膜结晶技术研究进展及应用前景

对一种新的分离技术——膜结晶进行了综述．介绍了膜结晶技术的产生、原理和优点，以及膜结晶的过程及膜结晶器的类型．概述了膜结晶在国内外的发展和应用状况，重点介绍了膜结晶在盐溶液结晶和生物高分子溶液结晶两个方面的研究与应用，并对膜结晶技术的前景作了展望．     

Two-dimensional model of heat and mass transfer in the process of fractional crystallization on a band

A two-dimensional model of heat and mass transfer in the process of fractional crystallization on a band is proposed. Algorithms for calculating the concentration of an impurity in a melt have been developed and the impurity distributions in a diffusion layer have been obtained for the cases of linear-profile and wavy-profile crystals on the basis of numerical experiments. It has been established that the impurity distribution is twodimensional in the case of a wavy-profile crystal. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 30–36, May–June, 2006.     

声子晶体中弹性波带隙与散射

声子带隙产生条件是声子晶体研究的一个重要问题,首先对钢圆柱体嵌入空气基质组成的声子晶体散射截面进行计算,然后用平面波方法计算了弹性波带结构。结果表明声子带隙将出现在两个完全分离的共振态之间。因此,声子晶体产生完全带隙的条件是弹性波在基质材料中的传播被禁止并远离共振。     

精确的一维光子晶体的带隙

半导体材料的折射率是光频率的函数,所以在计算光子晶体的能带结构时必须考虑到色散关系。光子晶体存在光子禁带在反射谱上表现为高反射率带。本文已GaAs基材料为例,利用传输矩阵方法计算了考虑色散后的一维光子晶体的反射谱,计算结果表明考虑色散后的光子晶体禁带的宽度较不考虑色散关系的光子晶体的带隙要窄,如果光子晶体中存在缺陷则考虑色散后的光子晶体缺陷态的位置较不考虑色散关系时红移,且光子损耗较小。     

High rate directional solidification and its application in single crystal superalloys

In the present paper there are two parts contributing to the discussion of high rate directional solidification and its application. The first part aims to characterize the high rate directional solidification of various kinds of alloys. It was found that the relevant cooling rate of the high rate directional solidification is defined to be within 1–10³ K/s (solidification rate is 10^-4–10^-1 m/s as G_L= 100 K/cm) and that it is located in the region between the near-equilibrium slow growth rate and the rapid solidification rate beyond the equilibrium condition, whilst at the same time there occurs a series of turning effects of interface stability and morphologies. With the increase in the growth velocity the interface with the plane front evolves to cells and dendrites at the stage of near-equilibrium and with a further increase in growth rate they transformed reversibly from dendrites to cell structure and then to the absolute stability of a planar interface. The change of solute segregation reveals the same from a lowsegregation, then increased and finally reduced again. An explanation based on effective constitutional supercooling about the evolution of interface morphologies with respect to the changes of growth rate is proposed.

The second part is devoted to introducing experimental results for single crystal superalloys using the rate directional solidiication principle. It is shown that the single crystal superalloys CMSX–2 and NASAIR 100 exhibit significant improvement in microstructure segregation and mechanical properties at high temperature both in the as-cast and after-heat-treatment conditions with the high rate directional solidification technique.     

Effect of crystallization parameters and presence of surfactant on ammonium perchlorate crystal characteristics

ABSTRACT

Ammonium perchlorate is an exceptional oxidizer in composite solid rocket propellant formulations. Crystallization is the most critical step in the manufacture of ammonium perchlorate, which determines the size, shape, morphological characteristics, crystal strength, grinding characteristics, and thermal characteristics of the crystals. Attempts are made in the present study to establish the effect of crystallization parameters such as cooling patterns, agitator rpm, retention of crystals in the mother liquor, and presence of surfactant, on the morphological, thermal, and physical characteristics of ammonium perchlorate crystals. Based on the trials conducted in a 5-L capacity laboratory glass crystallizer, it is found that spherical, transparent, and smooth-surface crystals are obtained by crystallization having a slow cooling pattern and an agitator rpm of 600. Irregular-shaped crystals are obtained under fast cooling pattern and/or lower agitator rpm. It is also seen from XRD patterns that ammonium perchlorate crystals made in the present study do not have any amorphous phase on the surface. Porous nature of the crystals made in the presence of surfactant was verified by scanning electron microscopy images, bulk density, transparency of crystals, and change in the low temperature decomposition pattern in Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) curves.     

气垫导轨上橡皮筋滑块系统自由振动研究

在气垫导轨上进行橡皮筋滑块系统的自由振动实验,测量了系统的振动周期和对数减缩.理论分析与实验值相差甚远,说明不能将橡皮筋滑块系统的自由振动按谐振子的黏性阻尼振动处理.提出含分数阶导数振子自由振动模型,采用数值方法和平均法求解含分数阶导数项的二阶常微分方程,发现此模型理论分析结果与实验情况相符,说明采用弹性系数、黏弹度和...     

散射体的取向对二维声子晶体带隙的影响

声子晶体是一种具有声波带隙特性的新型功能材料。运用平面波展开法研究了二维声子晶体的带结构,二维声子晶体由横截面为正方形的散射体按正方形排列植入环氧树脂基体中形成。结果表明:通过改变散射体的取向可以调节系统的带隙,当填充率较低时,带隙宽度随散射体旋转角的增加先减小再增加,而填充率较高时,带隙宽度随散射体旋转角的增加而先稍有增加然后再减小。     

表面接枝处理的n-HA充填PLGA等温结晶行为的研究

应用示差扫描量热计（DSC）研究了用低分子量聚乳酸（PDLLA）接枝与未接枝两种处理的纳米羟基磷灰石（n-HA）对聚乙丙交酯（PLGA）等温结晶行为及熔融行为的影响,采用Avrami方程处理其等温结晶过程,计算结晶动力学参数;同时用配带热台的偏光显微镜（POM）研究了其结晶的晶核形态。结果表明该体系等温结晶行为可以用Avrami方程来描述;加入n-HA的两种复合材料及PLGA其结晶最快的温度都是110℃,且都是随着结晶温度的提高结晶速率变慢,但接枝的n-HA对提高PLGA基体的结晶速率、熔点及结晶活化能都比未接枝处理的要小。偏光显微镜研究得出加入n-HA的两种复合材料及PL-GA其球径形态相似,且都随温度升高而使结晶速度降低,但加入未接枝的n-HA比接枝后的结晶更快。以上结果说明接枝处理后的n-HA提高了两相界面结合,因而n-HA的异相成核能力比未接枝处理的要差。     

嵌套复式三角晶格固/气型声子晶体的带隙研究

设计了一种新型的嵌套复式三角晶格固/气型声子晶体,用两个相切的圆柱替代简单三角晶格中的每个单圆柱基元,采用平面波法计算了其弹性波带隙结构 。与简单三角晶格相比,嵌套复式三角晶格可以在更低的填充率及更低的频率位置产生宽带隙,在相同的填充率下,嵌套复式三角晶格最高可以获得宽度为4.4倍于简单三角晶格第一带隙宽度的最低带隙,而且中心频率低至简单三角晶格第一带隙中心频率的二分之一。     

新型聚酯PMT等温结晶动力学研究

聚对苯二甲酸甲二酯 (PMT)是一种新型芳香族聚酯 ,本文以DSC差示扫描量热计对PMT的等温结晶动力学进行了研究 ,用Avrami方程对实验数据进行了分析 ,结果发现 :PMT的Avrami指数n在 2 4～ 2 6之间 ,为非整数且接近于 3,说明PMT结晶时倾向于异相成核 ;在实验温度范围内 ,随着等温结晶温度Tc的升高 ,PMT的结晶速率常数K减小 ,半结晶时间t1/ 2 增加。PMT的熔点与聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯 (PET)接近 ,但高于聚对苯二甲酸丙二酯 (PTT)和聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯 (PBT) ,与结构分析得到的结论一致     

真空膜结晶法结晶溶菌酶的实验研究

采用聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维微孔膜对真空膜结晶溶菌酶进行了实验研究.考察了膜下游真空度、蛋白质浓度、料液流速、添加剂、pH和离子强度对溶剂跨膜通量及溶菌酶晶体质量的影响.结果表明,真空度应控制在0.015 MPa左右;溶菌酶真空膜结晶的最佳浓度为20 mg/mL;结晶溶液的流速以288μm/s为宜;结晶溶液中加入一定添加剂如丙三醇、DMSO等,可以有效提高溶剂跨膜通量,改善晶体质量;在相同离子强度下,pH值越大膜通量越低,在不同的pH值下可以得到不同形状的晶体.     

等规聚丙烯/豆油体系的非等温结晶动力学

采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对等规聚丙烯(iPP)与豆油体系的非等温结晶动力学进行了研究,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了等规聚丙烯在豆油中的结晶形态．对实验数据用Ziabicki理论和Jeziorny方法进行处理,求出结晶动力学指数、结晶速率常数和结晶能力等数据,分析了降温速率及iPP初始浓度等对结晶动力学参数的影响．     

Study of band structure of one-dimensional photonic crystal composed of dispersive and nonlinear dielectric materials

The analysis of band structure of one-dimensional (1-D) photonic crystal containing dispersive and non-linear dispersive materials has been presented. The band spectra for the different combination of photonic crystals have been calculated by the well-known plane wave expansion method. The effect of the dispersive and non-linear materials on the band structures has been determined. The third-order nonlinearity has been considered in the non-linear material, and Lorentz–Drude model has been taken for dispersive material. The band gaps of considered photonic crystal are affected by the nonlinearity in the presence of dispersive material like gold. We have observed that the normalized frequency difference between photonic bands decreases on increasing intensity of input beam. This work may be useful in optical switching devices.     

用遗传算法搜索一维光子晶体带隙

利用遗传算法和传输矩阵法计算一维光子晶体能带结构,将一维光子晶体用像素填充法进行二进制编码模拟,结果找到全方位相对禁带宽度达42.54%的4层结构和43.75%的2层结构;给出了一维光子晶体4层最佳结构的能带图、20个原胞的反射率透射率频谱图.发现一维2层光子晶体的全方位禁带宽度对每层厚度的变化是不敏感的,但是随着两种介质折射率差的增大而增大.     

亚共晶Ni-Si合金的凝固组织特征研究

采用布里奇曼定向凝固技术制备了NiNi3Si亚共晶复合材料,系统地研究了Ni-Ni3Si亚共晶的定向凝固组织特征。在较低的凝固速率R=3μm/s时亚共晶成分的合金为规则的层片共晶组织。随着凝固速率的增大,当R=8μm/s时,平界面失稳,在第二相的旁边出现浅胞状组织。当R=25μm/s时在析出相的旁边出现了突起的胞状组织。当R=40μm/s时由于固液界面前沿的成分过冷逐渐增大,凝固组织生长成为典型的树枝晶组织。并根据"成分过冷"判据,评估了固液界面前沿的"成分过冷"的大小,理论计算与实验结果基本吻合。此外,根据BH模型计算和比较了α-Ni相的界面生长温度和共晶界面生长温度,证明较高速定向凝固下不太可能制备出全耦合生长的共晶组织。随凝固速率的增大,一次枝晶间距减小,组织细化。     

超声波优化相变蓄冷材料的研究进展

目的 为通过超声波方式解决过冷度高、蓄冷时间慢、稳定性差及成核慢等问题提供一些研究思路.方法 阐述3种常见的超声波装置(外置式、内置式、壁式)及其特性,介绍近年来国内外学者将超声波技术应用于相变蓄冷材料的研究进展,总结超声波对过冷度、二次结晶、成核速率、生长速率及稳定性等方面的影响.结果 超声波既能改善相变蓄冷材料的缺点又不影响其潜热,是相变蓄冷领域的一门新技术.结论 在实验研究基础上,推导建立超声波优化性能模型、寻找更加优化的超声方法、加强超声波的应用以及超声波技术对高温蓄冷材料的影响是今后研究的重点.     

Sub-nanometer linewidth perfect absorption in visible band induced by Bloch surface wave

We demonstrate the unity absorption of visible light with an ultra-narrow 0.1 nm linewidth. It arises from the Bloch surface wave resonance in alternating TiO₂/SiO₂ multilayers. The total absorption and narrow linewidth are explained from the radiative and absorptive damping, which are quantitatively determined by the temporal coupled mode theory. When a silver film with proper thickness is added to the absorber, the perfect absorption is achieved with only 3 structural bilayers, in contrast with 8 bilayers required without Ag. Furthermore, significant field enhancement and an ultrahigh 2600/RIU sensing figure-of-merit are simultaneously obtained at resonance, which might facilitate applications in nonlinear optical devices and high resolution refractive index sensing.     

Fokker Planck equation solved in terms of complex fractional moments

In this paper the solution of the Fokker Planck (FPK) equation in terms of (complex) fractional moments is presented. It is shown that by using concepts coming from fractional calculus, complex Mellin transform and related ones, the solution of the FPK equation in terms of a finite number of complex moments may be easily found. It is shown that the probability density function (PDF) solution of the FPK equation is restored in the whole domain, including the trend at infinity with the exception of the value of the PDF in zero.     

Effect of binder liquid type on spherical crystallization

Aim: Spherical crystallization is a process of formation of agglomerates of crystals held together by binder liquid. This research focused on understanding the effect of type of solvents used as binder liquid on the agglomeration of crystals.

Method: Carbamazepine and ethanol/water were used respectively as a model drug and crystallization system. Eight solvents as binder liquid including chloroform, dichloromethane, isopropyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, dimethyl aniline, benzene and toluene were examined to better understand the relationship between the physical properties of the binder liquid and its ability to bring about the formation of the agglomerates. Moreover, the agglomerates obtained from effective solvents as binder liquid were evaluated in term of size, apparent particle density and compressive strength.

Results: In this study the clear trend was observed experimentally in the agglomerate formation as a function of physical properties of the binder liquid such as miscibility with crystallization system. Furthermore, the properties of obtained agglomerates such as size, apparent particle density and compressive strength were directly related to physical properties of effective binder liquids.

Conclusion: Results of this study offer a useful starting point for a conceptual framework to guide the selection of solvent systems for spherical crystallization.