基于分治策略的XML文档更新计算

XML文档更新是XML数据管理的重要功能,对XML文档进行插入更新操作时面临编码调整问题,目前大部分编码方案并不能很好支持文档更新。在分析现有编码方案基础上,提出了OMPN(order, maxOrder, parentOrder, nextOrder)编码方案,采用分治策略和迟后更新方法,在插入节点过程中不需要调整编码,在计算资源空闲时,只需调整部分编码就可以完成对XML文档的更新。实验结果表明,基于分治策略和迟后更新方法提高了更新XML文档的性能。     

一种新的XML文档更新计算

当对XML文档进行插入操作时面临调整编码问题,目前提出的很多编码方案不能同时很好地支持XPath查询和XML文档更新。在分析现有编码方案的基础上,提出了基于完全树的编码方案,该编码方案采用序号冗余和虚拟节点两种冗余方式,不仅支持XPath的查询,而且能有效降低因插入节点需要对XML文档进行二次编码率。实验结果表明,完全树以及相应编码有效提高了XML文档插入节点的效率。     

基于扩展Dewey编码的XML文档更新计算

针对在进行XML文档插入、删除等更新时因需要频繁调整相应的子树编码而导致更新低效问题.分析了低效的原因,提出了一种扩展的Dewey编码方案.该编码方案对Dewey编码的连续性进行扩展,使兄弟节点之间的编码不再连续,为插入新节点准备冗余空间.在此基础上,设计了支持该扩展编码方案的XML文档节点插入算法和分裂算法.实验结果表明,提出的扩展Dewey编码方案有效地实现了XML文档的更新计算.     

支持XML插入更新的编码方法

对有序XML文档进行编码,可以不用访问XML数据文件就能够实现对XML数据的处理。目前提出的编码方案在支持查询XML数据方面取得了较好的效果,针对已有编码方案在插入更新过程中存在查询性能或者更新性能偏低等问题,提出了一种新的支持插入更新的编码方案——EDL,EDL对前缀编码进行了扩展,利用数值表达节点的初始顺序关系,利用二进制字符串(BS)来支持更新计算。EDL在未降低查询性能的前提下,完全避免了插入更新后对其他节点进行重新编码,高效实现了XML文档的插入更新计算。实验结果表明EDL优于同类型的支持更新的编码方案。     

一种支持XML文档更新的编码方案

目前现有的前缀编码、区间编码等编码方案均不能很好地支持XML文档的更新计算。为此,提出一种新的前缀编码方案TDE。将实数映射为二维元组,利用任意2个实数间存在无限个实数的特点,对XML文档进行插入节点操作而无需对其他节点进行二次编码,并采用压缩存储减小编码的存储空间。实验结果表明,该方案能有效支持XML文档的更新计算。     

基于节点位置信息的降低更新代价前缀编码方案研究

分析了现有的几种XML文档前缀编码[1-4]方法,研究了在XML文档树不同位置插入节点时的更新代价,提出了一种基于位置信息的前缀编码方案,对更新代价较大的节点预留较大的空间.设计了更新算法,在产生新插入节点的编码的同时,为今后插入节点也预留空间,且采用"借"空间算法,减小插入操作造成重新编码的数量.充分的试验结果证明,采用提出的编码方法,具有相对较小的平均编码长度和编码时间,查询速度很快,更重要的是能够有效降低更新操作引起的编码长度增加、重新编码节点数以及更新时间.     

VEMBP:支持更新的XML树编码方法

对有序XML文档树进行编码,不需要访问XML原始文件就能够实现对XML数据的管理,提高了XML管理系统的效率。针对查询提出的编码方案具有很高的查询性能,但更新效率很低。为提高更新性能而设计的方案存在查询效率低或者编码空间大等问题。为了在提高更新XML文档效率的同时不对查询性能和编码空间产生负面影响,提出了一种新的编码方法VEMBP(Vector Encoding Method Based of Prime),该方法利用向量表示有序XML节点之间的顺序关系,采用素数表示有序XML文档节点之间的结构信息;并设计了一种算法来实现在没有牺牲查询性能的前提下完全避免更新过程中的二次编码和重新计算,降低了更新代价,同时编码空间也得到了控制。实验结果显示,VEMBP具有较好的查询和更新性能。     

BSC：一种高效的动态XML树编码方案

确定一篇XML文档中任意两个节点之间是否存在某种结构关系,是XML查询处理过程的一个重要组成部分.XML树编码方案为每个节点分配唯一编号,仅通过比较节点编号而不必访问原XML文档,就可以快速有效地确定节点间的结构关系.随着XML应用不断普及,能否高效地支持更新操作,已成为XML树编码方案研究的一个重要课题.本文基于二进制小数的特性,提出了一种新的XML树编码方案-BSC,它可以完全高效地支持XML更新操作而不需要重新编码.实验结果证明,与已有的动态编码方案相比,BSC编码无论在静态编码方面还是在动态更新方面都具有很好的性能.     

一种支持更新的有序XML文档编码方法

摘  要：在XML查询中,为了快速判断节点之间祖先后裔关系和双亲孩子关系,提出了一些编码方案,然而,当对顺序敏感的有序XML文档进行插入更新操作的时候,现有的编码方案必须重新对存在的节点进行编码或者重新计算节点编码的值,导致了很高的更新代价。在路径编码方法的基础上,提出了一种新的编码方案BSEPS（Binary String Encoding based on Path Scheme）,该方案支持在不重新编码或者重新计算的情况下完成顺序敏感的插入更新操作。实验结果表明,BSEPS编码能有效处理顺序敏感查询和叶节点/子树更新。     

一种支持动态 XML 文档的存储模式设计与应用

针对XRel模式无法有效支持动态XML文档存储的问题,在区间编码的基础上,引入向量方法提出一种支持XML文档动态更新的编码方案——NewDietz,设计可以存储NewDietz编码元素的关系模式,并给出新元素在关系模式下的更新方法。新模式既保证新元素的有效存储,又兼顾动态XML文档从该模式中重组需要对元素进行祖先-后裔判断的问题。为验证新模式的实际应用效果,开发一个水利空间数据存储与展示模块,并对空间数据分别采用2种存储模式进行验证。对比结果表明,新模式明显提升XML文档在关系数据库中的存储效率,并有效支持XML文档的动态更新,为基于XML的水利业务数据在关系数据库中的高效存储提供一种可能。     

SLS: A numbering scheme for large XML documents

In view of the efficiency requirements for query and update processing in XML databases, implementation of the robust node labeling (numbering) scheme becomes an increasingly important research issue. In order to process XML queries efficiently, it is necessary to detect the ancestor-descendant relationship between the nodes and restore the sequence order of nodes in the document. To solve this problem, the technique of labeling the document nodes is used. As a result, the so-called numbering scheme is created. The nodes of the documents are labeled with certain unique identifiers. Comparing these identifiers, one can restore the sequence order of the nodes and to establish the hierarchical relationships. In this paper, we give a survey of the most efficient numbering schemes and introduce a numbering scheme proposed by the authors and employed in the Sedna DBMS [1].     

Request redirection algorithms for distributed Web systems

Replication of information among multiple servers is necessary to support high request rates to popular Web sites. We consider systems that maintain one interface to users, even it they consist of multiple nodes with visible IP addresses that are distributed among different networks. In these systems, first-level dispatching is achieved through the Domain Name System (DNS) during the address lookup phase. Distributed Web systems can use a request redirection mechanism as second-level dispatching because the DNS routing scheme has limited control on offered load. Redirection is always executed by the servers, but there are many alternatives that are worth investigating. We explore the combination of DNS dispatching with redirection schemes that use centralized or distributed control on the basis of global or local state information. In fully distributed schemes, DNS dispatching is carried out by simple algorithms because load sharing is taken by some redirection mechanisms that each server activates autonomously. On the other hand, in fully centralized schemes, redirection is used as a tool to enforce decisions taken by the same centralized entity that provides the first-level dispatching. We also investigate hybrid strategies. We conclude that distributed algorithms are preferable over their centralized counterpart because they provide stable performance, take content-aware dispatching decisions, limit the percentage of redirected requests, and their implementation is much simpler than that required by centralized schemes.     

基于互关联后继树的XML索引技术

提出了一种新的根树节点编码方法——基于叶序区间的节点编码(LOINS)．编码方法只需对根树后序遍历一次即可完成,能实现常数时间内对任意两个树节点间前后代关系的判断．同时,结合互关联后继树模型(IRST)的标引性、可压缩性等特点,提出基于IRST的根树索引模型Ist3aRTI-Ⅰ,及对该模型空间优化的索引模型IstBaRTI-Ⅱ．IsBaRTI-Ⅰ,Ⅱ采用树节点名称(标签)及其在根树(XML文档树)中的出现计数索引节点间的父子关系和节点叶序区间编码,实现索引结构和节点编码的相互统一,IsBaRTI-Ⅰ,Ⅱ索引建立时间、空间代价小,可快速查询满足XPath表达式在XML文档树中的节点序列和路径．     

分级安全二维码下区块链溯源方案设计

食品安全溯源体系对食品安全保障以及食品行业自我约束具有重要的意义。现有各类结合区块链的溯源方案,存在各通信节点间的数据存储和验证安全强度不够的问题。部分方案虽然在节点间使用RFID实现访问控制,可防止信息被篡改,但成本过高且缺少节点间的身份验证。另一些方案在节点间使用二维码技术记录溯源信息。该类措施虽然可降低成本,但普通二维码具有信息公开性,不能存储机密数据。针对食品安全溯源,提出了基于区块链技术和二级二维码的新型溯源方案。设计了一个安全的二级二维码,用于解决节点间的数据通信安全问题,进而提出了一种分级安全的二维码下基于区块链的溯源方案。在该方案中,管理者通过溯源成员上传的身份签名来验证其合法性。只有合法成员可上传二维码信息,其他系统参与者可提取合法成员上传的群签名来确认二维码中存储信息的完整性。相较于使用RFID和普通二维码的溯源方案,在节点间实现了信息防篡改和身份认证的功能,以解决节点交易过程中的信息安全问题。     

一种新的用于网络病毒监测定位的域名系统

针对网络环境下对被病毒感染网络节点准确定位的需要,构造了用于网络病毒监测定位的域名系统。病毒侵害主要影响文件系统,病毒驻存的主要载体为本地硬盘,因而将硬盘作为病毒监测网络的识别节点,并以主机的硬盘序列号作为网络终端节点的标识,应用DNS服务器的成熟技术和分布结构,实现节点硬盘序列号与IP地址的双向映射,并进行动态数据维护,达到了对网络节点的准确辨识和定位。为网络上病毒感染节点的定位和查找,以及对病毒散布源头的追寻创造了条件。     

Genetic-based real-time fast-flux service networks detection

A new DNS technique called Fast-Flux Service Network (FFSN) has been employed by bot herders to hide malicious activities and extend the lifetime of malicious root servers. Although various methods have been proposed for detecting FFSNs, these mechanisms have low detection accuracy and protracted detection time. This study presents a novel detection scheme, designated as the Genetic-based ReAl-time DEtection (GRADE) system, to identify FFSNs in real time. GRADE differentiates between FFSNs and benign services by employing two new characteristics: the entropy of domains of preceding nodes for all A records and the standard deviation of round trip time to all A records. By applying genetic algorithms, GRADE is able to find the best strategy to detect current FFSN trends. Empirical results show GRADE has very high detection accuracy (～98%) and gives results within a few seconds. It provides considerable improvement over existing reference schemes such Flux-Score [8], SSFD [13], and FFSD [14].     

An encoding scheme based on fractional number for querying and updating XML data

In order to facilitate the XML query processing, several labeling schemes have been proposed to directly determine the structural relationships between two arbitrary XML nodes without accessing the original XML documents. However, the existing XML labeling schemes have to re-label the pre-existing nodes or re-calculate the label values when a new node is inserted into the XML document during an update process. In this paper, we devise a novel encoding scheme based on the fractional number to encode the labels of the XML nodes. Moreover, we propose a mapping method to convert our proposed fractional number based encoding scheme to bit string based encoding scheme with the intention to minimize the label size and save the storage space. By applying our proposed bit string encoding scheme to the range-based labeling scheme and the prefix labeling scheme, the process of re-labeling the pre-existing nodes can be avoided when nodes are inserted as leaf nodes and sibling nodes without affecting the order of XML nodes. In addition, we propose an algorithm to control the increment of label size when new nodes are inserted frequently at a fix place of an XML tree. Experimental results show that our proposed bit string encoding scheme provides efficient support to the process of XML updating without sacrificing the query performance when it is applied to the range-based labeling schemes.     

A numerical strategy to combine high-order schemes, complex geometry and parallel computing for high resolution DNS of fractal generated turbulence

Impressive advances in parallel platform architectures over the past decade have made Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) a powerful tool which can provide full access to the spatial structure of turbulent flows with complex geometries. An innovative approach which combines high-order schemes and a dual domain decomposition method is presented in this paper and is applied to DNS of multiscale-generated turbulent flows by a fractal grid. These DNS illustrate the applicability of our approach to the simulation of complex turbulent flows and provide results which are compared with recent laboratory experiments thus providing new insights for the interpretation of the experimental measurements.     

基于流量切片的DNS隐蔽通道检测

针对DNS隐蔽信道(DCC)流量变形策略对现有检测方法的绕过性问题,提出了一种基于流量切片的DCC检测方法。该方法首先将实验环境出口流量基于滑动窗口分批,再基于主机端聚合形成流量切片,每个切片包含一个较短时间跨度中归属同一主机的DNS报文与Web报文,再对切片内DNS报文的数据量、请求行为、响应行为以及与Web报文的关联行为实施面向DCC检测的特征工程,并在此基础上建立DCC检测模型。对比实验表明,所构建的DCC检测模型在常规DCC流量切片集上检测准确性达到99.83%,误报率仅0.08%,在6类不同流量变形策略的变形DCC流量切片集上有平均95%以上的检出能力,远优于其他检测方案,证明了所提出的方法应对DCC流量变形的有效性。同时,该方法能在主机单个流量切片上对DCC通信作出有效检测,是一种具有良好实时性的检测方法。