激光直接成形高温合金成形精度研究

选用GH163高温合金粉末进行了多种几何形体的激光直接成形试验,试验结果表明:理论成形轮廓和实际成形轮廓之间的偏差会造成成形角度误差,分析了产生误差的原因并提出了解决方案,获得了具有良好的外形和尺寸精度的薄壁中空复杂几何形体.     

金属板材数控单点渐进成形加工轨迹优化研究

提出一种对金属板材数控单点渐进成形的加工轨迹优化及成形压头压入点沿工件轮廓均布处理的方法。解决了工件局部的凹陷与破裂问题，提高了板料数控渐进成形的质量。     

充液压制成形汽车桥壳后盖区开裂分析及预成形管坯形状优化设计

针对目前生产中胀压成形桥壳后盖区存在开裂的现象,通过对两种极端情况下预成形管坯压制成形变形的分析,揭示了后盖区开裂的原因;提出了预成形管坯后盖冠顶最大纵向轮廓形状的设计方法,给出了轮廓基准系数K0和渐变系数K1的定义。针对某载重5t的汽车桥壳,采用ABAQUS有限元分析软件对多组不同后盖尺寸的预成形管坯压制成形过程进行了数值模拟,确定了轮廓基准系数K0和渐变系数K1的取值范围。进行了压制成形实验,结果表明：优化设计后的预成形管坯充液压制时成形效果好,后盖区壁厚减薄率低、无开裂。     

基于多点成形的液压成形工艺关键技术的研究

介绍了基于液压成形和多点成形原理的板材成形新工艺.该工艺凸模用液体代替,凹模采用多点基本体调形而成.并用凹模垫技术提高多点成形技术中板材面轮廓度形状精度.对该工艺的液压系统、基本体的调形及压边圈等关键技术问题进行了深入研究.研制出了成形装置,并进行模拟试验.     

IC引线键合引线轮廓成形仿真研究

针对引线成形过程中的材料非线性和几何非线性问题，选用塑性变形梁BEAM23单元建立有限元模型，通过对引线分阶段分步施加位移载荷模拟键合头的运动轨迹，求解得到相应的引线轮廓形状。应用仿真分析对比了键合头运动轨迹中3种不同反向段形式下的引线轮廓成形。结果表明，反向段有利于引线理想轮廓颈部的形成，并能减轻引线轮廓的下垂；应用2个塑性变形段更有利于理想轮廓颈部的形成，且轮廓的高度有所减小。     

拓扑修形齿轮附加径向运动成形磨削中的砂轮廓形优化方法

拓扑修形齿轮附加径向运动成形磨削时,砂轮与齿轮的接触线随时在变,基于齿轮任一截面齿形计算出的砂轮廓形都会引起较大的磨削误差,为此,提出一种减小磨削误差的砂轮廓形优化方法.依据空间啮合原理,采用抛物线附加径向运动轨迹,建立成形砂轮廓形求解数学模型;平行于齿轮端面等距截出多个平面齿廓,求解出以点表示的不同齿廓对应的砂轮廓形,再将各砂轮廓形投影到同一平面生成点云,通过区间划分,采用最小二乘法求解出每个区间点云的拟合点,连接各拟合点形成优化的砂轮廓形.为验证砂轮磨削效果,由砂轮与齿轮的啮合条件,建立由砂轮廓形求解齿轮齿形的反算数学模型,给出实际齿形与设计齿形的偏差计算公式.以一种齿向修形齿轮为例,进行成形磨轮廓形计算及优化,磨削误差分析结果表明该方法有效,可用于修形齿轮的成形磨轮廓形计算,并可有效降低修形齿轮的成形磨削误差.     

基于机器视觉的锭坯轮廓在线检测系统研究

喷射成形是一种基于快速凝固技术的高温合金、高性能材料制备工艺,对喷射成形过程中沉积锭坯的轮廓及其形状特征进行实时、准确地检测是实现喷射成形工艺稳定性控制的关键。基于机器视觉技术研究了喷射成形锭坯轮廓在线检测方法,设计了视觉检测系统结构,对喷射成形生产环境下的锭坯轮廓图像处理算法进行了研究,提出了锭坯轮廓特征提取方法。实验和测试表明,轮廓及直径、喷射高度的检测精度可达1 mm,算法平均运行时间为0.83 s,可以长时间稳定地在线检测沉积锭坯的轮廓。     

基于背板的双面数控渐进成形方法

为了解决双面数控渐进成形中板材件无支撑悬空区域存在变形的问题,提出一种背板辅助的双面数控渐进成形方法。该方法以背板对板材的支撑作用,抑制板材件非成形区的非理想变形,进而提高成形质量。研究了面向复杂板材件基于背板的双面数控渐进成形策略和对于一个给定待成形板材件标准模板库模型自动生成所需背板计算机辅助设计模型的算法。该算法根据板材件类型的不同,通过提取待成形板材件标准模板库模型的特征轮廓,采用顶点偏置方法生成出背板计算机辅助设计模型,并采用数值模拟和实际成形实验对所提背板辅助双面数控渐进成形方法进行了验证和评估。有限元分析和实验结果表明,双面数控渐进成形中背板的使用能够有效提高成形件的成形质量,具有可行性和可应用性。     

RE/RP集成系统中基于STL的精确分层方法

为克服STL网格化文件存在容易丢失精度等固有缺陷,提出基于STL的精确自适应分层系列算法,从提高分层截面的轮廓曲线精度出发,同时考虑到后续数控插补的适应性,采用曲率连续的适应性强的Clothoid曲线拟合算法,重构曲线轮廓并得到拟合加工点;同时在自适应分层中采用垂直轮廓参考曲线上点的切线角决定切片的厚度,有效提高了切片精度和效率,最后采用熔融沉积成形系统进行快速成形验证。结果表明,该方法有效减小了原有的STL格式文件的固有误差,提高了快速成形制件的加工表面质量和效率。     

车削特大型深沟球轴承沟道用转刀

成形车刀是主要加工回转体零件内、外成形面的专用工具。其切削刃形状根据所加工零件的轮廓形状设计，并由它将零件的轮廓形状一次加工成形。     

Mathematical models for control of weld bead penetration in the GMAW process

This paper presents the effects of welding process parameters on weld bead penetration for the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. Welding process parameters included wire diameter, gas flow rate, welding speed, arc current and welding voltage. The experimental results have shown that weld bead penetration increased as wire diameter, arc current and welding voltage increased, whereas an increase in welding speed was found to decrease the weld bead penetration. However, the weld bead penetration is not affected significantly by gas flow rate changes. Mathematical equations for study of the relationship between welding process parameters and weld bead penetration have also been computed by employing a standard statistical package program, SAS.     

电弧声信号与铝合金MIG焊缝塌陷的相关性

针对铝合金MIG焊过程热积累作用强容易产生焊缝突然塌陷从而导致焊接过程失败的问题,建立电弧声信号传感系统并以焊接电弧声为研究对象,运用小波分析方法研究焊接电弧声信号与焊缝塌陷的相关性。研究表明电弧声信号的能量变化与焊缝塌陷有着明显的对应关系,电弧声总能量随着焊缝开始塌陷而增加,对电弧声进行小波分解发现不同频带有着不同的变化规律。研究结果为铝合金MIG焊实时焊接塌陷缺陷的检测提供一种新型有效的方法。     

Prevention of humping bead associated with high welding speed by double-electrode gas metal arc welding

Manufacturing productivity can be improved by increasing the welding speed. However, humping bead will occur when welding speed is beyond a certain value. An experimental system of double-electrode gas metal arc welding (DE-GMAW) was developed to implement high speed welding and prevent from humping bead formation. The DE-GMAW appropriately partition the heat energy between the wire and the base metal so that higher deposition rate of filler wire and suitable shape and size of weld pool are ensured. The arc images captured during DE-GMAW process were used to optimize the geometric parameters between the gas tungsten arc welding and the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) torches. The main arc and bypass arc integrated well and satisfactory weld bead formation was obtained. Through observing the weld pool behaviors from side view during DE-GMAW process, it was found that the height of both solidified and molten region at the pool tail is almost flat so that no humping bead was formed during DE-GMAW with the welding speed up to 1.7?m/min. The side view images of weld pool in DE-GMAW were compared with those in conventional GMAW, and the reason why DE-GMAW can suppress humping bead is shortly discussed.     

Optimisation of the weld bead geometry in gas tungsten arc welding by the Taguchi method

In this paper, determination of the welding process parameters for obtaining an optimal weld bead geometry in gas tungsten arc welding is presented. The Taguchi method is used to formulate the experimental layout, to analyse the effect of each welding process parameter on the weld bead geometry, and to predict the optimal setting for each welding process parameter. Experimental results are presented to explain the proposed approach.     

An application of genetic algorithm for edge detection of molten pool in fixed pipe welding

This paper presents a study on an application of genetic algorithm (GA) for edge detection of molten pool in fixed pipe welding. As circumferential butt-welded pipes are frequently used in power stations, offshore structures, and process industries, it is important to investigate the characteristic of the welding process. In pipe welding using constant arc current and welding speed, the bead width becomes wider as the circumferential welding of small-diameter pipes progresses. In order to avoid the errors and to maintain the uniform weld bead over the entire circumference of the pipe, the welding conditions should be controlled as the welding proceeds. This research studies the intelligent welding process of aluminum alloy pipe 6063S-T5 in fixed position using the AC welding machine. The monitoring system used an omnidirectional camera to monitor backside image of molten pool. A method of optimization for image processing algorithm using GA was proposed and has been implemented into a process to recognize the edge of molten pool. The result of detection, which is back bead width, was delivered into a fuzzy inference system to control welding speed. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the control system that is confirmed by a sound weld of the experimental results.     

Study on arc characteristics and their influences on weld bead geometry in narrow gap GMAW of 5083 Al-alloy

As an efficient process, narrow gap gas metal arc welding (NG-GMAW) was employed to join thick plates of 5083 Al-alloy. In this paper, arc characteristics in NG-GMAW of 5083 Al-alloy and their influence on the weld bead geometry were studied with synchronous acquisition system for various groove types, welding modes, welding current levels, and swing frequencies. The arc profiles were measured and appear to be entirely different compared with that in bead-on-plate GMAW process, meanwhile the arc size changes with varied welding mode, welding current, and arc swing frequency. Arc characteristics highly affect the weld bead geometrical parameters such as bead width, welding penetration, sidewall penetration, and weld surface concavity. Linear regressions were made between the arc characteristics and the weld bead geometrical parameters both in swing and non-swing arc process. It showed that a negative linear correlation exists between welding penetration and arc length, sidewall penetration, and arc warpage, while a positive linear correlation exists between weld surface concavity and arc warpage in non-swing arc process. In contrast, a non-linear correlation exists among them and the variation tendency remains the same in swing arc process.     

外加磁场对高速GMAW电弧和熔池行为的主动调控效应

在熔化极气体保护焊(Gas metal arc welding,GMAW)过程中,当焊接速度超过临界值后,焊缝成形变差,出现咬边和驼峰焊道,无法满足生产要求。研究证明,熔池中动量很大的后向液体流是产生驼峰焊道的主要原因。自主研发外加磁场发生装置,向熔池施加横向电磁力,对后向液体流进行主动干预,并调控熔池流态,从而抑制驼峰焊道的形成。在Q235低碳钢板上开展焊接工艺试验,获得了不同磁感应强度下的焊缝表面成形;采用高速摄像技术,拍摄焊接过程中的电弧和熔池图像,分析外加磁场对电弧形态、熔池流场和焊缝成形的影响规律,初步揭示外加磁场抑制驼峰焊道的机理。试验结果表明,外加横向磁场能明显调控熔池流态,减小后向液体流的动量,并能有效抑制驼峰焊道和咬边等缺陷,显著改善焊缝成形,提高临界焊接速度。     

Development of an Intelligent System for Selection of the Process Variables in Gas Metal Arc Welding Processes

Gas metal arc (GMA) welding is extensively employed in the metal industries for a variety of ferrous and non-ferrous metals because of its potential for increasing the productivity and quality of welding which is controlled by the process parameters. The objective of this paper is to develop an algorithm that enables the determination of process variables for optimised bead geometry for robotic GMA welding. It depends on the inversion of empirical Eq. derived from multiple regression analysis of the relationships between the process variables and the bead dimensions using the least-squares method. The method determines directly those variables which will give the desired set of bead geometry. This avoids the need to iterate by a succession of guesses which are employed in the finite element method (FEM). These results suggest that process variables from experimental equations for robotic GMA welding may be employed to monitor and control the bead geometry in real-time.     

Optimization of weld bead geometry in GTAW of CP titanium using imperialist competitive algorithm

This paper aims to use a novel optimization algorithm called imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) in order to optimize the weld bead geometry in the gas tungsten arc welding process. This algorithm offers some advantages such as simplicity, accuracy, and time saving. Experiments were conducted in order to collect welding data and obtain a relationship for the bead geometry as a function of welding current, arc voltage, welding speed, and arc length. Furthermore, a regression equation for depth of penetration and bead width was obtained using the least squares method, and the equations were optimized using ICA. Ultimately, the value of the input variables to obtain minimum bead width and maximum depth of penetration was calculated using ICA. Computational results indicate that the proposed algorithm is quite effective and powerful in optimizing the cost function.     

Modeling of multiple characteristics of an arc weld joint

Process parameters modeling have always been one of the key aspects in development of an adaptive control of arc welding process. The welding process parameters are inherently nonlinear, time-delayed, and interdependent, and their on-time adjustment highly influences a sound weld bead formation and process monitoring. During the welding process, parameters control is the primary goal to leads a quality welding. Moreover, the final weld joint behavior, i.e., residual stress, welding strength, and micro-crack formation are generally observed after cooling of the weld product. Thus, it has always been a difficult task to control mechanical properties of a final weld joint. To obtain the best mechanical properties, the final weld joint characteristics needed to be controlled and predicted during the process itself by precise adjustment of the process parameters. The paper presents a neuro-fuzzy modeling approach to provide adaptive control for the automatic process parameter adjustment. Three input parameters wire feed speed, welding gap, and torch speed are modeled with welding current output, providing control over weld bead formation during the welding. The same input process parameters are also modeled to predict final weld joint characteristics, i.e., dilution ratio, hardness of weld bead, hardness of fused zone, and bead width. In order to ascertain the effectiveness of the neuro-fuzzy modeling approach, multiple regression models were also developed to compare the performances.