合成氨装置快速开车问题探讨

通过寻找化工投料的最佳速度、时间及低变炉最佳升温时间,并加设合成塔催化剂的自热均衡设计等措施,可以节约开车时间,减少经济损失。     

合成氨装置电加热器供电方案比较

1 前言 合成氨装置有不少开车前必须升温的设备,如合成塔中变炉、低变炉、甲烷化炉等。开车后这些设备因化学反应所生成的热量足够满足其运行的需要,故这些升温设备一般为开车前或事故时使用。且由于现电气设备的迅猛发展(向大容量、微机控制方向),这些升温设备原多为煤气加热     

硫磺制酸装置开车过程技术分析

硫磺制酸装置的开车技术关键是转化系统的升温,其中还包括烘煮炉、喷磺和钒催化剂的预饱和操作等。介绍了转化系统升温所需热空气产生的方法和它们的优缺点,从装置开车所需时间、费用和稳定运行考虑,推荐采用辅助升温法,并介绍了烘煮炉操作、喷磺时间的确定、喷磺量的控制、新催化剂的预饱和操作以及干吸塔二次清理等的操作经验,认为这些操作经验有较强的适用性。     

沸腾炉柴油点火快速升温的几点体会

在硫酸生产过程中,沸腾炉的点火升温是每套装置开车时都要遇到的问题。就柴油点火而言,柴油的消耗与升温的时间成正比,所以如何加快升温速度,缩短升温时间,并能在点火后有效地控制炉子温度的暴涨,使其安全、顺利地转入正常生产,是降低点炉费用和工人劳动强度的关键。     

XRQ-Ⅱ型开车燃烧控制系统的结构及应用

XRQ-Ⅱ型开车燃烧控制系统由泵组、阀组、燃烧器、快速关断阀门及控制柜等组成,燃料经油枪喷嘴雾化喷出在燃烧器中安全稳定地燃烧,控制柜保证供油及点火、火焰检测.在600 kt/a硫磺制酸系统焚硫炉烘炉及催化剂升温中的实际应用表明,XRQ-Ⅱ型开车燃烧控制系统具有便于自控操作、提高焚硫炉烘炉内衬质量、缩短催化剂升温时间等优点.     

XRQ—Ⅱ型开车燃烧控制系统的结构及应用

XRQ—Ⅱ型开车燃烧控制系统由泵组、阀组、燃烧器、快速关断阀门及控制柜等组成，燃料经油枪喷嘴雾化喷出在燃烧器中安全稳定地燃烧，控制柜保证供油及点火、火焰检测。在600kL／a硫磺制酸系统焚硫炉烘炉及催化剂升温中的实际应用表明，xRQ-Ⅱ型开车燃烧控制系统具有便于自控操作、提高焚硫炉烘炉内衬质量、缩短催化剂升温时间等优点。     

合成氨厂大修后倒开车的体会

合成氨厂大修后倒开车的体会宋宏学（安徽省寿县化肥厂２３２２００）合成氨厂大修同时更换变换和合成两炉催化剂以后的开工，按常规开车流程；供水锅炉→造气脱硫→变换（催化剂升温还原）→高压→碳化→铜洗→合成（催化剂升温还原）。变换升温还原需两天时间，合成升温...     

宜都兴发800kt/a硫磺制酸装置开车小结

介绍了宜都兴发化工有限公司800 kt/a硫磺制酸装置的工艺流程和开车经验。详细介绍了投料试车前焚硫炉烘炉、余热锅炉煮炉和转化工序的升温操作经验。总结了关于焚硫炉的升温、余热锅炉的升温升压、转化器内新催化剂的硫化饱和等操作经验,对硫磺制酸装置的开车具有较大的实用性。     

中氮肥中变系统升温方法改进

分析了中氮肥中变系统升温存在的不足之处，建议增加中变炉入口放空管，在催化剂不需还原的情况下，采用蒸汽预热裂化气的方法，提高中变炉的进气温度，减少中变催化剂温度波动，缩短升温开车时间。     

大型合成氨装置快速开车实践

从合成氨装置操作技术的角度出发,提出快速开车,通过改进冷态下一段炉系统的开车、寻找化工投料的最佳速度和时间等措施,从而达到节约开车时间、减少经济损失的目的.     

两炉低变催化剂串联升温还原总结与思考

详细介绍云天化首创将两炉低变催化剂串联升温还原的方法,并对两炉催化剂分别同时配氢还原进行分析研究.     

Time optimal start-up strategies for reactive distillation columns

In this contribution, a rigorous process model to simulate the start-up of a cold and empty reactive distillation (RD) column is developed and experimentally validated with a transesterification process. Strategies for time optimal start-up of an RD column are presented. The mostly used strategy for conventional distillation of total reflux for RD is only recommendable with limitations. New, alternative strategies, like the recycling of the off-spec bottom and top product or the initial charging with product, to minimize the necessary start-up time are presented. Suitable strategies can save up to 82% of the needed time for the column start-up.     

Shell气化炉烘炉方案改进

针对Shell气化炉烘炉升温过程中的缺陷,对烘炉方案进行改进,取得良好效果和经济效益.     

新型氨合成催化剂Amomax-10/Amomax-10H应用总结

介绍新型氨合成催化剂Amomax-10/Amomax-10H在辽宁华锦通达化工股份有限公司的装填、升温还原及运行情况,总结还原过程中应注意的事项.     

QCS-01耐硫变换催化剂的应用阶段总结

介绍耐硫变换催化剂QCS-01在山东华鲁恒升化工股份有限公司国产化大氮肥装置上的应用,分析该催化剂的升温硫化及运行中存在问题,提出解决对策.     

Bioreactor-based fuel systems. I: Optimal production capacity considering start-up dynamics

Traditional capacity sizing models based on production cost minimization do not consider the impact of facility construction and start-up time scale on the profitability of plant. For production facilities that link substantially different scales, such as biofuel production facilities that connect large numbers of small bioreactors to large scale processing equipment, the ramp-up to full production may be a significant consideration in the decision on facility scale. This paper presents a modified discounted cash flow method incorporating production growth during start-up, to determine the optimal production scale of systems that may operate at less than full capacity for a substantial period of time. For a case study of ethanol produced by blue-green algae, global sensitivity analysis using Sobols method indicates how exogenous and endogenous variables, including the ramp-up rate, affect the optimal scale and financial viability of the production system. Conditional-value-at-risk minimization shows how the optimal decision depends on the risk inclination of the decision-maker; a risk-neutral decision maker would choose a basic optimal production scale of 59 million liters (ML) of ethanol per year, while a risk-averse decision-maker might prefer to choose a capacity 30% less.     

大功率拖动电机降压起动特性技术

针对拖动电机的广泛使用,分析其起动特性,阐述其降压起动中起动时间、起动负荷计算整定的必要性及重要性,研究得出一种可广泛使用的计算大功率拖动电机起动电压、起动负荷转矩及起动时间的方法,并介绍此方法的应用效果。     

生物强化-氧化还原介体联合强化高盐偶氮染料废水生物脱色的研究

偶氮染料是一类应用最为广泛的染料,其处理过程受到人们的关注。在偶氮染料的生物处理过程中,脱色是至关重要的步骤,也是限速步骤。本研究利用耐盐偶氮还原菌Exiguobacterium sp.TL及氧化还原介体——蒽醌联合强化活性污泥处理高盐活性艳红X-3B废水,分别考察了蒽醌对活性污泥和强化菌脱色效率的影响,以及生物强化作用对活性污泥驯化的影响,结果显示,耐盐菌生物强化可提高活性污泥驯化的速率,而蒽醌对强化菌的脱色效率也有加速作用,但对活性污泥产生了抑制。在此基础上,建立了先生物强化,再投加蒽醌的分步联合强化工艺,模拟工艺启动时间缩短了约3 d,脱色效率最高可达约1 000 mg/（g.d）。     

低温甲醇洗冷箱开车运行的优化

介绍CO冷箱开车运行情况，并对CO冷箱积液与开车过程中所遇到的问题进行分析，对如何缩短冷箱开车接气时间进行探讨。     

A method to refine the start-up scheme of compression and refrigeration systems in ethylene plants via dynamic simulation

Starting the cracking gas compressor and precooling the refrigeration system are keys to start-up of an ethylene plant and accounts for up to 50% of the total start-up time and plant flare emissions. Premature feeding of cracking furnaces can be avoided if the cracking gas compressor is started and the refrigeration system is precooled in advance using mixed gas as the start-up working medium (SWM). Start-up scenario with mixed gas as SWM could significantly reduce the emission loss and shorten the precooling time. Research shows that making appropriate start-up scheme is important not only to ensure operational safety and feasibility, but also to reduce energy consumption. In this paper, a method is proposed to select suitable start-up operational parameters of compression and refrigeration system with sufficient safe operating ranges and short precooling time. The complex interrelation among key parameters of start-up is analyzed. It is found that higher energy consumption, especially for super high-pressure steam (SS), can promote operational safety and shorten the precooling time during start-up. Based on steady-state and dynamic simulation, appropriate operating parameter ranges are determined with reasonable SS consumption. A real case study demonstrates that an appropriate start-up scheme will optimize the operation.