不同干燥方法对花生蛋白功能特性的影响

以花生蛋白为原料，分别采用热风干燥、真空干燥、微波干燥和微波结合真空干燥对花生蛋白进行干燥处理，比较不同的干燥方式对花生蛋白功能特性（吸油性、持水性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡胜能和起泡稳定性）的影响。实验表明，微波结合真空干燥的花生蛋白不仅干燥时间短，而且具有较好的功能特性，微波结合真空干燥是一种干燥花生蛋白的适宜方法。     

不同干燥方式对槐花蛋白加工特性及抗氧化性能的影响

实验考察了槐花蛋白在冷冻干燥、真空干燥、微波真空干燥及热风干燥4种干燥方式下蛋白质的乳化性、持水性、起泡性、黏度、热凝集性及抗氧化性的变化。结果表明:冷冻干燥条件下槐花蛋白的乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、热凝集性最好,微波真空干燥在蛋白质的泡沫稳定性、持水性和羟基自由基清除能力方面最好,真空干燥条件下蛋白质黏度、脂质过氧化物自由基抑制率最好。综合各项指标,根据经济合理的原则,选用微波真空干燥能较好地保存槐花蛋白质的加工性能及抗氧化活性。     

两种不同干燥方式对不同预处理方式的脱盐鸭蛋清品质的影响

采用真空冷冻干燥和负压微波喷动干燥两种干燥方式,对经不同预处理的咸鸭蛋清进行干燥制粉,以鲜鸭蛋清为对照,研究不同干燥方式咸鸭蛋清脱盐前后的功能特性。产品的质量主要通过色差、表观密度、凝胶性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性等方面来衡量。实验结果表明:当负压微波喷动干燥条件为干燥腔压力80 Pa,脉冲压力800 Pa,微波功率0.1~0.6 kW,每间隔10 min脉冲2 s;真空冷冻干燥条件为真空泵压力10 kPa,温度为50℃,加热功率为350 W,干燥时间为10 h时,负压微波喷动干燥产品的理化特性优于真空冷冻干燥产品的理化特性(色泽、表观密度值、硬度、起泡性和乳化性等),咸鸭蛋清的最佳干燥方式是负压微波喷动干燥(PSMFD);经超声波预处理后PSMFD的蛋清粉具有最好的色泽,较好的表观密度值(0.333 kg/dm3)、较小的硬度(831.251 g)、较高的起泡性(86.7%)和乳化性(0.540 4)、较好的起泡稳定性(93.3%)和乳化稳定性(26.48 min)。     

不同干燥方式对苦荞蛋白功能性质的影响

以苦荞麦粉为原料,通过碱溶酸沉法提取苦荞麦蛋白,考察不同的干燥方式(真空干燥、热风干燥、微波干燥、冷冻干燥)对苦荞蛋白一系列功能性质的影响。结果表明:干燥方式影响苦荞蛋白性质,经冷冻干燥处理后的苦荞蛋白含量最高(42.95%),且溶解性与乳化性均最好,热风干燥与真空干燥次之,微波干燥效果最差。起泡性实验结果表明,微波干燥起泡能力最差,仅为28%,真空干燥起泡稳定性相对较好(50%)。DSC扫描曲线在80～250℃温度范围内出现2个峰,峰值温度分别在147～155℃与220～223℃,4种干燥方式处理下的苦荞蛋白具有相似的热力学性质,经干燥处理后的苦荞蛋白变性温度升高。实验结果为进一步研究苦荞蛋白在功能食品的应用提供理论基础。     

物理改性对棉籽分离蛋白功能特性影响

采用水浴加热、超声波和微波辐射三种方法对棉籽分离蛋白进行改性处理,研究不同方法对蛋白的溶解性、持水性、吸油性、乳化性、乳化稳定性和起泡性等影响。实验结果表明,不同处理方法对棉籽分离蛋白功能特性均有一定改善,其中加热方法对蛋白起泡性影响较大,提高53.2%;微波辐射方法对蛋白溶解性、持水性、吸油性、乳化性有明显改善,分别提高5.0%、70.3%、6.5%、35.8%;超声波方法对蛋白乳化稳定性及起泡稳定性有一定改善,乳化稳定性提高51.6%;三种方法以微波辐射改性方法效果最优。     

微波处理对花生蛋白功能特性和结构的影响

目的：探索阐述微波处理对花生蛋白功能特性和结构的影响。方法：微波处理(120、280、460、600 W和700 W,30 s)花生蛋白，对比微波前后花生蛋白溶解性、乳化性、起泡性、表面疏水性等指标的变化，并分析微波功率对花生蛋白二级结构和微观结构的影响。结果：当微波功率逐渐增大时，花生蛋白的溶解性、乳化性、起泡性和表面疏水性均显著提高(P<0.05)，且在较高功率600 W或700 W下达到最大值。其中，600 W时蛋白乳化性和表面疏水性最好；溶解性和起泡性较空白样分别提高了15.45%和11.11%，增幅虽不如700 W的16.33%和11.77%，但差距较小。红外结果显示，当微波功率较低时(120～460 W)，蛋白结构从有序向无序转变，而较高功率下(600～700 W)，结构从无序变得有序。微观结构表明花生蛋白在600 W下形成表面光滑平整、均匀分布的颗粒。结论：微波处理可以有效改善花生蛋白的功能特性和结构，且微波600W、30s为最佳处理条件。该结果可为花生蛋白的改性研究及其在食品工业中的应用提供一定的理论和实验依据。     

苦杏仁蛋白的功能特性

采用稀盐溶液浸提及等电点盐析相结合的方法提取制备苦杏仁蛋白,研究pH值、NaCl浓度、蛋白质量浓度和温度等因素对苦杏仁蛋白功能特性(溶解性、持水性、吸油性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性)的影响。结果表明：在等电点pI附近时,苦杏仁蛋白的溶解性、持水性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性最差;在较低NaCl浓度范围内(0～0.8mol/L)提高NaCl浓度可促进蛋白溶解性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性的提高,而较高的NaCl浓度对蛋白功能特性提高具有抑制作用;当蛋白质量浓度达到一定水平时(3～4g/100mL),蛋白功能特性(乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性)提高趋于平缓;在适宜的温度范围内,提高温度可有效提高苦杏仁蛋白各项功能特性,但当温度继续上升,各项功能特性持续降低。     

两种方法提取花生蛋白功能特性的对比研究

试验旨在对比水相酶法与碱提法提取冷榨花生饼粕中蛋白质的功能特性,为食品及饲料行业更好的利用花生蛋白提供参考。研究结果表明,在相同条件下,利用水相酶法提取的花生水解蛋白的乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、吸油性和持水性与花生碱提蛋白相比都有很大改善;提升最大幅度分别为:乳化性11.05%、乳化稳定性34.31%、起泡性33.94%、吸油性0.042 g/g、持水性1.323 g/g;但水解蛋白的泡沫稳定性比碱提蛋白稍差。通过对比两种方法提取蛋白质的功能特性,制取高品质的花生蛋白质宜采用水相酶法。     

微波处理对藜麦蛋白功能特性的影响

藜麦不含麸质蛋白,藜麦基无麸质食品在加工过程中面临持水性等加工特性差的问题.研究了微波处理对藜麦蛋白溶解性、乳化性、起泡性的影响,比较了微波与传统热加工制备的藜麦蛋白凝胶的凝胶强度及持水力.结果表明,藜麦蛋白经微波处理后,其溶解性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性都得到了明显的提高,且随微波功率和处理时间的增加呈...     

微波处理对大豆分离蛋白-磷脂复合体系功能特性的影响

研究不同微波功率处理对大豆分离蛋白-磷脂复合体系起泡性、乳化性、凝胶性等功能特性的影响,对大豆分离蛋白-磷脂复合体系分别进行了起泡活性、泡沫稳定性、乳化活性、乳化稳定性、絮凝指数、乳层析指数、持水性及质构性的测定并通过扫描电子微镜技术对凝胶的微观结构变化进行观察。结果发现：随着微波功率的增加,复合体系的起泡性质、乳化性质、凝胶性质均基本呈现先升高后降低的趋势。其中,当微波功率为900 W时,复合体系的起泡性质和乳化性质均表现最佳;当微波功率为1 100 W时,复合体系的凝胶性质较对照组有明显提高,这表明微波处理会促进大豆分离蛋白与磷脂通过相互作用在水油界面上形成较稳定的界面膜,且蛋白适宜的结构改变可以提高复合体系的凝胶特性。     

Peanut protein concentrate: Production and functional properties as affected by processing

Peanut protein concentrate (PPC) was isolated from fermented and unfermented defatted peanut flour by isoelectric precipitation and physical separation procedures. PPC was dried by spray or vacuum drying. PPC powders from each drying technique were evaluated for proximate composition and functional properties (protein solubility, water/oil binding capacity, emulsifying capacity, foaming capacity and viscosity) along with defatted peanut flour and soy protein isolate as references. PPC contained over 85% protein versus 50% protein in the defatted peanut flour used as raw material for PPC production. PPC had a solubility profile similar to that of peanut flour, with minimum solubility observed at pH 3.5–4.5 and maximum solubility at pH 10 and higher. Roasting of peanut reduced all functional properties of defatted peanut flour while fermentation had the reverse effect. The type of drying significantly affected the functional properties of PPC. Spray dried PPCs exhibited better functional properties, particularly emulsifying capacity and foaming capacity, than vacuum oven dried PPC. Spray dried PPCs also showed comparable oil binding and foaming capacity to commercially available soy protein isolate (SPC). At equivalent concentrations and room temperature, PPC suspension exhibited lower viscosity than soy protein isolate (SPI) suspensions. However, upon heating to 90 °C for 30 min, the viscosity of PPC suspension increased sharply. Results obtained from this study suggest that the PPC could be used in food formulations requiring high emulsifying capacity, but would not be suitable for applications requiring high water retention and foaming capacity. PPC could be a good source of protein fortification for a variety of food products for protein deficient consumers in developing countries as well as a functional ingredient for the peanut industry. The production of PPC could also add value to defatted peanut flour, a low value by-product of peanut oil production.     

Comparative studies on the functional properties of various protein concentrate preparations of peanut protein

The effect of different preparations on the functional properties of peanut protein concentrates was studied. Peanut protein concentrates were isolated from defatted peanut flour by isoelectric precipitation, alcohol precipitation, isoelectric precipitation combined with alcohol precipitation, alkali solution with isoelectric precipitation and their functional properties (protein solubility, water holding/oil binding capacity, emulsifying capacity and stability, foaming capacity and rheology) were evaluated. The results showed that the protein solubility, foaming capacity and stability of protein prepared by alkali solution with isoelectric precipitation were the best of all the peanut protein products. But the protein prepared by alcohol precipitation had better water holding/oil binding capacity, which was significantly different from other protein products. The emulsifying stability of protein concentrate prepared by different methods was significantly lower than that of defatted protein flour. The protein prepared by isoelectric precipitation and isoelectric precipitation combined with alcohol precipitation had better gel properties which indicated that they were a potential food ingredient.     

干燥方式对蛋清蛋白理化性质和功能特性的影响

为探究干燥方式对蛋清蛋白（egg white protein,EWP）功能特性的影响及其内在机理,分别通过喷雾干燥与真空冷冻干燥制备蛋清蛋白粉,并对其蛋白结构、理化性质与功能特性进行研究。结果表明,与蛋清液（EWP-C）相比,喷雾干燥使蛋清蛋白（EWP-P）的内源性荧光强度降低,表面疏水性和表面游离巯基含量增大。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析显示,EWP-P的α-螺旋、β-折叠和β-转角分别为16.30%、25.72%和40.23%,冷冻干燥蛋清蛋白（EWP-D）分别为20.43%、24.32%和35.69%。不同pH下,EWP-D的溶解度均高于EWP-P,表面张力小于EWP-P。此外,EWP-P的接触角为99.62°,高于EWP-D（接触角为65.97°）,表明喷雾干燥能显著提高蛋白的疏水性（P<0.05）。EWP-D在不同pH下的乳化性、乳化稳定性以及起泡性均大于EWP-P,但起泡稳定性更小,这与EWP-D较高的溶解性与较低的表明疏水性有关。荧光倒置显微镜及激光共聚焦扫描显微镜分析表明EWP-D乳液的微粒更小,分布更均匀,其稳定性高于EWP-P。综上,喷雾干燥蛋清蛋白的β-折叠结构较多,表面游离巯基含量和表面疏水性较高,具有较好的凝胶性;冷冻干燥蛋清蛋白的表面疏水性较小,且表面张力小、溶解度大,具有更好的乳化能力与起泡性。     

干燥方式对大豆分离蛋白功能性质的影响

本文以醇洗豆粕为原料制备大豆分离蛋白，着重探讨了冷冻和喷雾干燥两种干燥方式对大豆分离蛋白功能性质，如溶解度、凝胶性能、乳化性能、起泡性能与粘度等的影响。实验表明，冷冻干燥样品具有较低的粘度和溶解度，且凝胶性能和泡沫稳定性明显高于喷雾干燥样品；两种样品的乳化稳定性和起泡能力比较接近，但喷雾干燥样品的乳化活性略高于冷冻干燥样品。     

三聚磷酸钠对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响

以猪肉肌原纤维蛋白（myofibril protein,MP）为研究对象,探讨不同质量浓度三聚磷酸钠（sodium tripolyphosphate,STP）的添加对MP乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性等7 个功能特性指标的影响,并进行相关性分析。结果表明：随着STP质量浓度升高,MP的乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、起泡稳定性、凝胶强度和凝胶保水性均呈上升趋势,表面疏水性呈下降趋势;MP的起泡性和凝胶强度在STP质量浓度为0.3 g/100 mL时最大,乳化性、表面疏水性和凝胶保水性在STP质量浓度为0.4 g/100 mL时效果最佳;MP的起泡性、起泡稳定性和乳化性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,乳化性与乳化稳定性呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性、起泡稳定性与表面疏水性呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与凝胶保水性呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,表面疏水性与凝胶保水性呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,表面疏水性与凝胶强度呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。STP可以增强MP的功能特性,其质量浓度为0.3～0.4 g/100 mL时效果最佳。改善乳化性、起泡性和表面疏水性等界面性质可以增强MP的凝胶特性。     

Effect of extraction and isolation on physicochemical and functional properties of an underutilized seed protein: Gingerbread plum (Neocarya macrophylla)

The effect of extraction and isolation on the physicochemical and functional properties of gingerbread plum seed protein isolate was studied. Gingerbread plum seed protein isolate was extracted from defatted gingerbread plum seed flour (DGPSF) by alkali solution along with isoelectric precipitation. The protein isolate was subjected to freeze or vacuum drying process. Freeze dried gingerbread plum seed protein isolate (FGPSPI) and vacuum dried gingerbread plum seed protein isolate (VGPSPI) were evaluated for their physicochemical and functional properties (protein solubility, water/oil binding capacity, emulsifying capacity, foaming capacity). Among physicochemical parameters, the proximate composition, amino acid composition, minerals, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), SDS-PAGE and color attributes were studied. Both FGPSPI and VGPSPI contained over 90% protein versus DGPSF (56.72%) used as raw material. The method of drying had significant effect (p < 0.05) on the physicochemical characteristics of FGPSPI and VGPSPI except for amino acids composition. The functional properties were variable among samples. DGPSF had higher emulsifying, water holding and oil binding capacities compared with FGPSPI and VGPSPI. FGPSPI exhibited better emulsifying capacity and water holding capacity than VGPSPI. FGPSPI also showed comparable oil binding capacity and bulk density to commercial soy protein isolate (SPI). The results indicated that FGPSPI and VGPSPI could be a good source of protein fortification for a variety of food products for protein deficient consumers as well as a potential food ingredient.     

Enzymatic and extrusion pretreatments of defatted rice bran to improve functional properties of protein concentrates

This study evaluated effects of enzymatic, extrusion and combined pretreatments on functional and thermal properties of protein concentrates from defatted rice bran to improve their applicability to food formulations. After the pretreatments, protein concentrates were recovered by alkaline solubilisation and isoelectric point precipitation. Water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, emulsifying and foaming properties, and thermal stability were determined in protein concentrates. Yields of each pretreatment were above 62% protein. Enzymatic hydrolysis increased all functional properties studied, mainly for emulsifying activity index (an increase of 71.1%) and foaming capacity (an increase of 60.3%). The extrusion affected positively the oil absorption capacity, emulsifying activity index and foaming capacity. The combined process was able to raise the functional properties. The principal component analysis confirmed that 95.5% improvement in functional properties of concentrates had a strong positive correlation with the pretreatments. However, the pretreatments affected thermal stability and the enthalpy of denaturation negatively.     

不同改性方法对花生蛋白理化特性影响研究

本研究以花生蛋白为原料,采用挤压膨化、酶法和挤压协同酶解三种方法分别对花生蛋白进行改性处理,系统阐述了三种方法对花生蛋白理化性质的影响规律。通过测定改性前后花生蛋白的溶解性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性,并借助傅立叶变换红外光谱、圆二色谱和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、蛋白质水解度、巯基含量和二硫键含量对花生蛋白的结构、分子量和水解程度进行分析,揭示不同处理方法对花生蛋白理化的影响规律,阐明其二者之间的内在联系。结果表明,不同处理方法下花生蛋白功能及结构特性均发生变化,挤压协同酶法处理后的花生蛋白的理化性质变化最为明显。