基于减载贡献因子的低频减载动态优化方法研究

电力系统能否在出现故障后尽量少切或者不切负荷,是评价供电可靠性的重要指标。提出了在计及负荷频率调节效率的基础上,考虑有功电压特性以及负荷重要等级的减载贡献因子计算方法,通过分析减载贡献因子对不平衡功率的影响提高不平衡功率计算精度,从而对低频减载量进行逐次动态优化,减少电力系发生故障后的负荷切除量,提高互联电网的频率调节能力。仿真分析表明,所提出的基于减载贡献因子的动态优化方法,可以同时满足减少故障后负荷切除量和频率动态优化的要求,具有良好的故障应急处理经济性和可靠性。     

一种基于有序二元决策图的低频减载新方案

为控制电力系统大容量机组跳闸时频率下降的问题,需要设计可靠的低频减载方案。针对传统方案存在的不足,设计了一种考虑负荷模型和系统有功备用的低频减载方案。该方案通过故障后系统频率变化率来估算系统功率缺额,充分考虑负荷模型、系统备用的影响,确定切负荷量;根据负荷的频率调节特性确定切除的优先级;利用有序二元决策图(ordered binary decision diagram,OBDD)搜索切除方案可行解,针对可行解,考虑负荷的控制代价,确定最优的控制策略。该方案经在IEEE9节点系统上测试验证,能准确估算故障大小,并能快速得到最优切负荷方案,相比于传统的低频减载方案,具有自适应性强、控制代价小等优势。     

基于灰色关联分析的自适应低频减载

针对当前低频减载方案常按频率跌落延时切除离线整定的负荷量、缺少对负荷特性的综合考虑而引起的欠切、过切等问题,提出以负荷频率效应系数、单位电能损失和负载率为决策指标对不同重要性级别下的负荷节点进行灰色关联分析排序,按关联度由大到小确定切负荷顺序。基于广域测量的系统初始频率变化率自适应估计系统功率缺额,在计及发电机和负荷的调节作用的同时计算切负荷总量,并按减载顺序主动分配。四种典型故障场景下的仿真结果表明所提方案能有效决策减载策略,以最小的减载量和减载代价获得了最优的频率动态恢复曲线,验证了可行性。     

频率的时空分布对低频减载的影响研究

基于电网网架结构、发电机组分布、机组参数及负荷类型等因素的影响,系统频率特性呈现为时空分布。由于系统频率是制定低频减载方案的依据,致使低频减载装置不能按照设计的理想状态动作。针对某地区电网解网事故,详细分析了功率缺额下系统频率的动态特性及低频减载装置的动作情况。基于频率的时空分布特性考虑低频减载装置动作后频率恢复效果、切负荷大小及切负荷类型等影响因子,分析了负荷特性对频率的影响,提出了分散切负荷和集中切大用户工业负荷的两种研究方案。研究结果阐明集中切大用户工业负荷可快速恢复系统的频率,并对居民负荷影响较小。因此,对实际电网运行、低频减载方案的制定具有重要的参考价值。     

电力系统新型低频减载装置的协调控制策略

在系统发生故障出现严重功率缺额时,针对现有UFLS(低频减载)装置,采用单一变量提高装置动作性能的问题,利用现代计算机技术和通信技术以及先进的计算方法,实现考虑恢复频率的相对值、动态负荷调节效应系数、系统最大功率缺额及变化、减负荷前系统用户的总功率的各轮最优开断功率协调计算,提出了新型UFLS协调控制方法,使装置较好地“逐次逼近”实际电力系统应切除的负荷,提高了低频减载装置的性能。     

考虑负荷频率调节效应系数的低频减载方案研究

目前的低频减载方案中,没有充分考虑负荷频率调节效应系数KL*在切负荷过程的作用,针对这一问题本文给出了一种考虑荷频率调节效应系数KL*的低频减载方案.该方案利用负荷频率调节特性,提出在低频减载基本轮应优先切除频率调节效应系数小的线路,保留频率调节效应系数大的线路.而在特殊轮频率在不断上升恢复时,应优先减载频率调节效应系数大的线路,保留频率调节效应系数小的线路,这样更利于系统频率恢复和系统稳定,并尽可能地减少负荷的损失.最后,对所提出方案进行数字仿真,仿真结果验证了该方案的合理性.     

低频低压继电器联合减载方法

传统的低频低压减载继电器相互独立,减载时未充分考虑负荷特性以及频率电压的相互影响,在严重扰动下可能出现欠控制或者过控制。提出了一种低频低压继电器联合减载方法,该方法在计及负荷母线频率和电压变化对负荷有功功率影响的基础上,根据实时测得的本地负荷的频率与电压响应信息自动计算低压减载量和低频减载的附加减载量,并将所求得低频减载切负荷量与低压减载切负荷量的较大值作为实际切负荷量输出至低频低压继电器上进行逐轮次就地切负荷。IEEE 39节点系统的仿真结果说明,该方法与传统分散式低频低压减载方法相比,能更好地适应负荷特性和扰动形式的变化,能更有效地保障受扰系统的频率稳定性和电压稳定性。     

计及动态修正的自适应广域低频减载

传统分轮逐次逼近的低频减载方法,对系统运行变化缺乏足够的适应性,会造成过切、欠切等问题,所以提出一种基于广域测量系统计及动态修正的自适应低频减载策略。在低阶频率响应模型的基础上,考虑电压对不平衡功率的影响,利用较短周期内的系统响应轨迹估计系统不平衡功率;考虑系统频率自恢复调节能力,采用频率变化率变化梯度逐轮对减载量进行动态修正;各负荷节点减载量由计及负荷特性、发电机受扰程度的多因素综合指标确定。IEEE 68节点系统仿真结果表明,所提方法可有效减少负荷切除量,同时能明显缩短频率恢复时间,保证了系统的稳定运行。     

智能家电参与低频减载协调配合方案研究

智能电网环境下智能电表和智能家电等智能终端设备在用户侧的推广应用,为电力系统安全稳定控制提供了丰富的动态响应信息。文章将智能需求响应技术与第3道防线中的低频减载措施相结合,利用负荷侧的快速响应资源与第3道防线进行协调控制,提出一种考虑智能家电响应的新型低频减载方案。基于智能电表与电网之间可双向通信的特点,控制智能家电主动提前响应系统的调控需求,通过与传统低频减载方案的协调,可阻止系统频率的大幅度跌落并尽快恢复至额定值附近,提高了系统运行的灵活性和可靠性。时域仿真表明该低频减载方案能够适应电网复杂的运行环境,快速有效地抑制故障下的频率跌落,减少切负荷代价。     

电力系统低频减载优化整定研究

现有单机单负荷整定、实际系统校核的整定模式中,如果出现校核时不满足技术规定要求,就需要手工调整整定值。手工调整难以得到满足要求的整定值,导致在某些系统功率缺额时低频减载过切或欠切。基于将技术规定作为约束的低频减载优化模型,提出了一种新的计及实际电网动态频率特性的低频减载优化整定差分算法,使得整定的方案在系统校核功率缺额集下满足技术规定的要求。利用PSS/E仿真软件,进行了对某实际电网的低频减载方案整定,证明了该方法的正确有效,避免了过切或欠切,有效防止了频率崩溃,同时还减小了系统切负荷总量。     

基于DSP的新型低频减载装置的研究

开发了一种以TMS320C32DSP为核心设计的新型低频减载装置,介绍了该装置的工作原理、硬件结构及软件设计。该装置能根据系统频率下降速率自动加速切负荷,缩短动作延时,有利于系统安全稳定运行。硬件系统结构简单,性能可靠;软件系统功能强大,充分考虑现场实际,人机界面友好。     

Power system computer controlled load shedding

System conditions leading to power deficits and their identification are analyzed and the methods for load-shedding calculations are presented. Different criteria on which to base the decision-making process are discussed with the aim of defining an overall load-shedding protection scheme, based on real-time system conditions as processed by computer control centers. The basic theory to develop a new concept of load shedding is presented. Load-shedding schemes oriented to minimize the frequency transient fall compatible with limited amounts of disconnected load are sought. Real-time measurements of loads are used in a process to select, for each block of power, those feeders to be disconnected in an eventual emergency. The concept of area transient error (ATE) is introduced in order to look at the possibilities of using it as an indicator of system condition. A first load-shedding scheme applied in one area is based on the ATE. A second scheme, used as a backup, is applied throughout the system and is based on the frequency decay rate and a third crierion based only on power is presented. Tests on a sample system show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.     

Optimal load-shedding using local information

This paper describes an optimal load-shedding policy based on quadratic programming using only some power system state variables after severe generation outages. When generation outage is severe, the imbalance between supply and demand causes a declining frequency. Utilities generators cannot be operated excessively at frequencies above normal. Some of the load must be shed to prevent system damage. Optimal load-shedding policies have been studied using all state variables of the power system. However, in real power system operations, it is difficult to obtain remote information in that fraction of a second following generation outages. An optimal load-shedding method is constructed in this research using quadratic programming (QP) under the assumption that all power system state variables can be available. However, these state variables cannot be easily accessible (as already mentioned). A suboptimal load-shedding scheme based on the local state variables is then studied. The proposed load-shedding method is based on the aforementioned optimal one. The change in line-power flows and the amount of generation power outage are used as accessible data at each load point. Incorporating this local information into the optimal loadshedding method based on the QP method, the proposed load-shedding method is established here. The effectiveness of this proposed method is illustrated by two examples and simulation results on a model power system show that the method is encouraging.     

基于在线负荷检测的变电站低频减载方案

对电力系统低频减载进行了深入研究,为了避免现有减载方法通过预先设定减载对象和减载顺序而不管该对象减载时刻的实际负载水平从而导致的减载量不足,提出了基于在线负荷检测的低频减载思路.负载线路的实际负荷量可由自动化系统得到.通过对电力系统频率动态特性的分析,得出了频率变化率与系统功率缺额之间的关系及保证首轮减载量对系统频率恢...     

电网运行风险在线评估中基于灵敏度分析的负荷削减模型

传统负荷削减模型通常采用全局寻优得到负荷削减范围,难以满足电网运行风险在线评估的时效性要求。为解决现有的负荷削减模型存在的问题,提出了一种基于灵敏度分析的负荷削减模型,通过计算各支路对母线节点的灵敏度,筛选对越限支路潮流影响显著的母线节点作为负荷削减范围,将全局寻优转换为局部寻优。综合考虑负荷重要程度和计及设备电气耦合关系的临近原则,以各类负荷削减量加权求和最小为目标,采用原对偶内点法计算负荷削减量。所提模型可在保证负荷削减结果正确的前提下,大幅提高计算效率。以IEEE 300节点等系统为例,验证了所提负荷削减模型的正确性和高效性。     

An enhanced cascading failure modelintegrating data mining technique

Under frequency load shedding is an effective approach to maintain or restore the steady-state operation of the power system when frequency accidents occur. An improved under frequency load shedding strategy based on dynamic power flow tracking is proposed. The expression of the kinetic energy theorem in power system is derived and combined with the power flow tracing method to analyze the relation between system energy distribution and its frequency. The power system frequency influencing factors are then constructed and applied to find the reasons of frequency decline and to quantify the contributions of the mechanical power of the generators, the load power and the transmission losses for the frequency deviation. Finally, considering a variety of unbalanced power scenarios in the system, the modified load shedding strategy is designed. Based on the results of dynamic power flow tracing, the strategy can choose the suitable load node to control, and the defined load frequency contribution indicator is utilized to determine the load shedding amount which each control object undertakes. The proposed methodology is verified by the fault scenarios when the generator sets mistakenly cut off and the trip of important tie-lines in the IEEE 39-bus system. Compared with the conventional strategies, the proposed strategy is more selective, can reduce the blackout range, and improve the effect of stable frequency recovery     

An improved under frequency load shedding strategy based on dynamic power flow tracing

Under frequency load shedding is an effective approach to maintain or restore the steady-state operation of the power system when frequency accidents occur. An improved under frequency load shedding strategy based on dynamic power flow tracking is proposed. The expression of the kinetic energy theorem in power system is derived and combined with the power flow tracing method to analyze the relation between system energy distribution and its frequency. The power system frequency influencing factors are then constructed and applied to find the reasons of frequency decline and to quantify the contributions of the mechanical power of the generators, the load power and the transmission losses for the frequency deviation. Finally, considering a variety of unbalanced power scenarios in the system, the modified load shedding strategy is designed. Based on the results of dynamic power flow tracing, the strategy can choose the suitable load node to control, and the defined load frequency contribution indicator is utilized to determine the load shedding amount which each control object undertakes. The proposed methodology is verified by the fault scenarios when the generator sets mistakenly cut off and the trip of important tie-lines in the IEEE 39-bus system. Compared with the conventional strategies, the proposed strategy is more selective, can reduce the blackout range, and improve the effect of stable frequency recovery.     

基于潮流追踪算法的自适应低频减载策略研究

低频减载（under frequency load shedding,UFLS）是防止电力系统频率崩溃的有效手段之一,它通过在系统的某些地点切除过负荷量,达到维护系统稳定的目的。为此,计及负荷的电压调节效应,提出一种改进的功率不平衡量计算方法,针对不同的扰动在线计算系统的减载总量;并利用邻接矩阵的稀疏性,结合邻接矩阵和比例分配原则提出了一种潮流追踪新算法,提高了潮流追踪算法的计算效率,将其应用于在线确定减载地点与分配减载量。仿真结果表明,新的自适应减载策略可靠性更高,能够有效防止欠切或过切,改善受扰系统减载后的频率恢复效果,并提高系统的电压稳定水平,对实际电力系统紧急控制研究具有重要意义。     

Revision of the underfrequency load-shedding scheme of the Slovenian power system

The main motivation for the study presented in this paper was the numerous blackouts that occurred in 2003. After the Italian blackout, which almost caused a collapse of the Slovenian power system as well, it became clear that some automatic procedures, with underfrequency load-shedding being one of the most important ones, need to be thoroughly revised. The paper studies three different load-shedding schemes. Two of them use the frequency decline gradient, which is currently not implemented in the Slovenian power system. The first two schemes have fixed maximal amount of load to be shed, while the third one sheds more loads if the frequency gradient is greater, which makes this scheme successful also in those case where the first two fail due to insufficient load-shedding. This is application of known techniques to a specific case of finding the best load-shedding scheme in Slovenian power system to avoid blackout. The simulations were performed on a detailed model of the Slovenian power system using the software package EUROSTAG. The proposed underfrequency relays’ settings conform to the UCTE Operation handbook.     

A New Optimal Under-frequency Load-shedding Method Using Hybrid Culture–Particle Swarm Optimization–Co-evolutionary Algorithm and Artificial Neural Networks

Optimum under-frequency load shedding during contingency situations is one of the most important issues in power system security analysis; if carried out online fast enough, it will prevent the system from going to a complete blackout. This article presents a new fast load-shedding method in which the amounts of active and reactive power to be shed are optimized with a dynamic priority list by using a hybrid culture–particle swarm optimization–co-evolutionary algorithm and artificial neural network method. The proposed method uses a five-step load-shedding scenario and is able to determine the necessary active and reactive load-shedding amounts in all steps simultaneously on a real-time basis. An artificial neural network database is established by using offline N – K (K = 1, 2, and 3) contingency analysis of the IEEE 118-bus test system. The Levenberg–Marquardt back-propagation training algorithm is used for the artificial neural network, and the training process is optimized by using a genetic algorithm. The artificial neural network database is updated based on new contingency events that occur in the system. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm will give optimal load shedding for different N – K contingency scenarios in comparison with other available under-frequency load-shedding methods.