of damage location even for cases where the evolution of modal frequencies belies the actual damaged state of the structure. The sensitivity of the IDDM to the joint effect of gradient of temperature and noise in the recorded data is also investigated with reference to a numerical example.     

Honeycomb damage detection in a reinforced concrete beam using frequency mode shape regression

The objective of the study was to propose a technique to determine the location and severity of honeycomb damage in a reinforced concrete beam using frequency mode shape regression focusing on minimal data. Simply supported reinforced concrete beams were constructed with two different volumes of honeycomb materials implanted at mid-span of the beams. The technique necessitated the performance of linear and eigen analyses on a control beam, and nonlinear analysis on the test beams with damage. Local stiffness indicators obtained from regression using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm and residuals from regression of the frequency mode shapes using the Chebyshev series rational and transformation and application into the fourth order centered finite divided difference formula were utilized. Both approaches were successful in determining the location of the honeycomb damage. The Chebyshev series rational method was unable to determine the severity of damage.     

Damage identification by response surface based model updating using D-optimal design

Statistical tools, as well as mathematical ones, have been widely adopted and their performance has been shown in different engineering problems where randomicity usually exists. In the realm of engineering, merging statistical analysis into structural evaluation and assessment will be a tendency in the future. As a combination of mathematical and statistical techniques, response surface methodology has been successfully applied to design optimization, response prediction and model validation. This methodology provides explicit functions to represent the relationships between the inputs and outputs of a physical system, which is also a desirable advantage in damage identification. However, so far little research has been carried out in applying the response surface methodology to structural damage identification. This paper presents a damage identification method achieved by response surface based model updating using D-optimal designs. Compared with some common designs constructing response surfaces, D-optimal designs generally require a minimum number of numerical samples and this merit is quite desirable when analysts cannot obtain enough samples. In this study, firstly D-optimal designs are used to establish response surface models for screening out non-significant updating parameters and then first-order response surface models are constructed to substitute for finite element models in predicting the dynamic responses of an intact or damaged physical system. Three case studies of a numerical beam, a tested reinforced concrete frame and a tested full-scale bridge have been used to verify the proposed method. Physical properties such as Young’s modulus and section inertias were chosen as the input features and modal frequency was the only response feature. It has been observed that the proposed method gives enough accuracy in damage prediction of not only the numerical but also the real-world structures with single and multiple damage scenarios, and the first-order response surface models based on the D-optimal criterion are adequate for such damage identification purposes.     

利用试验模态分析及神经网络技术对结构损伤检测的探讨

选用一工程上常用的截面开口槽形梁,通过试验模态分析对结构损伤引起的模态频率移动进行了分析,从试验角度对四种损伤检测方法进行了有效性比较。并尝试将神经网络与试验模态分析技术相结合应用到结构损伤定量检测的研究中,不仅验证了其可行性,而且指出应变指标对结构损伤更敏感。