Niti and NiTi-TiC composites: Part II. compressive mechanical properties

The deformation behavior under uniaxial compression of NiTi containing 0, 10, and 20 vol pct TiC participates is investigated both below and above the matrix martensitic transformation temperature: (1) at room temperature, where the martensitic matrix deforms plastically by slip and/or twinning; and (2) at elevated temperature, where plastic deformation of the austenitic matrix takes place by slip and/or formation of stress-induced martensite. The effect of TiC particles on the stress-strain curves of the composites depends upon which of these deformation mechanisms is dominant. First, in the low-strain elastic region, the mismatch between the stiff, elastic particles and the elastic-plastic matrix is relaxed in the composites: (1) by twinning of the martensitic matrix, resulting in a macroscopic twinning yield stress and apparent elastic modulus lower than those predicted by the Eshelby elastic load-transfer theory; and (2) by dislocation slip of the austenitic matrix, thus increasing the transformation yield stress, as compared to a simple load-transfer prediction, because the austenite phase is stabilized by dislocations. Second, in the moderate-strain plastic region where nonslip deformation mechanisms are dominant, mismatch dislocations stabilize the matrix for all samples, thus (1) reducing the extent of twinning in the martensitic samples or (2) reducing the formation of stressinduced martensite in the austenitic samples. This leads to a strengthening of the composites, similar to the strain-hardening effect observed in metal matrix composites deforming solely by slip. Third, in the high-strain region controlled by dislocation slip, weakening of the NiTi composites results, because the matrix contains (1) untwinned martensite or (2) retained austenite, which exhibit lower slip yield stress than twinned or stress-induced martensite, respectively. K.L. FUKAMI-USHIRO, formerly Graduate Student, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology D. MARI, formerly Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology     

Production of Ni3Ti-TiC x intermetallic-ceramic composites employing combustion synthesis reactions

Combustion synthesis (CS) of nickel, titanium, and carbon (graphite) reactant particles can result in NiTi-TiC (stoichiometric) or Ni₃Ti-TiC _x (nonstoichiometric) composites. Since NiTi exhibits both superelasticity and shape memory properties while Ni₃Ti does not, it is important to understand the SHS reaction conditions under which each of these composite systems may be synthesized. The stoichiometry of TiC _x , for which 0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.5, has an important controlling effect on the formation of either Ni₃Ti or NiTi; i.e., formation of TiC_0.7 results in a depletion of titanium and formation of Ni₃Ti. This deficiency should be considered when developing the SHS reaction. This article examines the SHS conditions under which Ni₃Ti-TiC _x composites are produced. Ignition, combustion, and microstructure characteristics of nickel, titanium, and carbon (graphite) particles were investigated as a function of initial relative density and thermophysical properties of the reactant mixture. Combination of the thermophysical properties and burning velocities controlled TiC _x particle size, yielding a dependence of particle size on cooling rate. Theoretical calculations were performed and are in good agreement with the experimental data presented.     

Combustion synthesis of HfB2-Al composites

Combustion synthesis (SHS) of HfB₂-Al composite materials with a wide range of HfB₂-to-Al ratios corresponding to either metal (Al) or ceramic (HfB₂) matrix was carried out with the emphasis on 60 and 70 vol pct Al. The effects of composition and green density of pellets on the combustion characteristics were studied. Combustion temperature, wave velocity, and reaction mode all changed drastically with composition and green density. The combustion mechanisms were also studied using temperature profile analysis. The combustion zone can be divided into preflame and main reaction zones, and the width of the latter was much larger than that of the former. It was also found that the combustion reaction was initiated at the melting of the aluminum and consisted of a two-step reaction sequence corresponding to the initial formation of Al₃Hf and, subsequently, HfB₂ compounds. The formation of Al₃Hf triggered the HfB₂ formation according to the following reaction mechanism:

Niti and NiTi-TiC composites: Part III. shape-memory recovery

The transformation behavior of near-equiatomic NiTi containing 0, 10, and 20 vol pct TiC particulates is investigated by dilatometry. Undeformed composites exhibit a macroscopic transformation strain larger than predicted when assuming that the elastic transformation mismatch between the matrix and the particulates is unrelaxed, indicating that the mismatch is partially accommodated by matrix twinning during transformation. The thermal recovery behavior of unreinforced NiTi which was deformed primarily by twinning in the martensite phase shows that plastic deformation by slip increases with increasing prestrain, leading to (1) a decrease of the shape-memory strain on heating, (2) an increase of the two-way shape-memory strain on cooling, (3) a widening of the temperature interval over which the strain recovery occurs on heating, and (4) an increase of the transformation temperature hysteresis. For NiTi composites, the recovery behavior indicates that most of the mis-match during mechanical deformation between the TiC particulates and the NiTi matrix is relaxed by matrix twinning. However, some relaxation takes place by matrix slip, resulting in the following trends with increasing TiC content at constant prestrain: (1) decrease of the shape-memory strain on heating, (2) enhancement of the two-way shape-memory strain on cooling, and (3) broadening of the transformation interval on heating. K.L. FUKAMI-USHIRO, formerly Graduate Student, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology     

NiTi and NiTi-TiC composites: Part 1. transformation and thermal cycling behavior

The transformation behavior of titanium-rich NiTi containing 0 vol pet, 10 vol pct, and 20 vol pct equiaxed TiC particles was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The thermoelastic phase transformation of the unreinforced matrix exhibits multiple steps. Upon multiple transformation cycles, the rhombohedral phase (R phase) appears and all transformation temperatures decrease. The TiC particles inhibit the R phase and also lower some of the transformation temperatures. These effects can be explained by the internal misfit stresses resulting from both thermal expansion and transformation mismatch between matrix and reinforcement. The measured transformation enthalpy of bulk and reinforced NiTi is discussed in light of a thermodynamical model, taking into account the elastic energy stored upon cycling. The model indicates that a significant fraction of the matrix is stabilized and thus does not contribute to the transformation enthalpy. Formerly Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.     

In situ combustion synthesis of dense ceramic and ceramic-metal interpenetrating phase composites

A model exothermic reaction is used to demonstrate the application of simultaneous combustion synthesis, conducted under a consolidating pressure, as a one-stepin situ synthesis technique for the production of dense ceramic and ceramic-metal interpenetrating phase composites (IPC). The addition of an excess amount of metal,e.g., Al, and/or a diluent,e.g., Al₂O₃, lowers the combustion temperature and aids in the refinement of the microstructure, facilitating an increase in compressive strength and elastic modulus. The effects of the important process parameters,e.g., reaction stoichiometry and diluents, green density, pressure, and temperature, on microstructure and properties of these high-performance composites are discussed.     

Combustion synthesis of Ni3Al and Ni3Al-matrix composites

The self-propagating mode of combustion synthesis (SHS) of Ni₃Al starting from compacts of stoichiometrically mixed Ni and Al powders readily forms fully reacted structures with about 3 to 5 pct porosity, if green density of the compacts is greater than about 75 pct of theoretical. SHS-produced Ni₃Al matrix composites with up to 2 wt pct A1₂O₃ whiskers also have relatively low porosity levels. Porosity increases rapidly with lower green densities, higher Al₂O₃, or SiC whisker contents, and the degree of reaction completeness diminishes. The SiC whiskers undergo reaction with the matrix, while Al₂O₃ whiskers are nonreactive. All of these observations correlate well with temperature measurements made during the course of the reaction. The SHS mode can be achieved with agglomerated particle size ratioD _Al/D _Ni ≥ 1, larger than the limit established from studies of the thermal explosion mode of combustion synthesisD _Al/D _Ni ≃ 0.3. This paper is based on a presentation made in the symposium “Reaction Synthesis of Materials” presented during the TMS Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, February 17–21, 1991, under the auspices of the TMS Powder Metallurgy Committee.     

Production of Ni3Ti?TiC x intermetallic-ceramic composites employing combustion synthesis reactions

Combustion synthesis (CS) of nickel, titanium, and carbon (graphite) reactant particles can result in NiTi−TiC (stoichiometric) or Ni₃Ti−TiC _x (nonstoichiometric) composites. Since NiTi exhibits both superelasticity and shape memory properties while Ni₃Ti does not, it is important to understand the SHS reaction conditions under which each of these composite systems may be synthesized. The stoichiometry of TiC _x , for which 0.3≤x≤0.5, has an important controlling effect on the formation of either Ni₃Ti or NiTi; i.e., formation of TiC_0.7 results in a depletion of titanium and formation of Ni₃Ti. This deficiency should be considered when developing the SHS reaction. This article examines the SHS conditions under which Ni₃Ti−TiC _x composites are produced. Ignition, combustion and microstructure characteristics of nickel, titanium, and carbon (graphite) particles were investigated as a function of initial relative density and thermophysical properties of the reactant mixture. Combination of the thermophysical properties and burning velocities controlled TiC _x particle size, yielding a dependence of particle size on cooling rate. Theoretical calculations were performed and are in good agreement with the experimental data presented. Guglielmo Gottoli, formerly Graduate Research Assistant, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Institute for Space Resources, Colorado School of Mines     

NiTi and NiTi-TiC composites: Part IV. Neutron diffraction study of twinning and shape-memory recovery

Neutron diffraction measurements of internal elastic strains and crystallographic orientation were performed during compressive deformation of martensitic NiTi containing 0 vol pct and 20 vol pct TiC particles. For bulk NiTi, some twinning takes place upon initial loading below the apparent yield stress, resulting in a low apparent Young's modulus; for reinforced NiTi, the elastic mismatch from the stiff particles enhances this effect. However, elastic load transfer between matrix and reinforcement takes place above and below the composite apparent yield stress, in good agreement with continuum mechanics predictions. Macroscopic plastic deformation occurs by matrix twinning, whereby (1 0 0) planes tend to align perpendicular to the stress axis. The elastic TiC particles do not alter the overall twinning behavior, indicating that the mismatch stresses associated with NiTi plastic deformation are fully relaxed by localized twinning at the interface between the matrix and the reinforcement. For both bulk and reinforced NiTi, partial reverse twinning takes place upon unloading, as indicated by a Bauschinger effect followed by rubberlike behavior, resulting in very low residual stresses in the unloaded condition. Shape-memory heat treatment leads to further recovery of the preferred orientation and very low residual stresses, as a result of self-accommodation during the phase transformations. It is concluded that, except for elastic load transfer, the thermal, transformation, and plastic mismatches resulting from the TiC particles are efficiently canceled by matrix twinning, in contrast to metal matrix composites deforming by slip.     

12%SiCp/Al复合材料制备工艺及力学性能研究

对碳化硅颗粒进行表面氧化酸洗处理，采用粉末冶金加热挤压工艺制备了12％SiCp／Al（体积分数）复合材料。利用金相显微镜和电镜对微观组织进行了观测，拉伸试验测试复合材料的力学性能。试验结果表明：SiC颗粒在铝基体中分布比较均匀；T6热处理条件下12％SiCp／Al复合材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别约为472．4MPa、525．7MPa，伸长率为6．5％，弹性模量为92．7GPa。     

7050Al/Gr复合材料的组织及力学性能

为获得一种力学性能和阻尼性能俱佳的材料,在7050Al合金基体中加入4％（体积分数）的石墨（Gr）作为增阻体,用包套挤压的方法制备7050Al/Gr复合材料,研究石墨的加入对7050A1合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明加入石墨后,时效过程中沉淀相析出长大速率加快,峰时效时间提前约4h,峰时效强度和硬度都有所降低。7050A1／Gr复合材料峰时效强度（吼）和硬度（HB）分别为521MPa和152,而7050Al合金峰时效强度和硬度分别为558MPa和158。     

碳对二硅化钼复合材料性能的影响

采用热压烧结工艺制得了2％C/MoSi_2(质量分数)复合材料,并测定了材料的显微组织和结构、室温和高温力学性能、耐磨性能以及电阻率。结果表明:C/MoSi_2复合材料由大量的MoSi_2,Mo_5Si_3和少量的β-SiC组成;其维氏硬度为1 060,抗弯强度为470 MPa,断裂韧性为5.12 MPa·m~(1/2);800℃的维氏硬度为750 Hv,1200℃的抗压强度为450MPa,1400℃的抗压强度为142MPa;在Al_2O_3和SiC磨盘上表现出优异的耐磨性能,材料的电阻率为34.9 μΩ·cm。与纯MoSi_2相比,C/MoSi_2复合材料在硬度、抗弯强度、断裂韧性、高温抗压强度、弹性模量和耐磨性能等方面都有较大的提高。     

Production of Ni3Ti?TiC x intermetallic-ceramic composites employing combustion synthesis reactions

Combustion synthesis (CS) of nickel, titanium, and carbon (graphite) reactant particles can result in NiTi−TiC (stoichiometric) or Ni₃Ti−TiC _x (nonstoichiometric) composites. Since NiTi exhibits both superelasticity and shape memory properties while Ni₃Ti does not, it is important to understand the SHS reaction conditions under which each of these composite systems may be synthesized. The stoichiometry of TiC _x , for which 0.3≤x≤0.5, has an important controlling effect on the formation of either Ni₃Ti or NiTi;i.e., formation of TiC_0.7 results in a depletion of titanium and formation of Ni₃Ti. This deficiency should be considered when developing the SHS reaction. This article examines the SHS conditions under which Ni₃Ti−TiC _x composites are produced. Ignition, combustion and microstructure characteristics of nickel, titanium, and carbon (graphite) particles were investigated as a function of initial relative density and thermophysical properties of the reactant mixture. Combination of the thermophysical properties and burning velocities controlled TiC _x particle size, yielding a dependence of particle size on cooling rate. Theoretical calculations were performed and are in good agreement with the experimental data presented. Guglielmo Gottoli, formerly Graduate Research Assistant, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Institute for Space Resources, Colorado School of Mines     

B_4C/Al-Al层状复合材料的微观组织与力学性能

以6061Al合金板为包覆材料,以B4C/Al材料作为中间层,采用粉末冶金法制备三明治结构的B4C/Al-Al层状复合板,进一步轧制成不同厚度的板材。对复合板的微观形貌与结构进行观察和分析,测试材料的抗拉强度和硬度,分析断裂机理。结果表明:B4C/Al-Al层状复合板的Al合金层和B4C/Al层之间界面结合良好,在B4C/Al层中B4C颗粒均匀分布在Al合金基体中;复合材料的硬度呈"馒头峰"分布,中间层的硬度大于包覆层的硬度;随板材轧制厚度减小,复合材料的抗拉强度提高,最大抗拉强度达205 MPa,与轧向呈0°,45°和90°这3个方向的抗拉强度相差不大,拉伸过程中的温升差约为2℃;B4C颗粒的加入对Al合金基体起到强化作用,断裂过程中的失效形式主要为颗粒/基体界面脱粘和铝合金的撕裂。     

碳纳米管增强环氧树脂基复合材料的制备及其力学性能

通过对多壁碳纳米管进行表面处理,用超声分散和模具浇注成型法制备了碳纳米管/环氧树脂纳米复合材料.研究了碳纳米管含量和表面处理对碳纳米管/环氧树脂复合材料力学性能和断面形貌的影响,分析了碳纳米管对环氧树脂的增强机理.结果表明,随着碳纳米管含量的增加,碳纳米管/环氧树脂复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度及模量先增加后减小;当碳纳米管的质量分数为0.5%时,复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别达到最大值69.8MPa、136.9MPa和3.72GPa,比纯环氧树脂提高了33.9%、29.3%和4.8%;当碳纳米管的质量分数为1.5%时,拉伸模量达到最大值2050.5 MPa,比纯环氧树脂提高了7.3%.     

Processing and mechanical properties of AI2O3 fiber-reinforced NiAl composites

The mechanical properties of NiAl-matrix composites reinforced with 125-μm diameter single-crystal A1₂O₃ (sapphire) fibers have been examined over the temperature range of 300 to 1200 K. Composites were fabricated with either a strong or weak fiber-matrix interfacial bond strength. During fabrication, a fiber-matrix interaction occurred such that fibers extracted from the NiAl matrix were fragmented and significantly weaker than the as-received fibers. Tensile results of the weakly bonded composite demonstrated that the composite stiffness was greater than the monolithic at both 300 and 1200 K in spite of the weak bond. Room-temperature strengths of the composite were greater than that of the monolithic but below rule-of-mixture predictions (even when the degraded fiber strengths were accounted for). At 1200 K, the ultimate strength of the composite was inferior to that of the monolithic primarily because of the poor fiber properties. No tensile data was obtained on the strongly bonded material because of the occurrence of matrix cracking during fabrication. Primarily because of the fiber strength loss, sapphire-NiAl composite mechanical properties are inferior to conventional high-temperature materials such as superalloys and are currently unsuitable for structural applications.     

热等静压原位合成SiC–TiC复相陶瓷的微观组织与性能研究

采用纳米级β-SiC粉末、Si粉末、C粉末以及微米级TiH_2粉末为原料,利用热等静压原位合成工艺制备了SiC–TiC复相陶瓷,研究了不同原位合成反应和烧结工艺对复相陶瓷微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:以SiC、TiH_2、C粉末为原料的原位合成反应,无明显副反应发生,更有益于制备成分符合预期、致密度良好且性能优秀的SiC–TiC复相陶瓷。在1600℃,120 MPa,4 h等静压烧结工艺下原位合成得到的体积分数为SiC–32%TiC复相陶瓷具有最好的致密度、硬度、三点弯曲强度以及良好的断裂韧性,分别达到98.7%、21.2 GPa、428 MPa和5.5 MPa·m1/2。提高热等静压压力有助于提高材料的烧结扩散活性,从而提高材料的致密度,有益于力学性能的提升。     

Composition and strain dependence of the mechanical properties of Mo-Cu and Mo-Cu-Ni composites

Conclusions Mo-Cu and Mo-Cu-Ni composites produced from powders by sintering and subsequent infiltration belong to the class of particle-strengthened workable materials. Plastic working of Mo-Cu and Mo-Cu-Ni composites by rolling or extrusion has a marked beneficial effect on their strength and ductility. The mechanism of strengthening is the same as that operative in reinforced materials. The materials exhibit no marked anisotropy of mechanical properties. It should be possible to formulate Mo-Cu and Mo-Cu-Ni composites having similar values of CLTE and at the same time differing substantially in their mechanical properties.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 12(204), pp. 76–81, December, 1979.