阳离子型壳聚糖接枝共聚物的制备及其絮凝性能研究

以壳聚糖(Cts)、丙烯酰胺(AM)、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为原料,过硫酸铵为引发剂,合成了阳离子型壳聚糖三元接枝共聚物.最佳的合成条件为:反应温度50℃,引发剂浓度6mmol·L-1,Cts:AM为1:3(m/m),AM:DMDAAC为3:3(m/mL),反应时间3h.该条件下接枝共聚物的接枝率、阳离子度分别达287.5%、26.7%.生活废水的絮凝实验表明,接枝共聚物有优异的絮凝能力.与Cts、PAM、PAC比较,接枝共聚物具有用量少,除浊率高等优点.     

机械活化淀粉与丙烯酰胺反相乳液接枝共聚反应的研究

淀粉接枝共聚物是一种新型功能性材料.研究了经机械活化预处理后的玉米淀粉与丙烯酰胺在反相乳液体系中的接枝共聚反应规律,分别考察了机械活化时间、反应时间、反应温度、油水比、引发剂浓度和淀粉单体比对单体转化率、接枝率和接枝效率的影响.实验结果表明,在本实验考察范围内的最佳反应条件是淀粉活化30 min、反应温度50℃、反应时间2 h、m(单体):m(淀粉)=1.6:1、V(油):V(水)=1.2:1、引发剂浓度1.46 mmol·L-1;在该反应条件下,单体转化率96%,接枝率56.7%,接枝效率85.3%.而原淀粉在类似条件下,单体转化率为72.5%,接枝率和接枝效率分别为46.9%和66.5%.机械活化作用破坏玉米淀粉的结晶区,与丙烯酰胺反应几率增大,有效地提高了玉米淀粉的化学反应活性.     

淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的合成及影响因素

以玉米淀粉和丙烯酰胺为原料,过硫酸铵为引发剂,用水溶液聚合法合成了淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺絮凝剂。研究了反应温度、反应时间和引发剂用量等反应条件对单体转化率、接枝率、接枝效率、絮凝性能的影响。结果表明:在淀粉与丙烯酰胺单体的质量比为1∶2,反应温度为45℃,反应时间为3h,引发剂用量为单体的1.25%时,产物接枝效率、单体转化率、接枝率最高,絮凝性能较优。     

NaHSO3-K2S2O8引发壳聚糖与丙烯腈接枝共聚的研究

以NaHSO3-K2S2O8为引发剂,引发壳聚糖与丙烯腈接枝共聚,结果表明,当K2S2O8的浓度为0.011 mol*L-1,NaHSO3的浓度为0.010 mol*L-1,丙烯腈AN的浓度为0.50 mol*L-1时,1.0 g壳聚糖*(100 mL)-1的溶液,在60 ℃反应4.5 h后,其接枝率为168.76 %,接枝效率为80.63 %,并且其重现性好.     

壳聚糖接枝聚季铵盐的合成及调理性能

以壳聚糖、丙烯酰胺(AM)和阳离子单体为原料,选择过硫酸铵-亚硫酸氢钠为氧化还原体系引发剂接枝反应,合成出一种两性壳聚糖高分子香波调理剂,用红外光谱仪测定了聚合物的结构,最佳合成工艺为:m(壳聚糖)∶m(丙烯酰胺)∶m(阳离子单体)=1∶1∶5,反应温度55℃,引发剂用量为体系总质量的0 05%。对聚合物调理性能进行研究表明:聚合物对湿梳理提高了20 2%,对干梳理提高了25 3%。     

两亲性接枝共聚物PVA-g-PBA的合成与表征

以过硫酸钾 (KPS)为引发剂 ,将丙烯酸丁酯 (BA)接枝到聚乙烯醇 (PVA)上 ,制得两亲性接枝共聚物 PVA-g-PBA。用红外光谱、X射线衍射表征了接枝物 ,研究了引发剂浓度、单体浓度及反应时间对单体转化率、接枝率和接枝效率和接枝率对共聚物吸水性能的影响。结果表明在水介质中 ,氮气保护下 ,70℃时 ,以过硫酸钾 (KPS)为引发剂 ,将丙烯酸丁酯 (BA)接枝到聚乙烯醇 (PVA)上 ,[PVA]为 2 .5× 1 0 -4mol/ L,[BA]为 0 .63 mol/ L、[KPS]为 5 .5 5× 1 0 -4时 ,反应 5 h,能获得较高 CM、G和 Ge的接枝物。接枝物的接枝率越高 ,吸水率越低 ,吸水 1 0 h达平衡 ,最大平衡吸水率为 1 88.8%。     

AMPS/AM/木薯淀粉接枝共聚物制备工艺的研究

研究了2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AM PS)、丙烯酰胺(AM)与木薯淀粉接枝共聚物的接枝共聚工艺条件。结果表明单体用量、引发剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对单体转化率、接枝率、接枝效率有较大影响,制备的AM PS/AM/木薯淀粉接枝共聚物具有较好的吸水性能。     

反相乳液聚合法合成淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺的工艺研究

研究以玉米淀粉为原料,反相乳液体系中淀粉与丙烯酰胺接枝共聚反应规律。考察引发剂浓度、乳化剂用量、丙烯酰胺单体与玉米淀粉质量比接枝共聚反应的影响。通过单因素实验,获得最佳工艺条件:引发剂浓度为6mmol/L,乳化剂用量5%,丙烯酰胺单体与玉米淀粉的质量比为1.5∶1。在此条件下,可制备得到单体转化率95.46%、接枝效率88.12%、特性粘度410 mL/g的接枝共聚物,该接枝物比相对分子质量500万的聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝性能更好,在用量为25 mg/L时,对高岭土水样的浊度去除率达到88.6%。     

微波辐射下壳聚糖-丙烯酰胺接枝物的合成及其絮凝性能研究

以硝酸铈铵作为引发剂、丙烯酰胺为单体,用微波辐射法合成了壳聚糖-丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物。通过正交试验考察反应条件对接枝率和接枝效率的影响,得出最佳工艺条件为:反应时间12 min,引发剂浓度5 mmol/L,丙烯酰胺和壳聚糖质量比5:1,反应温度40℃。最佳条件下接枝率和接枝效率分别达到148.6%和44.0%。壳聚糖接枝物与聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对高岭土悬浮液的絮凝对比试验表明:在酸性条件下接枝物与PAM的絮凝效果相近;在中性和碱性条件下接枝物的絮凝性能优于PAM。     

糊化淀粉接枝共聚丙烯酰胺制备高吸水树脂

以过硫酸钾为引发剂,通过糊化淀粉接枝丙烯酰胺制备了高吸水树脂.考察了淀粉的物理状态、交联剂的用量、引发剂的浓度、共聚合温度等对产品吸水率的影响.确定接枝反应最佳工艺条件为:交联剂质量分数0.0016%、引发剂浓度6 mmol·L-1、共聚合温度60℃.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。