严寒寒冷地区既有居住建筑节能改造经济性评价

为了对严寒寒冷地区既有居住建筑节能改造经济性问题进行探讨,首先对节能改造成本构成和收益来源进行分析,通过建筑能耗基本公式推导节能改造经济效益测算模型。再运用能耗分析软件Autodesk Green Building Studio对烟台建筑节能改造实例进行建模,测算改造前后能耗变化,最后对改造方案进行经济性评价。计算结果表明:严寒寒冷地区对建筑围护结构和供暖系统进行节能改造能够获得较好的经济收益。     

居住建筑节能改造的成本效益分析

针对华北地区城镇居住建筑的围护结构节能改造问题进行成本效益分析。首先运用全生命周期成本理论分析建筑节能改造项目的增量成本与增量效益构成,然后以清华大学西北小区节能改造为例,计算分析其成本构成及各项经济指标(资本动态回收期、效益费用比等),并进行敏感性分析。结果表明:建筑围护结构改造项目可以在生命周期内回收成本并产生收益;各单项改造措施中外墙改造占成本比例多,效益费用比较低;控制外墙成本及投入比例,可有效提升整体经济性。     

新疆地区既有居住建筑节能改造的技术研究

寒冷地区既有居住建筑能耗在建筑总能耗中所占比例最大,浪费特别严重,也是节能潜力最大的部分。结合新疆目前既有居住建筑节能改造的现状,从建筑外围护结构、供热管网和热源系统等方面研究了主要的节能改造技术,针对既有居住建筑的改造工程,探讨合理的改造方案,为即将到来的大规模既有居住建筑节能改造提供参考。     

上海市既有居住建筑节能改造技术研究

既有居住建筑的空调负荷主要来源于建筑的围护结构传热负荷,因此既有居住建筑的改造重点是围护结构.针对上海地区既有居住建筑的特点,对既有居住建筑节能改造时运用的多种改造技术进行分析,重点对浦东金杨二街坊和浦兴街道荷五小区的门窗改造进行分析,旨在通过节能改造技术的研究,为上海地区既有居住建筑节能改造提供技术支持.     

寒冷地区既有居住建筑墙体节能改造技术研究

既有采暖居住建筑节能改造是降低建筑能耗的一个重要途径,节能改造的技术主要从建筑节能和采暖系统节能改造两方面入手。建筑节能改造主要考虑建筑围护结构的节能改造和可再生能源的利用。改造技术措施采取的合理与否对围护结构的节能改造综合效益起着关键性的作用。对围护结构墙体在节能改造时,需要考虑的改造技术措施给予分析,提出既有建筑围护结构墙体节能改造采取的一些技术措施。     

豫西北既有居住建筑外围护结构节能改造研究

通过对豫西北既有居住建筑外围护结构节能改造技术进行研究,并以济源市济水苑节能改造工程为例,将豫西北既有居住建筑外围护结构节能改造技术运用到实际工程中,并对其经济效益进行分析,为本地区既有居住建筑外围护结构节能改造提供参考。     

德国、波兰既有居住建筑节能改造与经验借鉴研究

为给我国北方采暖区既有居住建筑节能改造提供经验借鉴,对德国、波兰既有居住建筑围护结构改造、供热计量控制系统改造与热计量收费政策改革进行介绍与对比分析,得出:我国既有居住建筑节能改造需要各级政府的强力支持,需要有一个明确的组织实施主体,既有居住建筑围护结构改造、供热计量控制系统改造和供热计量收费改革必须三位一体,形成组合式的因时而异的既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励政策。     

夏热冬冷地区既有居住建筑节能改造综合效益分析

在全球能源消耗量巨大,资源紧缺的背景下,国内外针对既有建筑节能改造进行了大量研究,但对既有居住建筑节能改造及效益评价主要集中在建筑围护结构上,对既有居住建筑进行全面节能改造及综合效益评价较少。本文首先对夏热冬冷地区既有居住建筑的围护结构、照明系统、给排水系统改造和可再生能源利用提出了重点节能改造措施;然后以无锡市某住宅楼改造工程为例,对各部分的改造效果进行度量与测定;进而根据最终节能效果对该项目的经济、环境和社会三大效益进行综合分析。发现对该地区既有居住建筑进行节能改造具有良好的综合效益,宜优先进行围护结构、照明系统的改造及太阳能的利用。     

严寒地区某高校既有居住建筑节能改造评价研究

以严寒地区某高校既有居住建筑节能改造为例,采用定量和实证分析法进行研究,通过对严寒地区既有居住建筑围护结构节能现状的分析,阐述了建筑节能改造的技术措施,并从室内温度、热工缺陷、传热系数、能源消耗、经济分析及环境效益等方面,分析了既有居住建筑围护结构节能改造所产生的效益,得出该校节能改造结果符合预期效果,并针对薄弱环节提出了改进措施。     

既有住宅节能改造经济效益分析

以苏南地区20世纪80年代所建典型住宅建筑为例,采用全寿命周期成本理论,构造了建筑围护结构的节能改造技术方案,对各节能改造方案进行了经济性分析,提出了保障既有居住建筑节能改造工作有序推进的机制和政策。     

M型环保节能低温热水地面辐射模块的设计与实现

通过实验研究和有限元软件仿真模拟等方法,将M型低温热水地面辐射采暖模块采暖方式与传统低温热水地面辐射采暖方式进行对比分析。结果表明,M型低温热水地面辐射采暖模块以其特殊结构及骨料,在保证了抗压强度符合要求的条件下,传热效率更高,生产、施工成本更低,经济效益更好。     

热泵＋太阳能热水系统的工程设计与经济分析

以空气源热泵为辅助热源的太阳能集中热水系统,不仅节能效率高,而且能保证全天候连续热水供应,是近年来太阳能利用的发展方向之一。淮海工学院学生浴室采用了空气源热泵辅助太阳能热水系统,设计用水人数17000人,日需热水量184t。介绍了该热水系统的3-作原理及设计计算,并对5种热水工程方案从初期投资和运行费用方面进行了详细的经济性分析,结果表明：以空气源热泵为辅助热源的热水方案较其他方案具有更好的经济、环保效益。     

Effective efficiency in water resources management using efficiency elasticity index

Effective efficiency (EE) is a water use performance indicator of a system, integrating net evapotranspiration, volumes of water in and out of the system (including reused water) and their qualities. In order to analyse the nature of management and its options in promoting efficiencies, an efficiency elasticity index (EEI) is developed using EE. The maximum value of EEI for a given net evapotranspiration sets a threshold value for EE under which the management of the system should be improved. This makes it possible to evaluate how good the management of a system is and allows the decision makers to analyse efficiency targets using a graphical approach (assuming that interventions have the same costs). Hypothetical examples and real irrigation cases from United States and Egypt show the practical utility of EE and the methodology developed through the use of EEI. It is also shown that classical efficiency should be used with caution.     

Elaboration of energy saving renovation measures for urban existing residential buildings in north China based on simulation and site investigations

It is necessary to determine whether to implement a retrofit measure or not based on its energy saving and economic benefits, when conducting a retrofit project. The common way to do that is to set up a building simulation model and calculate its energy saving and economic benefits. Because of the great discrepancy between the actuality and the building simulation model, it is very important to use the factual energy use to calibrate the model, so as to accurately predict the benefits of retrofit measures. Although the energy efficiency retrofit of residential buildings in north China is implemented in a large scale, it seldom knows whether the commonly used retrofit packages are optimized. Therefore, a typical residential building is selected in Beijing, and the energy saving and economic benefits of different retrofit measures are analyzed using a simulation model calibrated with its actual space heating energy use, and the optimized retrofit packages are put forward. Results shows the retrofit of space heating system is a very attractive measure due to its relatively low investment but good energy saving benefit, and roof retrofit is also cost effective, while window retrofit and wall retrofit are not economic to conduct separately. Four optimized retrofit packages are figured out to realize the 50% and 65% reductions of space heating intensity required in the energy efficiency standards, which have less investment costs compared with currently widely used packages, and the retrofit packages for the 65% reduction is more cost-effective than the packages for the 50% reduction.     

供暖节能技术在蒸汽换热供热系统中的应用

结合具体工程实例,研究了供暖节能技术在蒸汽换热供热系统中的应用,对节能改造方案进行了详细介绍,通过对该工程节能效益的计算表明,该供暖节能技术经济效益非常明显。     

Effectiveness and cost of reducing particle‐related mortality with particle filtration

This study evaluates the mortality‐related benefits and costs of improvements in particle filtration in U.S. homes and commercial buildings based on models with empirical inputs. The models account for time spent in various environments as well as activity levels and associated breathing rates. The scenarios evaluated include improvements in filter efficiencies in both forced‐air heating and cooling systems of homes and heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems of workplaces as well as use of portable air cleaners in homes. The predicted reductions in mortality range from approximately 0.25 to 2.4 per 10 000 population. The largest reductions in mortality were from interventions with continuously operating portable air cleaners in homes because, given our scenarios, these portable air cleaners with HEPA filters most reduced particle exposures. For some interventions, predicted annual mortality‐related economic benefits exceed $1000 per person. Economic benefits always exceed costs with benefit‐to‐cost ratios ranging from approximately 3.9 to 133. Restricting interventions to homes of the elderly further increases the mortality reductions per unit population and the benefit‐to‐cost ratios.     

Households' switching behavior between electricity suppliers in Sweden

The overall purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors affecting households' decisions to: (a) switch to a new electricity supplier; and (b) actively renegotiate the electricity contract with the prevailing supplier. The study is based on 536 survey responses from Swedish households and they are analyzed econometrically using probit regression techniques. The analysis is based on a theoretical framework, which embraces both economic and psychological motives behind household decision-making. The results show that households that anticipate significant economic benefits from choosing a more active behavior are also more likely to purse this, while those with smaller potential gains (e.g., households without electric heating) are less likely to change supplier and/or renegotiate their contracts. The impact of overall electricity costs and knowledge about these is particularly important for the latter decision, while respondents that perceive relatively high search and information costs are less likely to switch to an alternative electricity supplier. Moreover, constraints on time, attention, and the ability to process information, may lead to optimizing analyses being replaced by imprecise routines and rules of thumb, and the benefits of the status quo appear to represent one of those simplifying rules. This also opens up for other influences on households' activity such as social interaction and media discourses that raise the attention level. Our results show that these influences are more likely to affect households' choice to switch to new service providers, i.e., the one area of the two investigated here that put the most demand on people's ability to search for and process information.     

供热管网经济性分析软件的研究

采用动态年计算费用法和敏感性分析法建立了热网经济性分析的数学模型,开发了能用于不同地区的造价估算、运行费用计算、经济分析和方案比较的热网经济性分析软件.     

Evaluation of a turbine driven CCHP system for large office buildings under different operating strategies

Combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems use waste heat from on-site electricity generation to meet the thermal demand of the facility. This paper models a CCHP system for a large office building and examines its primary energy consumption (PEC), operational costs, and carbon dioxide emissions (CDE) with respect to a reference building using conventional technologies. The prime mover used in this investigation is a load share turbine, and the CCHP system is evaluated under three different operation strategies: following the electric demand of the facility, following the thermal demand of the facility, and following a seasonal strategy. For the various strategies, the percentages of total carbon dioxide emissions by source are presented. This paper explores the use of carbon credits to show how the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions that is possible from the CCHP system could translate into economic benefits. In addition, the capital costs available for the CCHP system are determined using the simple payback period. Results indicate that for the evaluated office building located in Chicago the CCHP operation reduces the operational cost, PEC, and CDE from the reference building by an average of 2.6%, 12.1%, and 40.6%, respectively, for all the different operational strategies.     

巴州电信综合楼空调冷热源选择

结合当地能源情况，比较了三种可供选择的冷热源方案。综合考虑一次性投资、常年运转费用和环境效益等因素，提出在巴州这类气源充足的寒冷地区公共建筑空调冷热源应优选溴化锂直燃型冷热水机组。