Glycerol Esters from Real Waste Cooking Oil Using a Robust Solid Acid Catalyst

Notwithstanding the food-for-fuel debate, turning waste cooking oil and fat (WCO) into a valuable product is a classic example of green chemistry. We demonstrate that sulfated zirconia and lanthanum-supported sulfated zirconia are good catalysts for the esterification of WCO free fatty acids (FFAs) with glycerol, giving high-value monoglycerides. Various catalysts were first screened using palmitic acid as a model FFA. Subsequently, six 10-kg batches of actual WCO were collected from commercial cookeries over a period of 28 weeks, pre-treated in a purpose-built decanter and esterified with industrial grade glycerol using heterogeneous catalysis. Good yield and turnovers were obtained. The pre-treatment stage and the catalytic esterification experiments are described and discussed.     

Glycerol Esters from Real Waste Cooking Oil Using a Robust Solid Acid Catalyst

Notwithstanding the food-for-fuel debate, turning waste cooking oil and fat (WCO) into a valuable product is a classic example of green chemistry. We demonstrate that sulfated zirconia and lanthanum-supported sulfated zirconia are good catalysts for the esterification of WCO free fatty acids (FFAs) with glycerol, giving high-value monoglycerides. Various catalysts were first screened using palmitic acid as a model FFA. Subsequently, six 10-kg batches of actual WCO were collected from commercial cookeries over a period of 28 weeks, pre-treated in a purpose-built decanter and esterified with industrial grade glycerol using heterogeneous catalysis. Good yield and turnovers were obtained. The pre-treatment stage and the catalytic esterification experiments are described and discussed.

     

Base‐Catalyzed Ethanolysis of Waste Cooking Oil in a Micro/Millireactor System: Flow and Reaction Analysis

An important way for the production of biodiesel is the base‐catalyzed transesterification of oil or fat with monohydric alcohols. Flow and reaction analysis with respect to the applicability of a micro/millireactor setup to two‐phase ethanolysis of waste cooking oil is described. The flow in the micro/millireactor system was examined on the example of a soybean oil/ethanol mixture and compared with a T‐mixer. Parallel and slug flow were observed in different reactor sections of the micro/milli‐reactor system and evaluated concerning their efficiency. A method for determination of the viscosity of the mixture was conducted and validated. Certain pretreatments were investigated with regard to the suitability of the waste cooking oil for ethanolysis. Relations between biodiesel yields and some oil properties like chain length and acid number were found.     

Fe2(SO4)3/C催化餐饮废油脂中游离脂肪酸酯化反应的动力学

The esterification of free fatty acids(FFA) in waste cooking oil with methanol in the presence of Fe₂(SO₄)₃/C(ferric sulfate/active carbon) catalyst was studied.The effects of different temperature,methanol/FFA mole ratio and amount of catalyst on the conversion of FFA were investigated.The results demonstrated that under optimal esterification conditions the final acid value of the resultant system can be reduced to ～1(mg KOH)·g^-1,which met fully the requirements in post-treatment for efficient separation of glycerin and biodiesel.The kinetics of the esterification were also investigated under different temperatures.The results indicated that the rate-control step could be attributed to the surface reaction and the esterification processes can be well-depicted by the as-calculated kinetic formula in the range of the experimental conditions.     

Improving Waste Cooking Oil Quality for Biodiesel Production with the Ethanolic By-product of Soybean Oil Extraction

Waste cooking oils (WCO) can be used as feedstock for biodiesel (fatty acid ethyl or methyl esters—FAEE or FAME) production. Their usual high acidity, high moisture, and low stability can impair the reaction yield and generate a low-quality biodiesel. Here, we performed liquid–liquid washings using WCO and ethanol-based solvents with the goal of generating oil-rich miscella as FAEE feedstocks with a higher quality than WCO. Three different solvents were evaluated: 99% ethanol, 95% ethanol, and the soybean oil extraction ethanolic phase (SEP), a by-product with immense unexplored antioxidant potential obtained by extracting soybean oil using ethanol. Washings were performed in a 1000 mL flat-bottom flask at 78.1 °C, using a 1:2 (w/v) oil/solvent ratio, under magnetic stirring (1200 rpm) for 10 min. Ethyl esters were prepared via homogeneous alkali transesterification using WCO and oil-rich miscella as feedstocks. Treatments reduced the acid value by 40–61% and the peroxide value by 15–50%. Improvements in feedstock quality generated 24–54% higher biodiesel yields. The oil-rich phase produced with SEP was 15% more resistant to oxidation than WCO. This was attributed to the transference of isoflavones from the SEP. However, biodiesel from treated samples presented equal or lower oxidative stability than FAEE from WCO. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that no isoflavones remained in biodiesel after purification. Pretreatment of WCO with ethanol-based extracts such as the SEP has great potential to improve WCO quality for biodiesel production as it can be a source of plant-based antioxidants.     

固体碱催化大豆油制备生物柴油

以Na2Si O3·9H2O为原料制备固体碱催化剂,大豆油和甲醇酯交换反应为模型,优化固体碱焙烧条件。再以最优条件制备的Na2Si O3·9H2O固体碱催化剂优化大豆油和甲醇酯交换工艺。结果表明:硅酸钠固体碱最佳制备条件为煅烧温度400℃、煅烧时间1 h。大豆油和甲醇酯交换反应优化工艺为:反应温度65℃、醇油摩尔比6∶1、反应时间2 h。     

采用化学和生物接触氧化法处理环氧大豆油的废水

利用化学和生物接触氧化相结合,处理环氧大豆油废水,此清洁采用的设备简单,处理效果好。     

Effect of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel on the Properties of Particulate from a DI Diesel Engine

The present work focuses on the effect of waste cooking oil biodiesel on the particulate mass, number concentration, nanostructure, and oxidative reactivity under different engine speeds and engine loads. Particulate samples were collected from the diluted exhaust of a medium-duty direct injection diesel engine and were used to analyze the physico-chemical properties via the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the thermogravimetric analyzer/differential scanning calorimeter (TGA/DSC). The TEM images reveal that smaller primary particles are formed at higher engine speed, lower engine load, or using biodiesel. Quantitative analysis of the nanostructures indicates more soot with more disordered configuration, in which shorter and more curved graphene layer is prevailing at lower engine load or when using biodiesel. Furthermore, the TGA results infer that the soot oxidative reactivity is closely related to the nanostructure properties and the effect of engine load is more pronounced than the effect of engine speed. Also biodiesel soot has faster oxidative reactivity than diesel soot. Moreover, results obtained for B30 (30% biodiesel and 70% diesel fuel) lie in between those for biodiesel and diesel fuel.

Copyright 2015 American Association for Aerosol Research     

Hydrocracking of Waste Palm Cooking Oil into Hydrocarbon Compounds over Mo Catalyst Impregnated on SBA-15

Silicon - The highest activity and selectivity results were achieved in the presence of Mo metal supported by SBA-15. Mo/SBA-15 catalyst was synthesized using the wet impregnation method. Catalysts...     

利用废食用油制备生物柴油的研究

对利用废食用油制备生物柴油的预酯化-酯交换工艺进行了研究。结果表明,预酯化的最佳工艺条件为：乙醇用量为80 mL、催化剂浓硫酸用量为1 g、反应时间为3 h、反应温度为70℃;酯交换的最佳工艺条件为：乙醇用量为60 mL、催化剂氢氧化钾用量1 g、反应时间为40 min、反应温度为70℃。在此条件下可使50 mL废食用油的酸值由40.27 mg KOH/g降到1.52 mg KOH/g,粗生物柴油的产率可达93.71%。     

Co‐processing of Waste Cooking Oil and Light Cycle Oil with NiW/(Pseudoboehmite + SBA‐15) Catalyst

Light cycle oil (LCO) and waste sunflower cooking oil (WSO) were co‐processed with the aim of obtaining more environmentally friendly fuels. Partial hydrogenation of naphthalene was also investigated as a model reaction. Commercial NiW/SiO₂‐Al₂O₃, as a reference catalyst, and NiW/(pseudoboehmite + SBA‐15), as a new research catalyst, were tested. Liquid products were analyzed by simulated distillation, elemental analysis, and FTIR spectroscopy. Elemental analysis indicated higher efficiency of the research catalyst in hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrogenation, and hydrodeoxygenation of pure LCO and mixed feedstock containing WSO. Reactions with pure WSO resulted in less sulfur leaching into the product and a lower degree of deoxygenation compared with the commercial catalyst.     

Effect of Different Cosolvents on Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil in a Microreactor

Biodiesel was prepared from waste cooking oil combined with methanol. The process was performed via transesterification in a microreactor using kettle limescale as a heterogeneous catalyst and various cosolvents under different conditions. n‐Hexane and tetrahydrofuran were selected as cosolvents to investigate fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). To optimize the reaction conditions, the main parameters affecting FAME% including reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, oil‐to‐methanol volumetric ratio, and cosolvent‐to‐methanol volumetric ratio were studied via response surface methodology. Under optimal reaction conditions and in the presence of the cosolvents n‐hexane and tetrahydrofuran, high FAME purities were achieved. Considering the experimental results, the limescale catalyst is a unique material, and the cosolvent method can reduce significantly the reaction time and biodiesel production cost.     

脱酚混合油作为废水脱酚萃取剂的研究

进行了从低温煤焦油的脱酚混合油中蒸馏切取不同馏分作为废水脱酚萃取剂的试验,结果表明,其分配比和萃取率均高于轻苯和洗油,为低温煤焦油的综合利用开发了新途径。     

废塑料油化技术及其裂解催化剂的研究进展

分析了国内外废塑料油化技术及其裂解催化剂的研究进展,并指出未来废塑料油化技术的发展方向。     

餐厨废油资源化产鼠李糖脂的研究进展

综述了餐厨废油的危害及处理现状、鼠李糖脂的应用价值及生产菌株、餐厨废油资源化产鼠李糖脂的研究现状,指出了现有工艺存在的问题,提出了提高鼠李糖脂产量的优化途径,并展望了其未来发展方向和应用前景。     

脂肪酶催化食用废油制备生物柴油

利用脂肪酶为催化剂,食用废油与甲醇反应,制备生物柴油,最佳酯化反应条件为反应温度50℃、脂肪酶催化剂用量为原料量的3%、甲醇与食用废油体积比为3∶1、共溶剂丁酮量为甲醇量的1/6、pH=7,反应时间4h,生物柴油产率可达到78%,对产品的各项指标测定,均达到GB/T20828-2007要求,指标并与0#石化柴油相接近。     

餐饮业废油脂生产生物柴油绿色化工艺的研究

提出了一种清洁、环境友好的餐饮业废油脂制备生物柴油的方法和工艺.以磁性固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2-Fe3O4为非均相催化剂,以餐饮业废油脂为原料与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油;利用三因素一次回归正交设计实验方法,考察了反应温度、甲醇用量、催化剂用量对废油脂酯转化率的影响,确定了制备生物柴油的最佳反应条件;通过对实验结果的处理,求出了回归方程;数理统计分析表明回归方程可靠适用;同时利用IR、XRD、SEM、EDS等对磁性固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2-Fe3O4催化剂的结构进行了表征.与传统的均相催化剂(H2SO4、NaOH) 相比,磁性固体超强酸具有催化活性高、易于分离、可重复使用的特点,是制备生物柴油的环境友好型固体酸催化剂.     

酶催化餐饮业废油脂生产生物柴油的研究

研究了利用餐饮业废油脂和甲醇,在无溶剂系统中通过脂肪酶的转酯作用来生产生物柴油.结果表明,醇油摩尔比为3∶1时甲醇转化率只能达到48%左右,醇油摩尔比低于1∶1时甲醇转化率能达到95%以上,采用分批添加法,甲醇总转化率可以明显提高到80%以上.反应体系的最适初始水活度应控制在0.54～0.75之间,随着反应温度的升高,酯交换反应的速度加快,但酶失活率也随之增大.     

Effect of the Addition of Membrane Processed Olive Mill Waste Water (OMWW) to Extra Virgin Olive Oil

Modern membrane technologies are useful for enhancing the concentration of phenolic antioxidants in olive mill waste water (OMWW) to produce concentrates with valuable applications in functional foods. Three types of OMWW concentrates, each with different levels of solute concentration and purity, were obtained from a single OMWW batch and dissolved in two extra virgin olive oils to achieve saturated solutions. Three addition levels were considered. Accelerated aging testing of the oils was performed at 60 °C and the samples were analyzed after two, four, and 6 weeks of aging. D-optimal design was used to select the 26 experiments that allowed the evaluation of the influence of the different variables on oil stability. The addition of OMWW concentrates resulted in a significant increase in the Radical Scavenging Activity (RSA) of the olive oils. Under these mild experimental conditions, the moderate formation of fatty acid hydroperoxides was probably masked by interfering compounds.     

Reactor Comparison for the Esterification of Fatty Acids from Waste Cooking Oil

Esterification of the fatty acids contained in waste cooking oil with glycerol, a reaction involving immiscible and viscous reactants, was achieved in two pilot‐scale continuous pulsed reactors: the oscillatory baffled reactor and the helix reactor. In both reactors, with or without baffles, the reaction reaches its thermodynamic equilibrium at lower temperatures, shorter residence times and with higher selectivities than those reported in the literature. This equilibrium is then shifted by an increase in the excess of glycerol, or by removing water from the reactive media by an intermediary decantation or by the use of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, a surfactant catalyst. Further investigations would be required to increase the conversions without decreasing the selectivities, by increasing the initial amount of free fatty acids.