超低氧精炼时钙处理对氧化物夹杂的影响

 研究了采用LF精炼顶渣控制技术对钢液进行超低氧冶炼时,钙处理对钢中非金属夹杂物的影响。试验在转炉出钢时采用铝终脱氧,LF精炼过程采用强脱氧、高碱度、强还原性精炼顶渣对钢液进行超低氧冶炼,比较了钙处理和不钙处理的钢液中非金属夹杂物转变的情况。结果表明,采用精炼顶渣控制技术冶炼超低氧钢时,钢液不需要进行钙处理就能实现铝脱氧产物Al2O3→MgO·Al2O3尖晶石→CaO-MgO-Al2O3类复合夹杂物的转变,得到炼钢温度下呈液态的复合氧化物夹杂,这些液态的夹杂物容易通过碰撞长大上浮去除,得到高洁净度的钢液,且残留在钢液的氧化物夹杂为较低熔点的复合氧化物,在浇注过程中不会产生水口结瘤。     

Variation of Non-Metallic Inclusions Composition in X80 Pipeline Steel Refined by High Basicity Slag

The transformation of inclusions was studied when control technology of refining top slag in ladle furnace was used in X80 pipeline steelmaking.Sufficient amount of aluminum was added to experimental heats for final deoxidation during BOF tapping,and then the refining top slag with high basicity and strong reducibility was adopted to transform Al 2 O 3 to inclusions with low melting point.The results show that the composition of inclusions changes in order of "Al 2 O 3 → MgO-Al 2 O 3 system→ CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 system→ CaO-Al 2 O 3 system".And the inclusions after LF refining are liquid or semi-liquid state at the temperature of steelmaking,which are easily removable to obtain high cleanliness steel by collision,agglomeration and flotation.     

Investigation on Non-Metallic Inclusions in LCAK Steel Produced by BOF-LF-FTSC Production Route

 The behavior of non-metallic inclusions in LCAK (low carbon aluminum killed) steel produced by BOF (basic oxygen furnace)-LF (ladle furnace) refining-FTSC (flexible thin slab continuous caster) production route was investigated. The results showed that, LF refining for LCAK steel could decrease the wT[O] significantly, and the inclusions were modified by Ca treatment, which prevented nozzle clogging efficiently. However, owing to the unstable casting condition in the earlier stage of casting, a severe reoxidation occurred, accompanied with mold slag entrapment. The transformation of non-metallic inclusions during the steelmaking process was Al2O3→MgO-Al2O3 type inclusion→MgO-Al2O3-CaO type inclusion with a CaS ring, and the mechanism of the transformation was proposed and discussed via thermodynamic and kinetic analysis. Besides, to avoid CaS precipitation, the product of w2[Al]×w3[S] in steel should be less than 2.0×10-10 at 1873 K, which remands higher desulfurization ratio during LF refining.     

钙处理对涟钢高强机械用钢夹杂物的影响

对涟钢LG600/LG700XL冶炼过程中夹杂物的衍变机理进行分析,分批次试验研究了精炼渣性能和钙处理工艺对钢液洁净度和钢中夹杂物的影响。结果表明,在钙处理工艺下,夹杂物的衍变路线为Al_2O_3→MgO-Al_2O_3→Al_2O_3-CaO,中间包钢液中的夹杂物主要是Al_2O_3-CaO和Al_2O_3-TiO_x复合氧化物。取消钙处理以后,铸坯中氧的质量分数从16×10~(-6)降低到11×10~(-6)。两种工艺下,材样中绝大部分夹杂物都是核心为铝酸盐、外层为TiN的复合夹杂,钙处理工艺下夹杂物核心是Al_2O_3-CaO-CaS,取消钙处理工艺下夹杂物核心是MgO-Al_2O_3尖晶石。两类复合夹杂物尺寸都比较小(10μm),对钢材性能的影响有限。取消钙处理以后,钢液可浇性基本保持不变,没有发生水口堵塞,说明取消精炼过程中的钙处理工艺对涟钢高强机械用钢而言是可行的。     

Cleanliness of Alloying Structural Steel

 Alloying structural steel used for mechanical structures has a high requirement for cleanliness because its failures are greatly affected by non-metallic inclusions and total oxygen content in steel. It has been reported by some steelmaking plants to have some problems in controlling total oxygen content and inclusions during alloying structural steel production. For this purpose, cleanliness control in 02C-03Si-06Mn-1Cr-02Mo steel was investigated. Firstly, low melting temperature zone (≤1873 K) of CaO-Al2O3-MgO system and formation condition of low melting temperature inclusions were investigated through thermodynamic equilibrium calculation. On this basis, industrial tests were carried out. Through sampling at different stages, transformation of oxide inclusions and change of total oxygen content in steel were studied. The results show that: in order to form CaO-Al2O3-MgO system inclusions with low melting temperature, mass percent of Al2O3, MgO and CaO in inclusions should be controlled from 376% to 708%, 0 to 174% and 255% to 606%; For the condition of 1873 K and 005% (mass percent) dissolved aluminum in steel, the activities of dissolved oxygen, magnesium and calcium should be controlled as 0298×10-4-2×10-4, 01×10-5-40×10-5 and 08×10-8-180×10-8 respectively. With secondary refining proceeding, average total oxygen content and inclusion amount decrease, the type of most inclusions changes from Al2O3 after tapping to Al2O3-MgO after top slag is formed during ladle furnace refining and finally to CaO-Al2O3-MgO after RH treatment. In the final products, average total oxygen content was 127×10-6 and most inclusions were in spherical shape with size less than 5 μm.     

Behavior of MgO·Al_2O_3 Based Inclusions in Alloy Steel During Refining Process

The transformation of MgO·Al2O3 based inclusions in alloy steel during refining has been studied by industrial trials.Besides Factsage software is used to study the formation and modification of spinel inclusions in alloy steel using calcium treatment during refining process.The results show that the transformation sequence of inclusions is:MgO·Al2O3→CaO-Al2O3-MgO complex inclusions→MgO·Al2O3,and under present experimental condition,in order to avoid forming MgO·Al2O3 inclusions the content of dissolved Ca in the molten steel has to reach 1×10-6.Also the results show that when more calcium was added to molten steel,the content of Al2O3 and MgO will be lower.Besides,increasing the content of CaO in the inclusions will increase even if the content of SiO2 changes little.     

铝脱氧钢中尖晶石夹杂物的生成与转变

研究了140 t LD-LF-RH-CC流程冶炼超低氧钢时精炼过程铝脱氧钢中夹杂物的变化。试验钢出钢过程加足够的铝脱氧,以尽快降低钢液中溶解氧。为使Al₂O₃转变为钙铝酸盐夹杂,选用CaO-Al₂O₃精炼渣系,渣中含3.00%～8.42%SiO₂。结果表明,精炼时钢液中夹杂物的变化趋势为:纯Al₂O₃→尖晶石夹杂→CaO-Al₂O₃-MgO复合夹杂物,炉渣中8.42%SiO₂炉次夹杂物转变慢于3.00%SiO₂炉次;当炉渣CaO/Al₂O₃为1.60时,钢中夹杂物大多转变为低熔点CaO-Al₂O₃-MgO复合夹杂。精炼渣的成分控制应为(%):55～60CaO,35～40Al₂O₃, 5～10MgO。     

非钙处理铝脱氧车轮钢夹杂物形成及变形行为

 通过采用扫描电镜对BOF-LF-RH-CC非钙处理工艺生产车轮钢系统取样样品中夹杂物的形貌、尺寸及组成的分析,研究了精炼和凝固过程氧化物夹杂的形成、上浮去除和析出过程,以及轧制过程夹杂物的变形行为。研究发现,在非钙处理条件下,LF精炼过程会形成大量MgO-Al2O3夹杂和CaO-Al2O3夹杂,并且在RH精炼过程中存在MgO-Al2O3夹杂向CaO-Al2O3夹杂的转变过程,最终导致铸坯中出现低变性CaO-Al2O3夹杂;在软吹和镇静过程中,炉渣或空气对钢液的二次氧化与钢液中夹杂物上浮去除存在动态平衡;在钢液凝固过程中,固液界面的Al2O3等氧化物夹杂为MnS的析出提供了异质形核点,形成半包裹状的Al2O3-MnS类复合夹杂物;在轧制过程中,团簇状Al2O3夹杂容易被轧碎在板卷中形成点链状,高熔点半包裹的Al2O3-MnS类复合夹杂物被轧制成小尾巴状,而低熔点的CaO-Al2O3-MnS的复合夹杂形成连续的条状。     

SWRH82B硬线钢CaO- Al2O3- SiO2系夹杂物塑性化控制的生产实践

为了研究SWRH82B硬线钢通过控制精炼渣的组成实现夹杂物塑性化的可行性,通过对炼钢过程中各工序的精炼渣和钢液进行取样,并对精炼渣成分、钢液总氧含量以及夹杂物的形貌、尺寸、成分等进行检测分析。结果表明,采用无铝化脱氧,并将精炼渣的碱度控制在0.8~1.2,Al2O3质量分数控制在10%以下时,能使CaO- Al2O3- SiO2系夹杂物成为塑性夹杂物;钢水经过RH真空精炼后夹杂物尺寸变大,并且夹杂物的Al2O3质量分数降低,SiO2质量分数升高,通过相关检测分析了造成此现象的原因,并提出了改进措施。     

超低氧齿轮钢非金属夹杂物控制热力学计算及应用

 利用热力学软件计算了齿轮钢氧含量与夹杂物成分的关系、夹杂物转变条件。结果表明,超低氧20 CrMoH钢中具有较高塑性的非金属夹杂物成分为：SiO2 0%~10%、Al2O3 22%~55%、CaO 42%~60%、MgO 5%~10%,与之平衡的时钢液中铝含量在0.020%左右,钙含量>0.7×10-6,氧含量在0.0005%左右;选择组成为CaO>40%、Al2O3≤37%、MgO10%、(%CaO+%MgO)/%SiO2为10、SiO2含量尽量低的渣系,钢中Al2O3、MgO•Al2O3夹杂物可转变为低熔点的钙铝酸盐。上述结果在工业试验中得到了验证。     

冷轧薄板钙镁铝尖晶石类夹杂物成因分析

摘要：针对超低碳铝脱氧镇静钢在冷轧冲压过程中出现开裂情况进行了电镜和能谱成分分析,确定了主要夹杂物含有Al2O3、CaO及MgO,为钙镁铝尖晶石类夹杂物。研究了该问题炉次的钢包顶渣组分、中间包覆盖剂及涂层侵蚀情况,讨论了夹杂物的来源。结果显示,Al2O3为脱氧产物及二次氧化的产物;CaO的来源为渣中较高活度的CaO与钢水中酸溶铝Als反应导致Ca元素进入钢水,进而与钢水中的O生成CaO。MgO主要为中间包覆盖剂氧化镁及涂层融蚀的氧化镁进入中间包渣系,与钢水中的Als反应导致Mg元素进入钢水,再与钢水中的O生成MgO。     

超低氧冶炼过程镁铝尖晶石形成的热力学分析与控制

 对超低氧试验钢精炼过程中镁铝尖晶石的形成机制和生成热力学计算分析表明：1873K时,MgO-Al2O3二元系夹杂物中MgO的质量分数超过17%时就能生成镁铝尖晶石;采用高碱度、w((CaO))/w((Al2O3))≈1、强还原性精炼顶渣对铝终脱氧钢液进行LF精炼时,在LF精炼中前期就实现Al2O3向MgO·Al2O3尖晶石的转变;钢液中的镁则是实现Al2O3向MgO·Al2O3尖晶石转变的中介和桥梁。而钢中镁含量是由酸溶铝控制的。因此,保持钢液中足够的铝含量是镁铝尖晶石生成的前提。生产过程中,当钢液的w(［Al］)达到0.03%时,w(［Mg］)只需要1.32×10-7以上就能生成MgO·Al2O3尖晶石。     

Analysis of formation mechanism about Ca-Mg-Al spinel type inclusions in cold thin rolling sheet

The cracking of ultra low carbon Al deoxidized killed steel during cold rolling and stamping was analyzed by SEM and EDS. It was determined that the main inclusions consisted of Al2O3, CaO and MgO, which are Ca-Mg-Al spinel inclusions. The composition of the ladle top slag and corrosion of the tundish covering agent and coating were investigated, and the source of inclusions was discussed. It was found that Al2O3 is the product of deoxidation and secondary oxidation. The source of CaO is the reaction between CaO of higher activity in slag with acid soluble aluminum Als in molten steel, which leads to the entry of element Ca into molten steel and the formation of CaO with oxygen in molten steel. The reaction of MgO, which comes from MgO in tundish covering slag and MgO corroded from tundish coating, with Als in molten steel leads to element Mg entering molten steel, and then MgO is formed with oxygen in molten steel.     

Inclusion Variations of Hot Working Die Steel H13 in Refining Process

 Inclusion variations of die steel H13, including changes of species, morphologies, compositions, amounts and sizes, in the production of EAF→LF→VD→ingot casting→electro-slag refining (ESR) procedure, were investigated by systematic sampling, and analyzed with scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), and metallographic microscope. The variation mechanism was studied by comprehensive analysis of total oxygen, nitrogen, and acid soluble aluminum as well as chemical test of refining slag. Based on the investigations, technical measures for cleanness improvement were discussed. The results show that oxide inclusions in H13 steel change from irregular Al2O3→near globular CaO-MgO-Al2O3 and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 complex inclusions→finer CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 inclusions with higher CaO content→CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 inclusions with higher Al2O3 content and irregular MgO-Al2O3 inclusions→fine irregular MgO-Al2O3-CaS inclusions in various steps of the production; the variations are related with changes of acid soluble aluminum content, reactions between slag and steel, re-oxidation of liquid steel during casting, and refining of ESR. It is also found that Al2O3 inclusions are modified by refining slag in LF and VD refining; and ESR plays a good role in inclusion removal, especially in controlling the large linear VC-CrC-MoC inclusions distributed in grain boundaries. It is suggested that casting protection should be improved, and the basicity of refining slag and acid soluble aluminum content in steel should be raised.     

高碱度精炼渣对GCr15轴承钢洁净度的影响

 利用实验室渣-钢平衡试验研究了高碱度精炼渣对GCr15轴承钢中[w(T[O])]和夹杂物的影响。结合试验结果和热力学分析,探讨了钢中[w(T[O])、]夹杂物尺寸分布和粒径大小的变化规律,以及氧化物夹杂的转变过程。研究结果表明,碱度为6时,精炼渣(59.4%CaO-24.8%Al2O3-9.8%SiO2-6%MgO)可将钢中[w(T[O])]控制在0.000 6%以内,氧化物夹杂平均尺寸最小为2.26 μm。随着钢中[w([Ca])]和[w([Mg])]的增加,钢中氧化物夹杂转变过程为Al2O3→MgO·Al2O3→MgO→CaO-Al2O3-MgO复合夹杂物(核心为MgO,外围包裹着CaO-Al2O3)。渣-钢反应前期钢中以MgO·Al2O3为主,后期以MgO和CaO-Al2O3-MgO复合夹杂物为主。氧化物夹杂转变的试验结果与热力学分析结果相一致,大多数氧化物夹杂尺寸小于5 μm。     

210 t BOF-RH-板坯CC流程钢包顶渣改质处理对超低碳钢夹杂物的影响

检测分析了加改质剂（/%:38~43Al,20~30Al₂O₃,27~31CaO,≤6SiO₂,≤6MgO）改质210 t钢包顶渣前后超低碳钢（≤0.01%C）连铸坯中的夹杂物数量和尺寸分布,通过热力学分析,研究了改质剂对钢渣间氧平衡以及连铸坯中夹杂物的影响。结果表明,钢包顶渣改质前的精炼渣样成分为（/%）25.55~39.68CaO,8.51~15.14SiO₂,6.34~27.09MgO,5.92~6.54Al₂O₃,17.32~22.24FeO,3.86~7.35MnO,改质后渣样成分为（/%）34.36~40.43CaO,7.69~11.47SiO₂,6.42~7.31MgO,8.31~25.54Al₂O₃,11.94~20.78FeO,2.17~2.63MnO;采用钢包顶渣改质处理,实际渣中a_(FeO)小于与钢液中氧相平衡的a_(FeO),引起了钢液中的氧通过渣金界面向渣中扩散,从而降低了钢液中氧活度,显著改善钢液的洁净度和降低连铸坯中的夹杂物数量和尺寸,水口结瘤得到明显改善;同时,虽然渣中的a_(FeO)下降较小,但钢液中氧活度得到了明显降低。     

低碳铝镇静钢LF精炼过程钢中非金属夹杂物的研究

对LF精炼过程低碳铝镇静钢水中非金属夹杂物的变化进行了研究,发现在采用高碱度、强还原性炉渣条件下,Al2O3类夹杂物先向MgO-Al2O3系夹杂物并进而向CaO-MgO-Al2O3系夹杂物和CaO-CaS-Al2O3系夹杂物转变。在LF精炼结束时,钢中已基本没有对钢水可浇性影响最大的Al2O3系夹杂物,因此可以减少LF精炼后对钢水进行钙处理用的钙线量,以降低生产成本并减少由于钙处理而生成的大尺寸钙铝酸盐夹杂物的数量。     

超纯轴承钢的精炼工艺

通过控制电炉(供氧强度、渣中氧化铁比例、出钢挡渣率、出钢钢液的氧活度)、钢包炉(精炼渣系、脱氧剂、钢液温度、精炼时间、底吹氩压力、精炼钢包耐火材料的选择、铁合金种类的选择)、真空脱气(真空度、真空时间、底吹氩压力)的工艺参数以及真空后的软吹氩搅拌、并采用IPAS系统和控制钢液浇铸速度,使超纯轴承钢(SFGCr15)的w(S)、w(Ti)、w(O)分别达到0.003%、0.001 2%和0.000 7%以下,钢中非金属夹杂物也处于较好水平,满足了国际顶尖轴承厂家对轴承钢的超纯要求.     

不同RH脱氧方式对含铝电工钢的影响

摘要：研究了RH脱氧方式（铝脱氧,先铝后硅;硅脱氧,先硅后铝）对含铝电工钢洁净度、渣成分、夹杂物演变及连铸过程的影响。2种脱氧方式下钢包顶渣的氧化性相似,热力学计算表明硅脱氧的顶渣对铝酸盐夹杂物的吸收能力强于铝脱氧渣。铝脱氧钢中夹杂主要为Al2O3 CaO CaS复合氧化物,硅脱氧钢中夹杂物主要是Al2O3。2种脱氧方式下,热轧钢卷中的典型夹杂物都是AlN、MnS和复合铝酸盐。由于脱氧方式和钢中N、S含量的差异,铝脱氧热轧卷中夹杂物的含量是硅脱氧的2～3倍,这与理论的预测结果完全吻合。由于钢液中Ca含量不同,硅脱氧的钢水在CSP连铸过程中会引起中包塞棒上涨,因此建议在传统的连铸工艺中采用硅脱氧,在CSP工艺中采用铝脱氧。     

GCr15轴承钢冶炼过程钢液洁净度变化

 研究了EAF→LF→VD→软搅→CC工艺生产GCr15轴承钢冶炼过程钢中T[O]及非金属夹杂物的变化情况。通过将电炉出钢碳质量分数控制为0.2%～0.4%、出钢加铝强脱氧及造预精炼渣、LF精炼过程造高碱度强还原性炉渣、VD真空强搅拌及防止中间包二次氧化,可以生产[w(T[O])]等于8×10－6的轴承钢。在炉外精炼过程中夹杂物经历了Al2O3→MgO·Al2O3→CaO-MgO-Al2O3演变。LF精炼过程夹杂物平均尺寸减小,经过VD真空处理后尺寸增加,接着在软搅和中间包过程继续减小。利用VD真空处理可以去除高达74%的夹杂物。