一种时间序列预测方法在二维时域有限差分法中的应用

本文将一种时间序列预测方法与二维时域有限差分(FDTD)法相结合,并应用于均匀微波平面传输线的特性参数计算。该混合方法特别适用于尺寸很细微的MMIC传输线,而且可以精确地计算非理想导体的损耗。与传统的FDTD法相比,大大节约了计算时间,提高了效率。计算结果与测量非常一致。     

时域有限差分法结合Pade逼近快速获取介质柱宽带RCS频率响应

由于时域信号的计算是在散射体近区内进行的，远区散射场的计算是通过近远场的变换而进行的。采用FDTD法计算散射体的宽频带RCS频率响应时，如果采用频域变换法，需要在很多频点上进行近远场变换计算。为此，本文引入Pade逼近，对FDTD法计算获得的、稀疏的RCS频率响应进行逼近，然后用获得的Pade有理逼近式宽频带RCS频率响应。计算结果表明Pade有理逼近式能很好地逼近FDTD法精确计算的曲线，同时计算速度可加快十多倍。     

An FDTD/ray-tracing analysis method for wave penetration through inhomogeneous walls

A novel method of studying wave penetration through inhomogeneous walls using the hybrid technique based on combining finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and ray tracing methods is presented . The FDTD method is used to analyze the transmission characteristics of inhomogeneous walls. Using the knowledge of the tangential electric and magnetic field distributions along the borders of the FDTD computation domain, rays are sent out to cover the rest of the environment so that prediction of signal coverage can be made more efficiently without compromising the accuracy. Numerical results of the method have been compared and shown to agree very well with those of measurement and those of full wave analysis. Examples have shown the inadequacy of the traditional ray tracing method in the presence of walls made of concrete blocks. However, the proposed method can accurately predict signal coverage by taking into account the scattered fields by the inhomogeneity inside the walls. The method does not add much to computational complexity. Reduction in computation time is even more significant when the incident waves can be approximated to be plane waves and the wall structure is periodic.     

二维无条件稳定时域有限差分方法

基于半隐式的Crank-Nicolson差分格式给出了一种无条件稳定时城有限差分方法。和传统FDTD法中采用的显式差分格式不同，对Maxwell方程组采用半隐式差分格式，在时间和空间上仍然是二阶精确的。但时间步长不再受稳定性条件的限制，只需考虑数值色散误差对其取值的制约。利用分裂场完全匹配层吸收边界截断计算空间，为保证PML空间的无条件稳定性，其方程也采用半隐式差分格式。数值结果表明相同条件下US-FDTD方法与传统FDTD方法的计算精度是相同的，而且在增大时间步长时US-FDTD方法是稳定的和收敛的。可以预见US-FDTD方法在模拟具有电小结构问题时具有实际意义。     

ARMA-based time-signature estimator for analyzing resonantstructures by the FDTD method

We propose an algorithm for estimation of the optimal “system” parameters of time sequences (TSs) computed by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, with the goal of accurate representation of the time-signature using low-order models. The FDTD method requires computation of very long time sequences to accurately characterize the slowly decaying transient behavior of resonant structures. Therefore, it becomes critical to investigate methods of reducing the computational time for such objects. Several researchers have argued that the FDTD-TS can be modeled as the impulse response (IR) of an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) transfer function. However, it is known that determination of ARMA parameters by IR matching is a complex nonlinear optimization problem. Hence, many existing methods in EM literature tend to use Prony-based, linear predictor-type spectrum estimation algorithms, which minimize a linearized “equation error” criterion that approximates the true nonlinear model-fitting error criterion. As a result, significantly high model orders are needed by these methods to achieve good corroboration in the frequency domain, especially when a magnitude spectrum has deep nulls or notches. We propose to use a deterministic ARMA approach, which minimizes the true nonlinear criterion iteratively, and attains significantly improved IR fit over Prony's (1795) method using fewer ARMA model parameters. For a given time-sequence of an analyzed circuit, the issues of model order selection and choice of decimation factor are also addressed systematically. The improved performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated with transient simulation and signal analysis of microstrip structures which manifest deep nulls in the frequency domain     

具有空时二维分辨能力的多径干扰抑制算法

针对全球卫星导航系统（Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS）中的多径干扰抑制问题,本文提出了一种有效的算法,该算法首先对接收到的数据进行捕获,以获得各卫星信号的参数粗估结果,接着利用WRELAX（Weighted RELAXation）技术,在空时二维空间中逐一估计出直达卫星信号和多径干扰的来向、码时延和幅度信息;并根据所估计到的参数来区分多径干扰和直达信号;此外,本文在进行二维参数估计时,根据捕获到的码时延的信息,限定码时延的搜索范围的方法显著降低了算法运算量.由于空时二维处理能够同时从空域和时域区分直达卫星信号和多径干扰,因此能够更好地实现多径干扰抑制.最后,通过仿真实验验证了本文算法较之传统多径干扰抑制算法的优越性.     

A Locally Conformal Algorithm for Handling Curved Metallic Surfaces and Its Application

This paper describes a modified locally conformal algorithm for finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Fields in the entire computational domain are computed by a regular FDTD algorithm except those near curved metallic surfaces, where special techniques proposed in this paper are applied. The computation efficiency of a regular FDTD method is maintained while a high space-resolution is obtained by this new algorithm. To validate the reliability of the algorithm, coaxial continuous transverse stub arrays at millimeter wave Ka-band and microwave X-band are tested, and the simulated results show good agreement with the experimental results from an HP-8510B Network Analyzer and the simulation results from software package HFSS.     

A 3-D precise integration time-domain method without the restraints of the courant-friedrich-levy stability condition for the numerical solution of Maxwell's equations

In this paper, a new three-dimensional time-domain method for solving vector Maxwell's equations, called the precise-integration time-domain (PITD) algorithm, is proposed in order to eliminate the Courant-Friedrich-Levy (CFL) condition restraint. The new algorithm is based on the precise-integration technique. It is shown that this method is quite stable even when the CFL condition is not satisfied. Although the memory requirement of the PITD method is much larger than that of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, this new algorithm is very appealing since the time step used in the simulation is no longer restricted by stability. As a result, computation speed can be improved. Therefore, if the minimum cell size in the computational domain is required to be much smaller than the wavelength, this new algorithm is more efficient than the FDTD scheme. Theoretical proof of the unconditional stability is shown and numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the method. It is found that the accuracy of the PITD is independent of the time-step size.     

基于GPU的并行FDTD方法在二维粗糙面散射中的应用

利用显卡(Graphics Processing Unit, GPU)加速时域有限差分(Finite-Difference Time Domain, FDTD)法计算二维粗糙面的双站散射系数, 介绍了FDTD的理论公式以及计算模型.采用各向异性完全匹配层(Uniaxial Perfectly Matched Layer, UPML)截断FDTD计算区域.重点讨论了基于GPU的并行FDTD计算粗糙面双站散射系数的并行设计方案计算流程.在NVIDIA GeForce GTX 570显卡上获得了50.7×的加速比.结果表明:通过对FDTD计算粗糙面散射问题的加速, 极大地提高了计算效率.     

基于NUFFT的机载探地雷达后向投影成像算法

由于后向投影算法可以精确补偿电磁波在介质表面发生的折射效应,因此它在机载探地雷达成像技术领域具有较强的工程实用价值。但传统后向投影成像算法存在计算量大难以实时实现的问题,针对上述问题,文中提出一种基于非均匀快速傅里叶变换(NUFFT)技术的机载探地雷达快速后向投影成像算法。通过对基于时域有限差分法产生的仿真数据进行处理,验证了所提成像算法的有效性和快速运算能力。     

FDTD based transition time dependent crosstalk analysis for coupled RLC interconnects

The performance of high density chips operating in the GHz range is mostly affected by on-chip interconnects. The interconnect delay depends on many factors, a few of them are inputs toggling patterns, line ＆ coupling parasitics, input rise/fall time and source/load characteristics. The transition time of the input is of prime importance in high speed circuits. This paper addresses the FDTD based analysis of transition time effects on functional and dynamic crosstalk. The analysis is carried out for equal and unequal transition times of coupled inputs. The analysis of the effects of unequal rise time is equally important because practically, it is quite common to have mismatching in the rise time of the signals transmitting through different length wires. To demonstrate the effects, two distributed RLC lines coupled inductively and capacitively are taken into consideration. The FDTD technique is used because it gives accurate results and carries time domain analysis of coupled lines. The number of lumps in SPICE simulations is considered the same as those of spatial segments. To validate the FDTD computed results, SPICE simulations are run and results are compared. A good agreement of the computed results has been observed with respect to SPICE simulated results. An average error of less than 3.2% is observed in the computation of the performance parameters using the proposed method.     

PCB上微带线的电磁耦合时域建模分析方法

基于时域有限差分方法和传输线方程,结合高效网格建模技术,文中提出了一种高效的时域建模算 法,它能有效解决微带线的电磁耦合建模问题,实现空间电磁场与微带线瞬态响应的同步计算。首先,结合经验公 式,计算得到微带线的单位长度分布参数,构建适用于微带线电磁耦合分析的传输线方程。然后,采用时域有限差 分(Finite-Difference Time-Domain, FDTD)方法,结合非均匀网格技术和自动网格生成技术,仿真得到微带线激励场, 并在每个时间步进上引入传输线方程获得等效分布源项。最后,对传输线方程使用FDTD 的中心差分格式进行离 散,实现微带线及其端接电路上瞬态响应的迭代求解。为了验证时域建模算法的正确性和高效性,通过自由空间和 屏蔽腔内PCB 上微带线电磁耦合的数值模拟,从计算精度和耗时两方面与传统FDTD 方法的计算结果进行了对比。     

Multimode parameter extraction for multiconductor transmissionlines via single-pass FDTD and signal-processing techniques

We present two approaches to extract the broadband multimode parameters of guided wave structures from a single-pass finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation. They include a two-dimensional (2-D) Fourier transform (FT) algorithm and a super-resolution estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT) algorithm. Comparison is made to show the superiority of the super-resolution approach. As a typical application, a three-line coupled microstrip structure is studied. After a single-pass FDTD simulation, broadband multimode parameters such as propagation constants, modal-field templates, and modal impedances are extracted and verified against published data obtained by the spectral-domain method. The main feature of this parameter-extraction methodology is that it decouples the computational electromagnetics engine (in this case, the FDTD simulator) from the post-processing parameter-extraction algorithm, thus providing more flexibility and connectivity among the various simulation tools     

A Modified High Order FDTD Method Based on Wave Equation

A modified (2M, 4) scheme of the high-order two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method based on wave equation is proposed. It has the fourth-order accuracy in the time domain using the symplectic integrator propagator, and the 2M-order accuracy in the space domain using the discrete singular convolution method. The distinctive features between the modified scheme and the traditional (2M, 4) FDTD based on Yee algorithm are listed as follows. First, the modified scheme is based on the wave equation. Second, the computational region is discretized by uniform mesh rather than the Yee mesh. Third, the modified scheme costs less memory than the Yee algorithm because fewer field elements are involved in computation. Numerical examples are provided to validate its accuracy and effectiveness     

Unconditionally Stable Bilinear Transformation FDTD Algorithm for Modeling Double-Negative Meta-material Electromagnetic Problems

Accurate and unconditionally stable finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm is presented for modeling electromagnetic wave propagation in double-negative (DNG) meta-material domains. The proposed algorithm is based on incorporating the Bilinear transformation technique into the FDTD implementations of Maxwell’s equations. The stability of the proposed approach is studied by combining the von Neumann method with the Routh-Huwitz criterion and it has been observed that the proposed algorithm is free from the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) stability limit of the conventional FDTD scheme. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is incorporated with the split-step FDTD scheme to model two-dimensional problems. Numerical examples carried out in one and two dimensional domains are included to show the validity of the proposed algorithm.     

A new FDTD algorithm based on alternating-direction implicit method

In this paper, a new finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm is proposed in order to eliminate the Courant-Friedrich-Levy (CFL) condition restraint. The new algorithm is based on an alternating-direction implicit method. It is shown that the new algorithm is quite stable both analytically and numerically even when the CFL condition is not satisfied. Therefore, if the minimum cell size in the computational domain is required to be much smaller than the wavelength, this new algorithm is more efficient than conventional FDTD schemes in terms of computer resources such as central-processing-unit time. Numerical formulations are presented and simulation results are compared to those using the conventional FDTD method     

微带加载插入介质波导的全波分析及其应用

对一种新型传输线－微带加载插入介质波导（Ｍ－ＩＤＣ）进行全波分析,首先建立了时域模型,用时域有限差分（ＦＤＴＤ）法分析其基本特征;并将该结构应用于微波宽带部件,用ＦＤＴＤ法仿真计算了两种小型、宽带部件－双端失配器和衰减器,工作频带为０．５ＧＨｚ－１８ＧＨｚ。仿真结果与实验测试结果相比较,二者相互吻合;分析和实验验证了Ｍ－ＩＤＧ结构的优良性能。     

GPOF在FDTD近远场外推中的应用及编程实现*

该文针对FDTD近远场外推中时域解收敛慢和运算量大等问题,改进了FDTD求解方向图的方法.其核心思想是:FDTD近场计算时,只计算前一段时间外推面上的数据,利用GPOF法估算后面时间的数据.在计算过程中,利用奈奎斯特原理,减少了时间和空间上的采样点数,大大节省了运算时间.最后将数值结果与商业软件FEKO与HFSS的结果进行比较,验证了算法的有效性.     

利用时域散射场进行目标方位探测研究

为充分地开发电磁场时域响应数据中潜在的大量有用信息,提出一种新颖的仿真算法,将阵列信号处理技术应用到对电磁场时域响应的后处理中,可以确定目标的方位和距离,以及探测浸没在某种背景下的目标.通过时域有限差分法(FDTD)与MUSIC方法相结合,实现了具体的数值模拟,从而证明利用阵列信号处理技术能够从电磁场时域响应当中获得潜在信息,同时两者结合可以构成更为完善的数值模拟.