搅拌摩擦焊接技术实现非直线焊缝过程中的材料行为分析

采用基于固体力学的有限元方法建立了搅拌摩擦焊接过程的三维数值模型,研究了搅拌摩擦焊接技术在焊接非直线焊缝时材料的流动行为以及焊接过程中的力学特征。结果显示,搅拌焊接构件后退侧材料的流动较前进侧更为剧烈,且越靠近肩台部分材料的流动速度越大,搅拌头向原焊接构件前进侧移动将导致材料流动速度增加,搅拌头平移方向变化的瞬时会明显改变搅拌头周围材料流动速度的分布规律。搅拌探针-焊接构件接触面上的接触压力分布是比较均匀的。     

搅拌摩擦焊接过程中搅拌头转速对材料流动的影响

使用有限元方法模拟了不同搅拌头转速下,搅拌摩擦焊接过程中Al6061～T6材料的三维流动,以及材料流动与搅拌头转速的关系,结果表明,在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中,后退侧的材料流动较前进侧更为剧烈,并且随着搅拌头转速的增加,材料流动也会得到不同程度增强,搅拌头前方的材料在搅拌头的推动作用下向上涌起,被旋推到搅拌头后方并向下运动,该过程的周而复始是促使搅拌摩擦焊接顺利完成的主要原因,等效塑性应变等值线的形状与材料热影响区,热力影响区以及搅拌区的边界形状具有较好的对应关系,随着搅拌头转速的增加,等效塑性应变随之增加。     

搅拌摩擦焊接三维流动模型

建立了搅拌摩擦焊焊接过程中塑性软化层的流动行为物理模型,该模型根据不同部位的流动特点将软化层的流动分成三部分,轴肩端面附近的软化层流动、搅拌针上部的软化层流动和搅拌针端部附近的软化层流动行为。轴肩端面附近的软化材料首先流入搅拌针行进过程中于搅拌针后部形成的空腔内,剩余软化材料围绕着轴肩侧面缓缓地由前进侧流动到搅拌针的后部,并于轴肩后部侧表面上形成了焊缝表面弧形纹的弧峰;搅拌针上部附近的软化层以剪切的方式从搅拌针前部流动到搅拌针后部;搅拌针端部附近的软化层以挤压的方式从搅拌针的前部流动到搅拌针的后部。     

Simulation of 3D material flow in friction stir welding of AA6061-T6

This paper reports the numerical simulation of the 3D material flow in friction stir welding process by using finite element methods based on solid mechanics. It is found that the material flow behind the pin is much faster than that in front of the pin. The material in front of the pin moves upwards and then rotates with the pin due to the effect of the rotating tool. Behind of the pin, the material moves downwards. This process of material movement is the real cause to make the friction stir welding process continuing successfully. With the increase of the translational velocity or the rotational velocity of the pin, the material flow becomes faster.     

搅拌摩擦焊接偏心挤压流动模型

提出了一种偏心挤压流动模型,该模型认为搅拌头对软化材料的偏心挤压作用是形成接头的主要因素.基于该模型,设计并进行了偏心搅拌摩擦焊接试验.结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接过程中,接头是由搅拌头偏心挤压材料形成的;搅拌头的偏心量越大,形成的接头核心区也将越大;在搅拌针附近的金属流动将使焊接接头形成在行进方向的层状结构;在接头表面将形成弧形纹,形成的弧形纹不是沿板材对接面对称的,而是偏向后退侧的,弧纹在后退侧形成的弧纹夹角比前进侧形成的弧纹夹角大;行进方向的层状结构和接头表面的弧形纹有对应关系.     

轴向载荷变化对搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料变形和温度分布的影响

采用完全热力耦合模型分析轴向载荷变化对搅拌摩擦焊接过程的影响,发现较低的轴向载荷会导致搅拌摩擦焊接无法完成.搅拌摩擦焊接构件上表面材料由于受到搅拌针和肩台旋转的作用,导致上表面材料变形程度较下表面高,材料沿焊缝中心线的变形并非严格对称,前进侧材料的变形程度较后退侧高,搅拌头轴向载荷的增加会减弱这种不对称性.搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的最高温度随轴向载荷的增加而增加,且搅拌头轴向载荷的增加会促使搅拌区附近的温度分布趋于均匀.     

Investigation of the material flow and texture evolution in friction-stir welded aluminum alloy

The material flow and crystallographic orientation in aluminum alloy sheets joined by friction stir welding (FSW) were investigated by electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD). The microstructure and microtexture of the material near the stir zone was found to be influenced by the rotational behavior of the tool pin. It was found that, during FSW, the forward movement of the tool pin resulted in loose contact between the tool pin and the receding material at the advancing side. This material behavior inside the joined aluminum plates was also observed by an X-ray micrograph by inlaying a gold marker into the plates. As the advancing speed of the tool increases at a given rotation speed, the loose contact region widens. As the microtexture of the material near the stir zone is very close to the simple shear texture on the basis of the frame of the tool pin in the normal and tangent directions, the amount of incompletely rotated material due to the loose contact could be estimated from the tilt angle of the shear texture in the pole figure around the key hole.     

搅拌摩擦焊接头形成过程的二维观察与分析

用紫铜作标示材料，进行了LF6铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊试验，焊后在与焊缝表面平行的截面上，观察了标示材料在焊缝中流动的痕迹。结果表明，搅拌摩擦焊过程中，焊缝材料在水平面的流动与焊缝中心是不对称的，在焊缝的前进边，材料既向搅拌头前方流动也向搅拌头后方流动；在焊缝的返回边，材料只是向搅拌头后方流动，且有部分材料进入前进边。根据试验观察结果，建立了焊缝金属在水平面上的二维挤压模型，并用运动分解、合成的方法研究了探针周围热塑性材料的流动趋势，模拟了标示材料在焊接过程中的流动状态，模型能较好地解释试验所观察到的现象。     

Numerical simulation of effect of rotational tool with screw on material flow behavior of friction stir welding of Ti6A14V alloy

The rotational tool is put forward, which is composed of the one-spiral-flute shoul-der and the rotational pin with screw. Using the turbulent model of the FLUENT software, material plastic flow behavior during the process of friction stir welding of Ti6Al4V alloy is researched by the numerical simulation method and then the effect of rotational tool geometry on material flow during the welding process is attained. The results show that the flow direction of the material near the rotational tool is mainly the same as the rotational direction of the tool while the material near tool flows more violently than the other regions. For the tapered rotational pin, the flow velocity of material inside the workpiece decreases with the increase of the distance away from the workpiece surface because of the change of pin diameter. For the rotational tool, the flute added to the shoulder and the screw added to the pin can greatly increase the flow velocity of material during the welding process while the peak value of the flow velocity of material appears on the flute or the screw. Moreover, the rotational tool with the one-spiral-flute shoulder is better than the tool with the concentric-circles-flute shoulder. Decreasing the width of pin screw and increasing the diameter of pin tip are both good for the increase of flow velocity.     

搅拌针形状影响搅拌摩擦焊过程金属塑性流动规律的数值模拟

考虑材料参数随温度的变化关系以及搅拌工具的实际结构,利用Fluent流体力学软件建立了搅拌摩擦焊的有限体积模型,对搅拌针的形状影响材料塑性流动行为的规律进行了研究.结果表明,材料的流动速度随着到焊件表面以及到搅拌针旋转轴的距离增加而减小;当减小搅拌针的锥角以及减小搅拌针的螺纹槽宽度时,焊件内部材料的流动速度得到提高.当搅拌工具在焊接过程中顺时针旋转时,对于左螺旋搅拌针,搅拌针附近的材料向下流动,而热力影响区材料的流动方向向上,此规律与右螺旋搅拌针时相反.     

Modeling the Material Flow and Heat Transfer in Reverse Dual-Rotation Friction Stir Welding

Reverse dual-rotation friction stir welding (RDR-FSW) is a novel modification of conventional friction stir welding (FSW) process. During the RDR-FSW process, the tool pin and the assisted shoulder are separated and rotate with opposite direction independently, so that there are two material flows with reverse direction. The material flow and heat transfer in RDR-FSW have significant effects on the microstructure and properties of the weld joint. A 3D model is developed to quantitatively analyze the effects of the separated tool pin and the assisted shoulder which rotate in reverse direction on the material flow and heat transfer during RDR-FSW process. Numerical simulation is conducted to predict the temperature profile, material flow field, streamlines, strain rate, and viscosity distributions near the tool. The calculated results show that as the rotation speed of the tool pin increases, the temperature near the tool gets higher, the zone with higher temperature expands, and approximately symmetric temperature distribution is obtained near the tool. Along the workpiece thickness direction, the calculated material flow velocity and its layer thickness near the tool get lowered because the effect of the shoulder is weakened as the distance away from the top surface increases. The model is validated by comparing the predicted values of peak temperature at some typical locations with the experimentally measured ones.     

铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊过程材料流动行为

由于下轴肩的引入,双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊(BT-FSW)过程中的材料流动行为较常规搅拌摩擦焊更为剧烈和复杂,显著影响接头力学性能.以2219铝合金为研究对象,基于耦合欧拉-拉格朗日方法建立了BT-FSW过程三维热力耦合模型,并利用示踪粒子技术分析了焊接过程中材料的流动行为.结果表明,BT-FSW过程中的材料流动存在不同时性,...     

镁铝异种合金搅拌摩擦焊综述

铝镁合金搅拌摩擦焊中峰值温度超过Al12Mg17和Al3Mg2形成的共晶温度,两种金属间化合物的形成不可避免。通过将镁合金置于前进侧、搅拌针偏向镁合金,采用液氮或水下搅拌摩擦焊,加入中间层过渡金属等方法可降低搅拌摩擦焊过程中的热输入,有效减少焊核区金属间化合物的数量。采用锥形螺纹搅拌针对接、配合直径约为3.5倍板厚的内凹型轴肩可提供适当的热输入,促进材料塑性流动,增加两种材料相互交融的程度,提高接头抗拉强度;超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊技术可破坏脆性界面层进而提高接头强度。     

三维搅拌摩擦焊接过程数值模拟

将搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料的流动看作是层流、粘性、非牛顿流体绕过旋转的圆柱体,并基于流体力学理论,建立了三维搅拌摩擦焊缝金属塑性流动的数值分析模型.计算结果表明,在焊缝上部表面附近,由于搅拌头轴肩的影响,材料流动比较混乱,发生多次绕流现象;焊缝下部材料流动规律性较明显:只有很少一部分靠近搅拌头探针的材料在焊接过程中受到探针的作用而发生变形和流动,在大多数的模拟条件下,探针直径范围内的材料仅仅在回撤边一侧沿旋转方向绕过探针.焊缝中部具有底部和上部材料的流动特点,是探针和轴肩共同影响的结果.采用"标记嵌入技术"对焊缝金属流动进行可视化研究,试验结果与模拟结果进行了验证,模拟结果能很好地预测塑性金属流动趋势.     

Material flow and void defect formation in friction stir welding of aluminium alloys

An ingenious experimental programme by combining artificially thickened oxide layer as marker material and ‘stop-action’ welding were used to study the material flow and defect formation in friction stir welding of aluminium alloys. The results showed that material flow around the pin on the advancing side (AS) was severer than that on the retreating side (RS) and the fastest velocity of material flow in the middle stir zone (SZ) was 43.9?mm?s^?1. Moreover, the material under the RS shoulder included extruded metal only and the material under the AS shoulder included extruded and rotated metal. Lastly, instantaneous void occurrence and insufficient inflow material were reasons for the preferential formation of void defects in the top SZ on the AS.     

T形接头角接静轴肩搅拌摩擦焊三维流动特征

在T形接头横截面方向预置0.1 mm铜箔作为示踪材料，进行了角接静轴肩搅拌摩擦焊，焊后对T形接头角焊缝进行X-ray 2D透射和X-ray 3D扫描，得到了角焊缝示踪材料的2D流场和3D流场. 在前进侧热塑性材料主要以摩擦剪切为主，材料流动主要向焊接方向流动，并流向前进侧后方，后退侧材料主要以挤压为主，由于T接搅拌针螺纹的存在，使得材料整体向后退侧下方流动. 同时发现，在T接静轴肩后沿附近下方存在示踪材料"堆积区"，表明T接静轴肩对附近的材料塑性流动存在一定的阻碍作用. 根据所获得的观察结果，建立了T形接头角焊缝的三维流动主要特征模型.     

搅拌摩擦焊接中参数变化对温度场分布的影响

文章建立了搅拌摩擦焊接过程的三维有限元热分析模型,讨论了旋转速度、搅拌头半径、轴肩半径、搅拌针锥角以及螺纹角等焊接参数对工件温度场的影响。计算结果表明,在焊接过程中,工件的最高温度低于熔点,为固相连接。在焊接工艺参数许可的范围内,旋转速度和搅拌针半径的增加,会使搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的最高温度值增加,而锥角和螺纹角增加,会使最高温度值随之减小,轴肩半径的改变对工件温度场的影响相对较小。     

Analysis of tool geometry in dissimilar Al alloy friction stir welds using optical microscopy and serial sectioning

Abstract

The influence of tool geometry on material flow during friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminium alloys is investigated. Sheets of Al 2024 and Al 6061 alloys are friction stir welded in lap and butt configurations using different welding conditions. Optical microscopy with serial sectioning is utilised to systematically study material flow when small variations are made to the tool pin. It is shown that three flat features on the pin impose vertical material flow which can promote intermixing. When a threaded tool is used, the material flow and formation of the intermixed region depends on the orientation of the base materials, since the differences in viscosity of material on the advancing versus retreating side of the tool will inhibit intermixing. Decreasing the travel speed will promote intermixing by increasing the residence time to compensate for the differences in material viscosity that otherwise limit intermixing.     

三维搅拌摩擦焊接传热与塑性流动分析模型

为研究搅拌摩擦焊接过程热流相互作用下的温度场、速度场和粘度场,将材料看成是层流、粘性、非牛顿流体,基于流体力学理论,建立了搅拌摩擦焊接过程的三维热流分析模型.给出了焊接过程热输入与搅拌头的旋转频率、工件运动速度、搅拌头尺寸及材料发生屈服时的剪应力的数学关系式,并将其作为热边界条件加入到了模型中.结果表明,搅拌头前部温度低于后部,温度梯度前部大于后部;受搅拌头周围材料流动的影响,接近搅拌针的区域,后退侧温度高于前进侧;材料上部速度、粘度受轴肩影响较大,下部主要受搅拌针影响;计算得到的热力影响区与试验结果有较好的对应关系.     

搅拌摩擦焊接材料流动模型及在缺陷预测中的应用

为了研究搅拌头倾角对搅拌摩擦焊接过程的影响机理,基于DEFORM-3D软件建立了带倾角的FSW三维热-力耦合模型,模拟了搅拌摩擦焊接过程中焊缝区材料的三维运动轨迹,对比分析了有无倾角时FSW过程中材料流动行为的差异. 结果表明,前进侧材料绕搅拌针旋转后大部分沉积于搅拌头后方前进侧区域,返回侧的材料大部分被搅拌头旋推至后方而沉积;采用倾角可以增强搅拌头后方材料从返回侧运动至前进侧区间的流动性,同时还有利于增强材料在厚度方向的运动能力. 根据模拟的材料流动行为对接头缺陷进行了趋势预测,预测结果与试验结果吻合良好.