膜结晶技术研究进展及应用前景

对一种新的分离技术——膜结晶进行了综述．介绍了膜结晶技术的产生、原理和优点,以及膜结晶的过程及膜结晶器的类型．概述了膜结晶在国内外的发展和应用状况,重点介绍了膜结晶在盐溶液结晶和生物高分子溶液结晶两个方面的研究与应用,并对膜结晶技术的前景作了展望．     

Two-dimensional model of heat and mass transfer in the process of fractional crystallization on a band

A two-dimensional model of heat and mass transfer in the process of fractional crystallization on a band is proposed. Algorithms for calculating the concentration of an impurity in a melt have been developed and the impurity distributions in a diffusion layer have been obtained for the cases of linear-profile and wavy-profile crystals on the basis of numerical experiments. It has been established that the impurity distribution is twodimensional in the case of a wavy-profile crystal. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 30–36, May–June, 2006.     

声子晶体中弹性波带隙与散射

声子带隙产生条件是声子晶体研究的一个重要问题,首先对钢圆柱体嵌入空气基质组成的声子晶体散射截面进行计算,然后用平面波方法计算了弹性波带结构。结果表明声子带隙将出现在两个完全分离的共振态之间。因此,声子晶体产生完全带隙的条件是弹性波在基质材料中的传播被禁止并远离共振。     

精确的一维光子晶体的带隙

半导体材料的折射率是光频率的函数,所以在计算光子晶体的能带结构时必须考虑到色散关系。光子晶体存在光子禁带在反射谱上表现为高反射率带。本文已GaAs基材料为例,利用传输矩阵方法计算了考虑色散后的一维光子晶体的反射谱,计算结果表明考虑色散后的光子晶体禁带的宽度较不考虑色散关系的光子晶体的带隙要窄,如果光子晶体中存在缺陷则考虑色散后的光子晶体缺陷态的位置较不考虑色散关系时红移,且光子损耗较小。     

气垫导轨上橡皮筋滑块系统自由振动研究

在气垫导轨上进行橡皮筋滑块系统的自由振动实验,测量了系统的振动周期和对数减缩.理论分析与实验值相差甚远,说明不能将橡皮筋滑块系统的自由振动按谐振子的黏性阻尼振动处理.提出含分数阶导数振子自由振动模型,采用数值方法和平均法求解含分数阶导数项的二阶常微分方程,发现此模型理论分析结果与实验情况相符,说明采用弹性系数、黏弹度和...     

表面接枝处理的n-HA充填PLGA等温结晶行为的研究

应用示差扫描量热计（DSC）研究了用低分子量聚乳酸（PDLLA）接枝与未接枝两种处理的纳米羟基磷灰石（n-HA）对聚乙丙交酯（PLGA）等温结晶行为及熔融行为的影响,采用Avrami方程处理其等温结晶过程,计算结晶动力学参数;同时用配带热台的偏光显微镜（POM）研究了其结晶的晶核形态。结果表明该体系等温结晶行为可以用Avrami方程来描述;加入n-HA的两种复合材料及PLGA其结晶最快的温度都是110℃,且都是随着结晶温度的提高结晶速率变慢,但接枝的n-HA对提高PLGA基体的结晶速率、熔点及结晶活化能都比未接枝处理的要小。偏光显微镜研究得出加入n-HA的两种复合材料及PL-GA其球径形态相似,且都随温度升高而使结晶速度降低,但加入未接枝的n-HA比接枝后的结晶更快。以上结果说明接枝处理后的n-HA提高了两相界面结合,因而n-HA的异相成核能力比未接枝处理的要差。     

真空膜结晶法结晶溶菌酶的实验研究

采用聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维微孔膜对真空膜结晶溶菌酶进行了实验研究.考察了膜下游真空度、蛋白质浓度、料液流速、添加剂、pH和离子强度对溶剂跨膜通量及溶菌酶晶体质量的影响.结果表明,真空度应控制在0.015 MPa左右;溶菌酶真空膜结晶的最佳浓度为20 mg/mL;结晶溶液的流速以288μm/s为宜;结晶溶液中加入一定添加剂如丙三醇、DMSO等,可以有效提高溶剂跨膜通量,改善晶体质量;在相同离子强度下,pH值越大膜通量越低,在不同的pH值下可以得到不同形状的晶体.     

新型聚酯PMT等温结晶动力学研究

聚对苯二甲酸甲二酯 (PMT)是一种新型芳香族聚酯 ,本文以DSC差示扫描量热计对PMT的等温结晶动力学进行了研究 ,用Avrami方程对实验数据进行了分析 ,结果发现 :PMT的Avrami指数n在 2 4～ 2 6之间 ,为非整数且接近于 3,说明PMT结晶时倾向于异相成核 ;在实验温度范围内 ,随着等温结晶温度Tc的升高 ,PMT的结晶速率常数K减小 ,半结晶时间t1/ 2 增加。PMT的熔点与聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯 (PET)接近 ,但高于聚对苯二甲酸丙二酯 (PTT)和聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯 (PBT) ,与结构分析得到的结论一致     

等规聚丙烯/豆油体系的非等温结晶动力学

采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对等规聚丙烯(iPP)与豆油体系的非等温结晶动力学进行了研究,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了等规聚丙烯在豆油中的结晶形态．对实验数据用Ziabicki理论和Jeziorny方法进行处理,求出结晶动力学指数、结晶速率常数和结晶能力等数据,分析了降温速率及iPP初始浓度等对结晶动力学参数的影响．     

Study of band structure of one-dimensional photonic crystal composed of dispersive and nonlinear dielectric materials

The analysis of band structure of one-dimensional (1-D) photonic crystal containing dispersive and non-linear dispersive materials has been presented. The band spectra for the different combination of photonic crystals have been calculated by the well-known plane wave expansion method. The effect of the dispersive and non-linear materials on the band structures has been determined. The third-order nonlinearity has been considered in the non-linear material, and Lorentz–Drude model has been taken for dispersive material. The band gaps of considered photonic crystal are affected by the nonlinearity in the presence of dispersive material like gold. We have observed that the normalized frequency difference between photonic bands decreases on increasing intensity of input beam. This work may be useful in optical switching devices.     

用遗传算法搜索一维光子晶体带隙

利用遗传算法和传输矩阵法计算一维光子晶体能带结构,将一维光子晶体用像素填充法进行二进制编码模拟,结果找到全方位相对禁带宽度达42.54%的4层结构和43.75%的2层结构;给出了一维光子晶体4层最佳结构的能带图、20个原胞的反射率透射率频谱图.发现一维2层光子晶体的全方位禁带宽度对每层厚度的变化是不敏感的,但是随着两种介质折射率差的增大而增大.     

亚共晶Ni-Si合金的凝固组织特征研究

采用布里奇曼定向凝固技术制备了NiNi3Si亚共晶复合材料,系统地研究了Ni-Ni3Si亚共晶的定向凝固组织特征。在较低的凝固速率R=3μm/s时亚共晶成分的合金为规则的层片共晶组织。随着凝固速率的增大,当R=8μm/s时,平界面失稳,在第二相的旁边出现浅胞状组织。当R=25μm/s时在析出相的旁边出现了突起的胞状组织。当R=40μm/s时由于固液界面前沿的成分过冷逐渐增大,凝固组织生长成为典型的树枝晶组织。并根据"成分过冷"判据,评估了固液界面前沿的"成分过冷"的大小,理论计算与实验结果基本吻合。此外,根据BH模型计算和比较了α-Ni相的界面生长温度和共晶界面生长温度,证明较高速定向凝固下不太可能制备出全耦合生长的共晶组织。随凝固速率的增大,一次枝晶间距减小,组织细化。     

弛豫对Zr-Al-Ni-Cu基非晶合金晶化过程的影响

非晶合金的稳定性是制备大块非晶合金的关键,而弛豫后形成的短程有序结构对非晶中的晶体相形核有重要的影响。本文通过差热分析及X射线衍射法研究了预先弛豫处理对Zr60Al8Ni12.5Cu17Si2.5和Zr60Al8Ni10Cu17Si5非晶合金晶化过程的影响。结果表明：预先弛豫处理降低了上述非晶合金的稳定性。Si含量的增加则提高上述非晶合金的稳定性。根据等温转变过程日体相形核孕育期采用Arrhenius公式所确定的晶化激活能更能反映非晶晶化过程及非晶的稳定性。     

Sub-nanometer linewidth perfect absorption in visible band induced by Bloch surface wave

We demonstrate the unity absorption of visible light with an ultra-narrow 0.1 nm linewidth. It arises from the Bloch surface wave resonance in alternating TiO₂/SiO₂ multilayers. The total absorption and narrow linewidth are explained from the radiative and absorptive damping, which are quantitatively determined by the temporal coupled mode theory. When a silver film with proper thickness is added to the absorber, the perfect absorption is achieved with only 3 structural bilayers, in contrast with 8 bilayers required without Ag. Furthermore, significant field enhancement and an ultrahigh 2600/RIU sensing figure-of-merit are simultaneously obtained at resonance, which might facilitate applications in nonlinear optical devices and high resolution refractive index sensing.     

化学镀Ni-P镀层晶化过程研究

化学镀Ni-P镀层的显微组织对其服役性能有重要影响.通过SEM、TEM、XRD和DTA等分析手段,研究了压铸镁合金表面Ni-P镀层的晶化过程.结果表明,初始化学镀层不仅有非晶,还有亚稳态纳米晶;镀层的初始晶化温度大约为300 ℃,450 ℃晶化过程完成;升温过程中的原子扩散和纳米晶的长大导致有新的亚稳态相析出和转变;有序畴和析出物一起长大最终产生晶界.     

Longitudinal waves in a nonlocal rod by fractional Laplacian

ABSTRACT

The article deals with the longitudinal waves in a nonlocal elastic rod. Regarding the nonlocal elasticity the Eringeen model has been assumed; the novelty is that this model is described in terms of the fractional Laplace operator. The standing waves are obtained by numerical solutions of the fractional differential equation in one-dimensional continuum. The obtained results are in accordance with the ones reported in the literature and highlight the dispersion phenomenon. The effects of the nonlocal contribution and of the fractional Laplacian order are also analyzed.     

Distributed-order fractional wave equation on a finite domain. Stress relaxation in a rod

We study waves in a viscoelastic rod of finite length. Viscoelastic material is described by a constitutive equation of fractional distributed-order type with the special choice of weight functions. Prescribing boundary conditions on displacement, we obtain displacement and stress in a stress relaxation test. We use the Laplace transformation method in the time domain as a tool for solving system of differential and integro-differential equations, that describe the motion of the rod.     

二维正方晶格钢/水声子晶体方向带隙实验研究

基于超声浸水透射技术,分别沿着二维正方晶格钢/水声子晶体第一布里渊Γ-X和Γ-M方向测试声带隙,详细分析了声子晶体Γ-X和Γ-M方向层厚和第一方向带隙稳定性的关系,进而为设计有限尺寸声带隙材料或声波器件提供重要参考依据.同时,对比了实验测得透射谱频率重合范围与平面波展开法计算完全带隙很好的吻合.     

Formation of microcrystalline silicon films using rapid crystal aluminum induced crystallization under low-temperature rapid thermal annealing

The process of obtaining thin film solar cells using the method of aluminum-induced crystallization under rapid thermal annealing (RTA) was investigated. 200-nm-thick amorphous Si (a-Si) film was deposited on a glass substrate using an ultra-high vacuum ion beam sputtering system. A 50-nm-thick crystal aluminum layer was then evaporated and deposited onto the a-Si film. In contrast to conventional furnace annealing, RTA can supply rapid thermal energy so that a-Si can be induced into microcrystalline-Si (μc-Si) in a short time at low temperatures. The crystal Al may promote the crystallization reaction because its surface energy is higher than 0.89 N/m, which is the minimum energy required to produce the (111) orientation. Free Si atoms are induced at the interface of the Al and Si sub-layers by the diffusion of Al along the grain boundaries. The Raman spectrum shows that the sample could be induced to crystallize at 350 °C. After the aluminum was etched, the maximum grain size was 4 μm. The carrier mobility was between 6.2 cm²/Vs and 18.8 cm²/Vs. The proposed method can be used to obtain μc-Si with reduced energy and time during the thermal annealing.     

木瓜蛋白酶动态膜结晶的实验研究

采用聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维微孔膜,考察结晶过程中蛋白质溶液和洗脱液流速的改变以及不同膜面积对溶剂跨膜通量及木瓜蛋白酶晶体尺寸的影响.结果表明:在以pH值为4.7的0.1 mol/L醋酸钠为缓冲溶液、1%的(NH4)3PO4为沉淀剂以及25%的MgCl2溶液作为洗脱液的木瓜蛋白酶动态膜结晶中,当有效膜面积为62.83 cm2,蛋白质溶液和洗脱液流速分别控制在4 744μm/s和1.37×104μm/s的高流速时膜组件的效率得到最大发挥,并得到了较大尺寸的木瓜蛋白酶晶体;当膜面积不同时,溶剂跨膜通量的衰减随着膜面积减小而趋于平缓.