A new implementation technique for applicative languages

It is shown how by using results from combinatory logic an applicative language, such as LISP, can be translated into a form from which all bound variables have been removed. A machine is described which can efficiently execute the resulting code. This implementation is compared with a conventional interpreter and found to have a number of advantages. Of these the most important is that programs which exploit higher order functions to achieve great compactness of expression are executed much more efficiently.     

A user-oriented approach to control languages

This paper describes the design approach adopted for SCL which is the control language of System B, the operating system of ICL's new 2900 Series of computers. The design emphasis of SCL is ‘usability’ and the paper sets out to show that SCL provides what users require. The authors both work in the Systems Programming Division of ICL where the majority of their recent work has centred around the design of job management in System B and SCL in particular.     

A class of high level languages for process control

An abstract notational system can serve as a model for the investigation of high level programming languages that explicitly support the monitoring and control of parallel events, provide data types at the bit level and allow real-time interaction between user and process. Run-time mechanisms that support the execution of programs in the notational system chosen on specific hardware can also be identified. A software tools environment can be designed to provide high level languages and runtime support for process control in a way that encourages portability among different hardware configurations.     

Explicit programming languages in industrial robots

This paper discusses issues of design for software systems for computer controlled manipulators. A short review of the features which have become important in present soft-ware systems for industrial applications is presented, including how various desirable system capabilities can be introduced at reasonable computational costs.The paper is based mainly on the experiences obtained in designing and implementing MAL, a software system for controlling and programming an experimental robot, and VML, a machine independent intermediate language to be used as a target for compliers of high level programming languages for robots.An explanation of how management of multiprocess capabilities, synchronization of different devices, error handling and other desirable features can be inserted in a simple system, implemented on micro and minicomputers and made suitable for industrial applications will be shown.     

A standard form for sequential stochastic control

Causal discrete-time stochastic control problems with nonclassical information patterns are not necessarily sequential in the sense that the order of the various control actions is fixed in advance. When this sequential condition does hold, then they can be reduced to a (theoretical) standard form which enables the establishment of a maximum principle, a reachable set concept and dynamic programming, all in a straightforward and transparent way.     

A neuro-fuzzy supervisory control system for industrial batchprocesses

The automation of complex industrial batch processes is a difficult problem due to the extremely nonlinear and variable system behavior or the conflicting goals within the different process phases. The introduction of a single multiple-input multiple-output controller is not useful because of the rather high design effort and the low transparency of its complex structure. A more suitable hierarchical fuzzy-logic (FL) based supervisory control concept is proposed. It permits the decomposition of the complex control problem into a series of smaller and simpler ones. In the upper level of the hierarchy the FL-based supervisory controller classifies the actual process phase in terms of the available process sensor signals and activates dynamically the appropriate situation specific low-level controllers. The paper presents the generic concept of the FL supervisory controller that comprises both a FL process diagnosis and a control mode selection as well as experiences with the industrial application     

A model for BPEL-like languages

Web service is increasingly being applied in solving many universal interoperability problems. Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) is a de facto standard for specifying the behavior of business processes. It contains several interesting features, including scope-based compensation, fault handling and shared-labels for synchronization. In this paper we explore an observation-oriented model for BPEL-like languages, which can be used to study program equivalence. The execution states of a program are divided into five types: completed state, waiting state and divergent state, as well as error state and undo state. The last two states are especially for dealing with compensation and fault handling. Based on the formalized model, a set of algebraic laws is investigated, including traditional laws and BPEL featured laws. The concept of guarded choice is also introduced in this model, which can be used to support the transformation of a parallel program into the form of guarded choice. Two special scopes are introduced: canonical structure and compensation structure, which are used to eliminate undo and compensation construct from finite processes.     

A data base management system for industrial process control

Present-day systems for monitoring energy distribution must be capable of handling continuous changes in the structure and the extent of the data. Only a data base system which satisfies the special requirements of process control can cope with this. The process real-time information management System for on-line Control (PRIMO) data base system described here is implemented on DEC PDP-11 computers from $\text{11}\text{34}$ upwards and is used for process control in Brown Boveri energy control software systems.     

A time-delay control algorithm for an industrial electric heater

This paper discusses stabilizing control for discrete systems with a time delay in the state variables. The control algorithms are based on the Lyapunov stability theory. For an industrial electric heater, a time-delay discrete model is identified using a recursive least squares technique, and real-time control via the proposed control algorithm to the heater is performed. The performance of the industrial application shows that the temperature variation in the heater is within ± 1.5°C (0.5%), and the system has good load change rejection and shorter recovery time.     

Microcomputer control for industrial plants

The requirements of a high level programming language for control of batch plants, widely used in the process industries, are discussed. The main features of INSCRIBE, a language used in programming a series of controllers based on LS1-11 processors, are described with examples of typical statement types.     

Intermediate-level programming languages for on-line data acquisition and control

The concept of an intermediate-level programming language is discussed as the best tool currently available for programming all aspects of real-time data acquisition and control systems, especially those implemented on small and minicomputers.     

Supervisory control synthesis for deterministic context free specification languages

This paper describes two steps in the generalization of supervisory control theory to situations where the specification is modeled by a deterministic context free language (DCFL). First, it summarizes a conceptual iterative algorithm from Schneider et al. (2014) solving the supervisory control problem for language models. This algorithm involves two basic iterative functions. Second, the main part of this paper presents an implementable algorithm realizing one of these functions, namely the calculation of the largest controllable marked sublanguage of a given DCFL. This algorithm least restrictively removes controllability problems in a deterministic pushdown automaton realizing this DCFL.     

A new branch-and-bound algorithm for standard quadratic programming problems

In this paper we propose convex and LP bounds for standard quadratic programming (StQP) problems and employ them within a branch-and-bound approach. We first compare different bounding strategies for StQPs in terms both of the quality of the bound and of the computation times. It turns out that the polyhedral bounding strategy is the best one to be used within a branch-and-bound scheme. Indeed, it guarantees a good quality of the bound at the expense of a very limited computation time. The proposed branch-and-bound algorithm performs an implicit enumeration of all the KKT (stationary) points of the problem. We compare different branching strategies exploiting the structure of the problem. Numerical results on randomly generated problems (with varying density of the underlying convexity graph) are reported which show the effectiveness of the proposed approach, in particular in limiting the growth of the number of nodes in the branch-and-bound tree as the density of the underlying graph increases.     

Unconstrained optimal control of regular languages

This paper formulates an unconstrained optimal policy for control of regular languages realized as deterministic finite state automata (DFSA). A signed real measure quantifies the behavior of controlled sublanguages based on a state transition cost matrix and a characteristic vector as reported in an earlier publication. The state-based optimal control policy is obtained by selectively disabling controllable events to maximize the measure of the controlled plant language without any further constraints. Synthesis of the optimal control policy requires at most n iterations, where n is the number of states of the DFSA model. Each iteration solves a set of n simultaneous linear algebraic equations. As such, computational complexity of the control synthesis is polynomial in n.     

The evolution of job control languages

Job control languages are a feature of any large scale operating system. This paper traces the historical development of these languages, and compares two representative examples, OS/360 JCL and GEORGE 3 command language. The paper draws an analogy between job control languages and programming languages, showing that JCL is equivalent to an assembly language, whilst GEORGE 3 command language is like a simple autocode.     

Robust optimal control of regular languages

This paper presents an algorithm for robust optimal control of regular languages under specified uncertainty bounds on the event cost parameters of the language measure that has been recently reported in literature. The performance index for the proposed robust optimal policy is obtained by combining the measure of the supervised plant language with uncertainty. The performance of a controller is represented by the language measure of the supervised plant and is minimized over the given range of event cost uncertainties. Synthesis of the robust optimal supervisory control policy requires at most n iterations, where n is the number of states of the deterministic finite-state automaton (DFSA) model, generated from the regular language of the unsupervised plant behavior. The computational complexity of the control synthesis method is polynomial in n.     

A semiblock structure for low-level languages

A simple block structure (called semiblock) suitable for low-level languages is presented. This is not a language but a structure, and preserves the high efficiency of the programs written in the ‘host’ languages. The structure offers the localization of label scopes and the capability of constructing control structures such as selection and repetition. The self-documentability of programs can be increased by the use of Algol-like formatting of source texts, which the proposed structure allows and encourages the users to use. The relation between the proposed structure and a simple macro facility is discussed.     

A fuzzy logic-based model for noise control at industrial workplaces

Ergonomics is a broad science encompassing the wide variety of working conditions that can affect worker comfort and health, including factors such as lighting, noise, temperature, vibration, workstation design, tool design, machine design, etc. This paper describes noise-human response and a fuzzy logic model developed by comprehensive field studies on noise measurements (including atmospheric parameters) and control measures. The model has two subsystems constructed on noise reduction quantity in dB. The first subsystem of the fuzzy model depending on 549 linguistic rules comprises acoustical features of all materials used in any workplace. Totally 984 patterns were used, 503 patterns for model development and the rest 481 patterns for testing the model. The second subsystem deals with atmospheric parameter interactions with noise and has 52 linguistic rules. Similarly, 94 field patterns were obtained; 68 patterns were used for training stage of the model and the rest 26 patterns for testing the model. These rules were determined by taking into consideration formal standards, experiences of specialists and the measurements patterns. The results of the model were compared with various statistics (correlation coefficients, max-min, standard deviation, average and coefficient of skewness) and error modes (root mean square error and relative error). The correlation coefficients were significantly high, error modes were quite low and the other statistics were very close to the data. This statement indicates the validity of the model. Therefore, the model can be used for noise control in any workplace and helpful to the designer in planning stage of a workplace.