热老化对XLPE电缆绝缘空间电荷分布特性的影响研究

对110 k V XLPE电缆绝缘进行100℃和160℃加速热老化实验,通过电声脉冲法(PEA)测量了不同热老化试样的空间电荷分布特性。结果表明:当XLPE试样中有抗氧化剂存在时,氧化反应被抑制,试样中没有出现明显的空间电荷积聚。当抗氧化剂被消耗完毕后,100℃热老化试样内部靠近电极附近出现了明显的异极性电荷积聚,160℃热老化试样内部靠近电极附近出现了大量的同极性电荷积聚,试样中间出现了明显的异极性电荷积聚。热老化试样中的异极性电荷主要来自于热老化产物在电场下电离产生的离子对,而160℃热老化试样内出现的同极性电荷来源于电极的注入。在相同的条件下,未老化试样和100℃热老化试样中并不能观察到明显的同极性电荷的存在,因此,160℃热老化可能会降低XLPE的空间电荷注入阈值场强。     

长波紫外照射下高温硫化硅橡胶的微观物性及憎水性研究

在高温硫化(HTV)硅橡胶复合绝缘子广泛应用于高海拔地区特高压输电的形势下,研究HTV硅橡胶老化性能日显迫切。本文采用自行设计的可调式紫外老化试验箱对HTV硅橡胶进行了紫外照射加速老化实验,照射光波长为320~750nm,通过测试样品表面静态接触角评价其憎水性及变化,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等研究试样微观物性变化,进一步探讨了憎水性变化机理。研究结果表明:长波紫外照射后,HTV硅橡胶表面静态接触角下降,憎水性降低,这是由于长波紫外线切断硅氧主链两侧对称排列的Si-C键,促使侧链的非极性甲基基团发生氧化,导致其对硅氧键强极性的屏蔽作用减弱,大分子链极性增加,亲水性基团(-COOH)增加。另外,部分Si-C键断裂,生成的新自由基进一步交联和氧化,导致表面孔洞生成、填充物外露、平整度下降,这也是憎水性降低的一个重要原因。     

核电站电缆用聚醚醚酮材料热老化特性研究

采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、热重分析仪(TGA)和热空气老化方法研究了核电站电缆用聚醚醚酮(PEEK)材料的热老化特性,并采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析了热老化机理。结果表明,PEEK属于抗氧化材料,不宜采用氧化诱导温度(OITP)或氧化诱导时间(OIT)的方法测量其活化能;TGA测得PEEK在10%失重时的活化能为174.8 kJ/mol;热空气老化试验表明,在310℃下PEEK断裂伸长率变为初始值50%时的参考老化时间为189 h,热老化机理主要是芳醚键和芳酮键的断裂。     

B35AV1900硅钢绝缘涂层的热老化行为研究

对一种电动汽车电机硅钢片表面的绝缘涂层进行了不同温度的热老化实验。测量绝缘涂层层间电阻并进行划痕实验,结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)等技术对老化的涂层进行表征分析,并与同型号废旧电机硅钢片绝缘涂层的实验结果进行对比,探讨了绝缘涂层的热老化行为,分析了硅钢片表面绝缘涂层的热老化机理。结果表明:当老化时间为10 h时,评估该类涂层热老化性能的合理温度区间为350~400℃。热老化过程中,涂层的偏磷酸盐以及磷酸二氢盐中的P-O键发生断裂,羟基与Al~(3+)的交联体系以及成膜树脂中的C=O键被破坏;涂层与基体的结合力和涂层的层间电阻值随着热老化温度的升高而下降;涂层完全老化后,其结合力对应的临界载荷(L_(c1))平均值为18 N,涂层层间电阻值低于2Ω·cm~2/片。     

ns脉冲下有机玻璃电树枝的引发特性

脉冲功率装置中绝缘材料的老化问题影响装置的安全性、可靠性及效率,电树枝老化是最主要的老化方式之一。为此总结分析了目前高聚物绝缘材料中电树枝老化现象、电树枝引发影响因素的研究成果,进行了不同重复频率(75~300 Hz)、不同电压等级ns脉冲(半高宽70 ns)下有机玻璃电树枝老化特性的实验,重点研究了在不同条件下有机玻璃中电树枝引发阶段的特性,最后总结讨论了电树枝的引发条件和影响因素。实验表明不同频率ns脉冲下有机玻璃中电树枝引发的起始电压高于交流,低于直流,频率升高,电树枝起始电压有下降趋势;不同时刻有机玻璃的电树枝引发率,基本上随着电压等级的上升而下降;电子轰击、空间电荷分布和电机械应力对绝缘材料的电树枝引发具有关键作用,而在高频的脉冲强场下电机械应力起主要作用。     

重频纳秒脉冲下有机玻璃电树枝老化特性的实验研究

介绍了高聚物绝缘材料中电树枝老化的现象、影响因素及研究现状。进行了重频(~300Hz)纳秒脉冲(半高宽70ns)下有机玻璃电树枝老化特性的试验研究。实验施加负电压。主要研究了在不同频率下、不同电场强度条件下有机玻璃中电树枝生长速度和生长形态。实验发现重频脉冲下在有机玻璃上施加电压越高,电树枝增长速度越快;电树枝的初始生长速度随着频率升高而变快;电树发展普遍存在滞胀期;频率高后,丛林状电树产生的概率增加;实验中还发现有的试样高频下针尖附近出现裂纹,然后生长出树枝。     

电缆绝缘老化的高压频域介电谱诊断评估方法EI北大核心CSCD

通过检测不同阶段的整体/局部热老化XLPE电缆高压介电谱,探究不同老化程度和不同局部老化段与完好电缆占比对高压介电谱的影响。结合XLPE材料老化过程中的理化特性和机械特性变化,分析宏观高压介电与微观物理化学性质的关系,并探讨基于高压频域介电谱的XLPE电缆老化评估方法。结果表明:具有一定程度老化的电缆,无论是整体老化还是局部老化,其高压介电谱都会呈现分层的特征,这是由于热老化过程中材料分子断键产生的极性基团和晶区破坏导致材料极化强度增大导致的。此外,具有一定老化程度的整体热老化、局部热老化缺陷电缆试样的分层度L均大于1,L矩阵可作为电缆老化现象的评估参数;较高检测电压等级(1.0U0)介电谱曲线的非线性度η对老化程度的变化敏感,可以作为电缆老化程度的评估特征;可以结合η的数值及曲线积分数值区间判定电缆是否为局部老化。     

基于太赫兹时域光谱的XLPE老化评估研究

合理预测交联聚乙烯（XLPE）电缆的老化状态，及时更换老化严重的电缆，对于电网的稳定运行至关重要。本研究对XLPE绝缘电缆试样进行145℃的加速热老化实验，分析了相关微观理化特性，并建立了太赫兹频段介电参数与微观结构之间的关联。结果表明：随着老化时间的增加，XLPE的结晶度降低、热稳定性下降，羰基指数增大，表明XLPE老化程度逐渐加剧；在太赫兹频段范围内，介电常数实部受结晶度、极性基团含量等多种结构因素的共同影响，导致其与老化时间之间的关系不明确，但介电常数虚部的变化主要由源于极性基团的偶极子高弹态极化引起，表现出随老化时间增加而逐渐增大的趋势。经拟合发现介电常数虚部与羰基指数呈正相关关系，因此太赫兹频段介电常数虚部能够较好地反映XLPE试样的老化程度。     

油纸绝缘热老化行为及纤维折射率演变规律

对绝缘纸热老化行为及其纤维素纤维折射率在热老化过程的演变规律进行了探究.分别在120℃和130℃下对油纸试样进行加速热老化试验,测得了不同老化时期的聚合度、糠醛含量、碳氧气体含量等特征量,探究其变化规律.根据试验中绝缘纸结晶度的变化趋势,对其折射率变化情况做出合理推论,并通过阿贝折光仪进行进一步分析.最后基于色散染色法,探究热老化时油纸纤维素纤维折射率的演变规律.结果表明:随着老化的进行,聚合度下降,糠醛含量、碳氧气体含量上升,绝缘纸的折射率和结晶度均变大,油纸纤维素纤维折射率也变大.可以考虑将纤维素折射率作为评估绝缘纸老化的新特征量.     

含缺陷纤维复合材料热老化后变形与损伤破坏声发射行为

不同时间影响下玻璃纤维增强复合材料(GFRP)的热老化效应亟待研究。本文采用声发射(AE)与数字图像相关技术(DIC)相结合的互补无损检测技术,分别对热老化0、4、8、16天后三点弯曲试样的损伤过程进行实时监测,并进一步分析预制缺陷对热老化后复合材料的纤维与基体界面间性能的影响。对AE信号进行k-means聚类分析同时通过DIC进行全局应变场测量,表征了预制缺陷和热老化时间对GFRP力学行为和变形损伤机理的影响。结果表明：声发射信号可以对各类损伤进行分类,通过分析脱粘信号发现,在层合板内部交联时,脱粘信号减少且分布在失效载荷后;随着热老化进展至水分挥发阶段,脱粘信号增多并均匀分布在断裂前期与后期。对于预制纤维断裂的层合板,交联现象会使层合板加载过程中纤维断裂信号数量减少且幅度降低,最大应变值减小,有效地提升了层合板承载能力。声发射聚类分析和数字图像相关技术结合可以较好地描述不同热老化条件下GFRP的损伤演化过程,有助于进一步揭示缺陷和热老化时间对GFRP内部损伤机理的影响规律。     

OPGW光缆生产中的光纤特性变化

光纤截止波长、模场直径、色散、数值孔径等参数取决于光纤折射率分布和几何尺寸,在光缆生产过程中这些参数基本保持不变.但由于光纤受力后会产生光弹性效应,导致折射率变化,所以理论上光纤性能不是恒定不变.如果光纤衰减、强度以及老化等问题与光缆生产工艺及光缆材料有关,在光缆生产过程中,会有残余应力存留于光纤中,在高温、高湿、低温...     

聚丙烯酸丁酯/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯核壳型粒子增韧环氧树脂的研究

为研究环氧增韧新方法，采用种子乳液聚合方法制得了聚丙烯酸丁酯／聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PBA／PMMA)核壳型粒子乳液，用破乳法获得了PBA／PMMA核壳型粒子，并对其进行了红外光谱及乳液相容性表征。PBA／PMMA核壳掣粒子对环氧树脂CYD-128增韧改性研究表明：当用量为环氧树脂用量的2％时，冲击强度有明显提高。     

Synthesis of fullerene-modified P(St-MMA-AA) colloids and optical performance in colloidal crystals

Abstract

By constantly trying to change the amount of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), monodispersed P(St-MMA-AA) colloids with diameters about 240?nm was synthesized successfully using emulsion polymerization. The polymer latex particles having an amino group on the surface are grafted with fullerene acetic acid to obtain fullerene-modified P(St-MMA-AA) microspheres by an amidation reaction. The corresponding colloidal crystals were fabricated and investigated. In view of the high refractive index of fullerenes, the refractive index of the fullerene-modified P(St-MMA-AA) microspheres is improved.     

PMMA基凝胶聚合物电解质研究进展

凝胶聚合物电解质是解决液态锂离子电池安全性问题的关键。聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）与碳酸酯类有机溶剂具有很强的相互作用,因而吸液能力强,是理想的凝胶聚合物电解质骨架组分。综述了以PMMA为主要组分的几种凝胶聚合物骨架的制备方法,包括聚合、交联、浇铸涂膜法、相转移法、共混、无机纳米粒子掺杂等,并讨论了这些聚合物骨架在凝胶聚合物电解质的应用中所起到的作用及导电模型。     

The fundamentals of aging in HV polymer-film capacitors

This paper covers the basic phenomena involved in the aging of capacitors constructed using polymer films as the major dielectric material. A wide variety of aging phenomena can be identified, ranging from simple electrical, dielectric, thermal, radiation, chemical and physical aging, to aging originating from the specific construction of the capacitor. Some phenomena occur quickly, such as some morphological changes in the polymer, others occur progressively, and others occur later in the life of the capacitor. The polymers covered range from biaxially-oriented polypropylene, which is widely used in commercial utility and industrial capacitors, to polymers like polycarbonate, polysulfone, polyimide, and polyvinylidene fluoride, which are used in high-energy density, outer-space, high-temperature, or other special applications. The paper addresses two constructions of polymer film capacitor where the aging phenomena are significantly different due to the differences in construction: polymer/foil capacitors and metalized film capacitors. Metalized polymer film capacitors have the quality of clearing or self healing that is not present in film/foil capacitors. The discussion of aging in this paper is given from the perspective of these two designs     

Progress on the Photoresponse of Chalcogenide Glasses and Films to Near-Infrared Femtosecond Laser Irradiation: A Review

This paper reviews ongoing progress in exploring the mechanistic origins of photoinduced structural modification in chalcogenide glasses (ChGs). These findings, reported by groups at the University of Central Florida, Clemson University, and throughout other research programs within the United States and abroad, have examined the relationship between the network modification and other photoresponse of IR glasses upon exposure to near-infrared (NIR) femtosecond laser exposure. Contained is a review on the principles of femtosecond laser writing in glass, the photoinduced phenomena, and a summary of the main models predicting photoinduced material response. We compare the photoresponse of As- and Ge-based films, taken as example, following NIR femtosecond laser irradiation that results in near-surface photoexpansion and an increase or decrease of the refractive index, respectively. This difference in photoresponse has been related to the "layered" network of the As-based glass that leads to the breaking and formation of bonds during laser exposure as compared to the 3-D network of Ge-based glass that leads only to a modification of the bond arrangements. Last, an explanation of the need to control the photoresponse of ChGs by aging, changing the glass thermal history, adding modifiers, or replacing the anions forming the network is discussed.     

聚合物光纤老化特性的研究

介绍了多种聚合物光纤老化的实验方法,在热、氧、紫外光等物理老化因子作用下,对聚合物光纤材料的重量、玻璃化温度及光损耗随老化时间的变化规律进行了初步的试验研究,结果表明各种老化对聚合物光纤的性能均有影响。同时对各种因子老化的机理进行了分析讨论。     

锂离子电池用聚合物凝胶电解质研究进展

综述了用于锂离子电池的聚合物凝胶电解质的优点及相关领域的研究进展;重点概述了基于聚丙烯腈(PAN)、聚环氧乙烷(PEO)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)和聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)四类聚合物凝胶电解质的研究现状。指出要加快凝胶电解质研究进度,以适应锂离子电池产业发展需要。     

聚合物锂离子电池凝胶聚合物电解质的进展

报道了聚合物锂离子电池用凝胶聚合物电解质(GPE)的进展,对PEO、PAN、PMMA和PVDF基GPE的研究现状、改良方法和发展方向进行了综述.     

Investigation of Ce:YAG Doping Effect on Thermal Aging for High-Power Phosphor-Converted White-Light-Emitting Diodes

In this paper, high-power phosphor-converted white-light-emitting diodes (PC-LEDs) with selected concentration and thickness of cerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Ce:YAG) phosphor-doped silicones are investigated to study the thermal-degradation effect of the Ce:YAG phosphor-silicone layer. The experimental results showed that the lumen loss, chromaticity (CIE shift), and spectrum intensity reduction increase as the concentration of Ce:YAG phosphor-doped silicone increases. Although silicone degradation attributed to the final thermal degradation, it is not a dominant factor until a much thicker silicone is employed in PC-LEDs. The major degradation mechanism of the PC-LEDs results from the higher doping concentration of Ce:YAG in silicone. We found that 94% lumen loss was attributed to 5.5 wt% Ce:YAG doping and only 6% of the lumen loss was due to a 1-mm thickness of silicone degradation. However, the negligible differences of measured fluorescent lifetimes among the test samples before and after thermal aging (at 150 $^{circ}hbox{C}$ for 500 h) eliminated any significant nonradioactive quenching processes that existed in the aged samples. The emission spectra indicate that a higher doping concentration in silicone causes a higher degree of loss at the emission wavelength of Ce:YAG. Therefore, minimizing any unwanted interactions, such as refractive index and thermal-expansion mismatches, between the phosphor and the silicone during thermal aging is a new direction of addressing thermal reliability for high-power PC-LEDs. From practical points of view, we found that a lower doping concentration of the Ce:YAG phosphor in thin silicone is a better choice in terms of having less thermal degradation for use in packaging of the high-power PC-LEDs modules and is essential to extend the operating lifetime of the phosphor-based white LED modules.