三维非定常湍流尾水管涡带计算研究

混流式水轮机弯肘型尾水管在部分负荷工况下产生带气泡的尾水涡流, 涡流在离心力的作用下形成与水流共同旋的涡带，由此产生的低频压力脉动是混流式水轮机面临的一个普遍性问题。水轮机中存在的水力压力脉动现象将诱发转轮叶片疲劳破坏。更有甚者对整个机组、厂房构成威胁, 严重影响了机组的安全稳定运行。本文采用全流道三维非定常流动数值模拟方法, 研究三峡混流式水轮机在部分负荷工况运行时，由尾水管涡带以低频的周期在尾水管内旋进引起的压力脉动现象。采用全流道非定常流动粘性湍流计算，计算结果表明在各记录点都捕捉到了涡带低频压力脉动：频率为0.333Hz, 是转频1.25Hz的3.75分之一，相近工况模型试验实测涡带频率为5.31Hz, 是转频18.62Hz的3.51分之一，从涡带频率看计算结果与试验测量结果一致。     

混流式水轮机卡门涡致振机理探讨与分析

水轮机出现卡门涡后易引起振动等问题。许多安装混流式水轮机的水电站发生卡门涡频率的强烈振动，严重时甚至造成转轮叶片裂纹破坏，学界多认为这是由卡门涡共振引起。本研究通过比较卡门涡频率和固有频率的巨大差异、大朝山电站转轮叶片减薄修型后强振工况向大负荷转移等事实，提出新观点：大多数卡门涡强振及其破坏并非由共振引起。本研究进行了模型水轮机卡门涡观测试验，比较了流量、空化系数对可见卡门涡的影响，发现可见卡门涡多发生于大流量工况或低空化系数导致的涡心压力较低时，指出卡门涡由其涡心空化造成。通过电站消除卡门涡危害的措施等进一步说明：卡门涡共振存在于小流量工况，但共振能量低，没有显著破坏性;大流量工况的卡门涡强振并非共振，而源于卡门涡空化空腔溃灭产生的巨大冲击力。     

Numerical analyses of pressure fluctuations induced by interblade vortices in a model Francis turbine

Interblade vortices can greatly influence the stable operations of Francis turbines. As visible interblade vortices are essentially cavitating flows, i.e., the ones to cause interblade vortex cavitations, an unsteady simulation with a method using the RNG k- ? turbulence model and the Zwart-Gerber-Belamri(ZGB) cavitation model is carried out to predict the pressure fluctuations induced. Modifications of the turbulence viscosity are made to improve the resolutions. The interblade vortices of two different appearances are observed from the numerical results, namely, the columnar and streamwise vortices, as is consistent with the experimental results. The pressure fluctuations of different frequencies are found to be induced by the interblade vortices on incipient and developed interblade vortex lines, respectively, on the Hill diagram of the model runner's parameters. From the centrifugal Rayleigh instability criterion, it follows that the columnar interblade vortices are stable and the streamwise interblade vortices are unstable in the model Francis turbine.     

混流式水轮机压力脉动特性研究

为探究不同长短叶片比例对混流式水轮机压力脉动特性的影响,基于流场数值模拟的计算方法,对不同长短叶片比例的混流式水轮机进行全流道三维非定常湍流计算。计算结果表明,混流式水轮机内部的压力脉动主要由转轮和导叶的动静干扰以及尾水管的低频压力脉动所致;当短叶片出口离转轮旋转轴最近点处与长叶片直径之比为0.6时,混流式水轮机效率最高,为92.66%,且该混流式水轮机各过流部件对应的压力脉动幅值以及振动幅值也最小,水力稳定性最好。对研究背景、计算方法与步骤,以及计算结果的分析等情况均作了较为详细的介绍。     

混流式水轮机尾水管非定常流动模拟及不规则压力脉动预测

混流式水轮机尾水管内螺旋形涡带引起的压力脉动是造成混流式水轮机组振动的主要根源之一,严重威胁机组的安全运行.本文基于CFD技术对一大型混流式水轮机尾水管压力脉动进行了数字化预测,文中首先对该水轮机在典型偏工况下尾水管的内流进行了长时间非定常计算,然后详细讨论该工况下尾水管内死水域与涡带的运动规律,并预测了尾水管的不规则压力脉动,最后对压力脉动预测值进行了分析,结果表明其波形、频率、相位与实际基本一致,证明文中压力脉动的预测方法是可行的.     

非定常流弯肘型尾水管不规则压力脉动预测

尾水管内螺旋状涡带引起的压力脉动是造成混流式水轮机机组振动的主要原因之一,直接威胁机组的安全运行。为此,提出一种基于CFD数值计算的水轮机尾水管压力脉动数字化预测法,并利用此法对一大型混流式水轮机偏工况下尾水管内水流流动进行了长时间非定常流计算,讨论该工况下尾水管内死水域与涡带的运动规律,预测了尾水管的不规则压力脉动,压力脉动分析结果表明,其波形、频率、相位与实际基本一致。     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CHARACTERISTIC FREQUENCY IN UNSTEADY HYDRAULIC BEHAVIOUR OF A LARGE HYDRAULIC TURBINE

The features of unsteady flow such as pressure variation and fluctuation in a large hydraulic turbine usually lead to the instability of operation.This article reports the recent in site investigation concerning the characteristic frequencies in pressure fluctuation,shaft torsional oscillation and structural vibration of a prototype 700 MW Francis turbine unit.The investigation was carried out for a wide load range of 200 MW-700 MW in the condition of water head 57 m-90 m.An extensive analysis of both time-history and frequency data of these unsteady hydraulic behaviours was conducted.It was observed that the pressure fluctuation in a draft tube is stronger than that in upstream flow passage.The low frequency with about one third of rotation frequency is dominative for the pressure fluctuation in part load range.Also the unsteady features of vibration of head cover and torsional oscillation of shaft exhibited the similar features.Numerical analysis showed that the vibration and oscillation are caused by vortex rope in the draft tube.In addition,a strong vibration with special characteristic frequency was observed for the head cover in middle load range.The pressure fluctuation in the draft tube with the same frequency was also recorded.Because this special vibration has appeared in the designed normal running condition,it should be avoided by carefully allocating power load in the future operation.     

三峡电站混流式水轮机水力稳定性研究

三峡电站水轮机是目前世界上运行水头变幅最大的巨型混流式水轮机之一 ,其运行稳定性是设计、研究、制造和使用部门关注的首要课题。在左岸电站机组招标文件和合同执行过程中 ,明确提出水力稳定性是首要考虑的问题 ,并具体规定了模型和真机的稳定性指标。在水轮机模型验收试验中 ,发现一些现象与众所周知的部分负荷的压力脉动不同 ,表现为在运行水头范围内存在压力脉动峰值带 ,频率较高 ,且从蜗壳进口至尾水管的几个部位均同时出现较大的压力脉动幅值。根据模型试验的结果 ,分析了空蚀系数和补气对压力脉动的影响 ,提出了改善三峡电站水轮机水力稳定性的几点措施     

大型水轮机不稳定流体与结构耦合特性研究Ⅱ：结构动应力与疲劳可靠性分析

水轮机疲劳寿命问题直接关系到电站安全和工程效益的发挥。本文以国内某大型水电站安装的混流式水轮机为研究对象,通过引入新的耦合界面模型,实现了不稳定压力场与结构场的耦合特性分析。耦合计算采用有限元方法,得到了转轮在不同工况下的压力脉动载荷的时间历程。通过雨流计数法处理,获得了应力幅值及均值的概率密度函数。依据材料疲劳特性预测了转轮叶片的寿命。文中还分析了X形叶片转轮在运行稳定性方面所具有的特征。所取得的研究结果为大型水轮机的稳定运行和优化设计提供了依据。     

混流式水轮机叶片疲劳裂纹分析及其改进方案

近年来,国内外一系列大型混流式水轮发电机组频繁发生转轮叶片的疲劳裂纹问题,对电站机组的安全稳定运行构成了严重威胁。本文以混流式水轮机为研究对象,通过全流道CFD计算及基于顺序流固耦合的转轮结构应力场计算,分析该转轮产生疲劳裂纹的原因。随后提出在叶片出水边和上冠连接处加装应力释放三角块的方案,以降低叶片最大有效应力值、改善叶片应力分布。计算结果表明该方案可以明显降低叶片最大有效应力、改善叶片应力分布。计算结果也可为其它水轮机转轮的疲劳裂纹及其应力特性分析提供参考。     

混流式水轮机叶片强度计算及其应力特性改善

近年来，国内外一系列大型混流式水轮发电机组频繁发生转轮叶片的疲劳裂纹问题，对电站机组的安全稳定运行构成了严重威胁。本文以一混流式水轮机为研究对象，通过混流式水轮机全流道CFD计算及基于顺序流固耦合的转轮结构应力场计算，分析该转轮产生疲劳裂纹的原因；其次通过在叶片出水边和上冠连接处加应力释放三角块来降低叶片最大有效应力值和改善叶片应力分布。结果表明应力释放三角块可以明显降低叶片最大有效应力和改善叶片应力分布。本文计算结果可为其它水轮机转轮的转轮疲劳裂纹分析及应力特性改善提供参考。     

混流式水轮机叶道涡的减轻与消除方法

根据混流式水轮机转轮内叶道涡现有研究资料,介绍了叶道涡的产生原理、分类及危害,重点阐述了补气、转轮叶片修型、活动导叶修型及转轮更换等几种减轻消除叶道涡的方法,为发生叶道涡引起的水轮机事故的水电站提供了参考及借鉴。     

大型混流式水轮机转轮裂纹分析与研究

大型混流式水轮机转轮裂纹已成为水电行业一个频发的问题,严重威胁机组运行安全。以瀑布沟水电站2,4,6号机组为例,从水力设计、转轮刚度、材料选择、制造工艺、焊材选择、应力等方面开展分析,确定了应力集中为裂纹产生的主要原因。总结了转轮裂纹处理和防范措施,包括加强日常检查、加装应力释放三角铁、开展机组AGC方式下的稳定性测试等。其经验对同类电站设备缺陷的分析研究及修复控制提供了方向与思路,具有一定借鉴意义。     

水轮机模型验收试验的研究与探讨

介绍百色水利枢纽混流式水轮机模型验收试验中效率、出力、空化、压力脉动、飞逸、轴向水推力、导叶水力矩和Winter -Kennedy蜗壳压差等试验的基本情况 ,并就试验中遇到的卡门涡、叶道涡、特殊压力脉动带等关键技术问题进行了详细的分析讨论 ,同时着重介绍了电站装置空化系数 3种不同定义方式对压力脉动测试的影响 ,探讨了空化系数在原模型相似方面的影响     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE PULSATION IN FRANCIS HYDRAULIC TURBINE WITH AIR ADMISSION

In this article, the three-dimensional unsteady multiphase flow is simulated in the whole passage of Francis hydraulic turbine. The pressure pulsation is predicted and compared with experimental data at positions in the draft tube, in front of runner, guide vanes and at the inlet of the spiral case. The relationship between pressure pulsation in the whole passage and air admission is analyzed. The computational results show: air admission from spindle hole decreases the pressure difference in the horizontal section of draft tube, which in turn decreases the amplitude of low-frequency pressure pulsation in the draft tube; the rotor-stator interaction between the air inlet and the runner increases the blade-frequency pressure pulsation in front of the runner.     

Numerical predictions of pressure pulses in a Francis pump turbine with misaligned guide vanes

Previous experimental and numerical analyses of the pressure pulse characteristics in a Francis turbine are extended here by using the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the shear stress transport （SST） turbulence model to model the unsteady flow within the entire flow passage of a large Francis pump turbine with misaligned guide vanes at the rated rotational speed. The S-curve characteristics are analyzed by a combined use of the model test and the steady state simulation with the aligned guide vane firstly. Four misaligned guide vanes with two different openings are chosen to analyze the influence of pressure pulses in the turbine. The characteristics of the dominant unsteady flow frequencies in different parts of the pump turbine for various misaligned guide vane openings are investigated in detail. The predicted hydraulic performance and the pressure fluctuations show that the misaligned guide vanes reduce the relative pressure fluctuation amplitudes in the stationary part of the flow passage, but not the runner blades. The misaligned guide vanes have changed the low frequencies in the entire flow passage with the change of the pulse amplitudes mainly due to changes in the rotor-stator interaction and the low frequency vortex rope flow behavior.     

高水头混流式水轮机减负荷瞬态流动特性研究

为了平衡和补偿间歇性可再生能源不定时并网对电网的不利冲击,水轮机不得不频繁地经历减负荷瞬态工况转换过程,从而诱发水轮机内部不稳定的压力脉动及涡流结构。基于多面体网格及动网格技术,开展了高水头混流式水轮机导叶关闭减负荷过程水轮机特征参数响应、压力脉动及涡流演化特性的数值模拟工作。研究发现,采用压力边界条件获得的水轮机水头与试验结果吻合较好,流量结果可信度高。负荷变化过程中,无叶区压力脉动相对变化趋势与导叶运动规律一致,且幅值变化不大。导叶开始及停止运动,引起尾水管内的压力信号发生突变,并逐渐形成低频周期性压力脉动。涡带运动诱发的不稳定压力脉动,是转轮轴向水推力形成的主要原因。在导叶闭合过程中,强度较小的轴对称涡带首先沿轴向和径向拉伸,随后沿轴向收缩。导叶停止运动进入部分负荷工况,直涡结构进一步收缩,演变为细长状双螺旋结构,最后双螺旋涡结构合并成强度较高的单一螺旋状涡带。此外,水轮机负荷的减小使尾水管内出现回流,漩涡运动等不稳定现象。     

水泵水轮机泵工况压力脉动和转轮受力特性

为研究水泵水轮机在泵工况下的内部流态变化对压力脉动和转轮叶片受力的影响,采用 SAS－SST 湍流模型对某一模型水泵水轮机的多个非设计工况进行非定常数值模拟,分析了水轮机 内部流态对导叶与转轮之间无叶区、尾水管内的压力脉动和转轮叶片径向受力的影响。结果表明: 在流量为 40% ～80%设计流量时,导叶区内产生旋转失速,转失速涡团初生于固定导叶进口,并随着流量的降低向活动导叶进口发展,且覆盖区域逐渐增大。旋转失速使压力和过流沿周向不均匀分布, 导致压力脉动和转轮径向受力波动大幅上升。在40%设计流量时,失速涡团发展最为充分,无叶区 压力脉动和转轮受力波动的低频分量幅值最高。旋转失速产生的低频脉动可向尾水管传播,形成的低 频压力脉动幅值约为无叶区低频脉动幅值的10%。当流量低于 40%设计流量时,导叶区旋转失速消失,复杂的涡结构形成的压力脉动低频成分没有周期性。此外,转轮进口的流动分离使尾水管内产生复杂的回流涡结构,导致尾水管内形成频谱丰富的压力脉动; 流量降低使转轮进口回流涡结构的湍动 能增加,导致尾水管内压力脉动幅值大幅上升。小流量工况下,转轮进口的涡结构演变是转轮径向力波动的主要影响因素。     

石板水电站水轮机长短叶片转轮裂纹分析

石板水电站装有3台35 MW采用长短叶片转轮的高水头混流式水轮机,机组自1997年投入运行以来,水轮机在空化、磨蚀、效率、运行稳定性方面表现出很好的性能,但转轮叶片出现了裂纹。文章从设计、制造质量和运行角度,分析了引起裂纹产生的主要原因,并提出防止裂纹的建议。     

A FAST LAGRANGIAN SIMULATION METHOD FOR FLOW ANALYSIS AND RUNNER DESIGN IN PELTON TURBINES

In the present work,an alternative numerical methodology is developed for a fast and effective simulation and analysis of the complex flow and energy conversion in Pelton impulse hydro turbines.The algorithm is based on the Lagrangian approach and the unsteady free-surface flow during the jet-bucket interaction is simulated by tracking the trajectories of representative fluid particles at very low computer cost.Modern regression tools are implemented in a new parameterization technique of the inner bucket surface.Key-feature of the model is the introduction of additional terms into the particle motion equations to account for various hydraulic losses and the flow spreading,which are regulated and evaluated with the aid of experimental data in a Laboratory Pelton turbine.The model is applied to study the jet-runner interaction in various operation conditions and then to perform numerical design optimization of the bucket shape,using a stochastic optimizer based on evolutionary algorithms.The obtained optimum runner attains remarkably higher hydraulic efficiency in the entire load range.Finally,a new small Pelton turbine(150 kW) is designed,manufactured and tested in the Laboratory,and its performance and efficiency verify the model predictions.