Selection of Heat Treatment Process and Wear Mechanism of High Wear Resistant Cast Hot-Forging Die Steel

 Dry sliding wear tests of a Cr-Mo-V cast hot-forging die steel was carried out within a load range of 50-300 N at 400 ℃ by a pin-on-disc high-temperature wear machine. The effect of heat treatment process on wear resistance was systematically studied in order to select heat treatment processes of the steel with high wear resistance. The morphology, structure and composition were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS); wear mechanism was also discussed. Tribo-oxide layer was found to form on worn surfaces to reduce wear under low loads, but appear inside the matrix to increase wear under high loads. The tribo-oxides were mainly consisted of Fe3O4 and Fe2O3, FeO only appeared under a high load. Oxidative mild wear, transition of mild-severe wear in oxidative wear and extrusive wear took turns to operate with increasing the load. The wear resistance strongly depended on the selection of heat treatment processes or microstructures. It was found that bainite presented a better wear resistance than martensite plus bainite duplex structure, martensite structure was of the poorest wear resistance. The wear resistance increased with increasing austenizing temperature in the range of 920 to 1120 ℃, then decreased at up to 1220 ℃. As for tempering temperature and microstructure, the wear resistance increased in following order: 700 ℃ (tempered sorbite), 200 ℃ (tempered martensite), 440 to 650 ℃ (tempered troostite). An appropriate combination of hardness, toughness, microstructural thermal stability was required for a good wear resistance in high-temperature wear. The optimized heat treatment process was suggested for the cast hot-forging steel to be austenized at 1020 to 1120 ℃, quenched in oil, then tempered at 440 to 650 ℃ for 2 h.     

Dry Sliding Oxidative Wear in Plain Carbon Dual Phase Steel

 To investigate the tribological potential of the dual phase (DP) steel as a wear resistant material, the wear and the friction characteristics of this steel, which consists of hard martensite islands embedded in a ductile ferrite matrix, have been investigated and compared with those observed in plain carbon hardened (H) steel that has the same carbon content of 02%. Dry sliding wear tests have been carried out using a pin on disk wear testing machine at different normal loads of 213 N, 285 N, 357 N, and 426 N and at a constant sliding velocity of 120 m/s. The analysis of surface and wear debris of samples showed that the wear mechanism was mainly mild oxidative. The friction and the wear rate of the H steel and the DP steel have been explained with respect to the microstructure and the wear mechanism.     

Microstructure and Properties of Hot Working Die Steel H13MOD

Compared with H13 steel, the influences of different heat treatment process on the microstructure and properties of the new type of hot working die steel H13MOD were studied. The results show that the complete austenitizing temperature of H13MOD is around 1030 °C and the quenching hardness achieves the maximum value at this temperature. While for H13, the complete austenitizing temperature is above 1100 °C and the quenching hardness rise constantly with the quenching temperature increasing. In quenching process, the undissolved MC carbides can prevent the coarsening of grain in both steels. With the rise of quenching temperature, when MC carbides dissolve completely, the grain grows quickly. The hardness and strength of H13MOD at higher tempering temperature (above 570 °C) are nearly the same as those of H13, but its toughness is higher than that of H13. Mo₂ C carbide is the main strengthening phase in H13MOD, which is attributed to the higher content of Mo. The quantity of VC eutectic carbides is reduced because of lower content of V in H13MOD, which plays an important role in enhancing the impact toughness of H13MOD. Under a certain strength condition, H13MOD steel can be used in the environment that higher toughness is required and the service life of die casting mold can be improved.     

高温磨损试验参数对WC/钢复合材料高温磨损特性的影响

研究了在不同热处理条件下，高温磨损试验参数对WC／钢复合材料(GJH-2合金)高温抗磨损性能的影响。结果表明，GJH-2合金在450-650℃试验温度范围、应用于重载荷、滑动速度大于2m／s的工况条件下，具有良好的高温抗磨损性能。     

Effects of Al on Microstructure and High-Temperature Wear Properties of Austenitic Heat-Resistant Steel

 Microstructure and high-temperature dry sliding wear at 600 ℃ in ambient air of austenitic heat-resistant steel ZG40Cr25Ni20 with different contents (mass percent) of Al (0 to 710%) have been investigated. The results show that microstructures of 468% and 710% Al addition content consist of the matrix and reinforcement of intermetallic compound γ′ and carbide, while microstructures of ZG40Cr25Ni20 without Al and with Al of 168% are absent of γ′. Higher wear resistance than the original ZG40Cr25Ni20 alloy is achieved in alloys with higher content of Al under the same high-temperature wear test condition. The wear rates of Fe-25Cr-20Ni-710Al and Fe-25Cr-20Ni-468Al are only 2083% and 4583% of that of Fe-25Cr-20Ni, respectively. Heat-resistant steels with higher contents of Al (472% and 710%) have higher hardness than those with lower contents of Al (168% and 0). Wear mechanisms of ZG40Cr25Ni20 are considered as severe plough plastic deformation and slight adhesive. However, wear mechanisms of Fe-25Cr-20Ni-468Al are light micro-cutting and oxidation-wear, while that of Fe-25Cr-20Ni-710Al are severe adhesive transfer and oxidation-wear.     

贝氏体钢板与普碳钢板耐磨性对比工业试验

介绍了热轧低碳贝氏体高强钢板在济钢原料厂QLK800．32型斗轮取料机上与普碳钢板进行耐磨性对比工业试验的情况。试验结果表明，贝氏体高强钢板的耐磨寿命可达到普碳板的3倍。     

Research on Thermal Wear of Cast Hot Forging Die Steel Modified by Rare Earths

Thermal wear of cast hot-forging die steel modified by rare earths（RE） was studied and compared with commercially used die steels. The function of RE and the mechanism of thermal wear of cast steel modified by RE were discussed. The results showed that with increasing content of RE, the wear rate of cast steel reduced at first and then increased. By adding 0.05% （mass fraction） RE, the cast hot-forging die steel with optimum thermal wear resistance was obtained, which was better than that of H13 and 3Cr2WSV. The large amount of coarse inclusions, （RE）2O2S, resulted from excessive RE, which obviously deteriorated thermal wear resistance. The mechanism of thermal wear of the modified cast die steel is oxidation wear and oxide fatigue delamination. The wear debris are lumps of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4.     

平衡块卡子冷冲压模具的磨损方式及提高模具寿命的措施

分析了平衡块卡子模具磨损的方式及产生原因,从模具冲裁间隙、材质的确定及热处理工艺流程等方面提出了提高模具寿命的措施。     

奥氏体耐磨锰钢的研究现状与进展

在综述奥氏体耐磨锰钢的特点、微观结构、加工硬化机理、磨损与耐磨机理的基础上，提出应深入开展其微观结构与组织及性能的关系以及变形与磨损行为的系统研究，为该类钢的生产和应用提供了更充分的理论和实验依据。     

Effect of Additive Cu-10Sn on Sintering Behavior and Wear Resistance of 316L Stainless Steel

 Austenitic 316L stainless steel has good corrosion resistance; however, the relative softness often limits its application. Severe adhesive wear often occurs between the 316L stainless steel and the metal counterpart. Cu-10Sn alloy is often used to improve the wear resistance of powder metallurgy 316L stainless steel. The influence of Cu-10Sn on sintering behavior and wear resistance of powder metallurgy 316L stainless steel was investigated. The parameters investigated included sintering temperature and volume percent of Cu-10Sn. A maximum relative density of 97% was achieved with 25% (in volume percent) Cu-10Sn content at a sintering temperature of 1300 ℃ for 60 min. The irregular and sharp angles of 316L stainless steel particles become round, and the pores are removed completely as a result of large amount of liquid phase formed during sintering. The minimum friction mass loss was achieved with 25% Cu-10Sn content.     

氮、碳、锰对介稳奥氏体锰钢力学性能及耐磨性的影响

 研究了氮、碳、锰等合金元素对介稳奥氏体锰钢力学性能及耐磨性的影响。结果表明,在中、小冲击磨损工况条件下,由于应力波效应,决定锰钢耐磨性的因素有2个：加工硬化性和机械强度,而且2个因素相互制约,只有当这2个因素的提高幅度都较大时,其耐磨性才能大幅度提高。将15C 127Mn奥氏体锰钢的碳的质量分数大约降至1%,锰的质量分数降至≤8%,同时加入质量分数约01%的氮时,可得到一种新型耐磨材料——氮微合金化介稳奥氏体锰钢。     

热处理工艺对12%Cr铁素体不锈钢组织性能的影响

以12%Cr铁素体不锈钢为研究对象,研究了不同退火方式、退火工艺对12%Cr铁素体不锈钢热轧板和冷轧板组织、力学性能、耐腐蚀性能、成形性能的影响。结果显示,12%Cr铁素体不锈钢高温下存在铁素体—奥氏体相变过程,在双相区退火快冷后有马氏体组织生成。通过在热退过程中引入奥氏体相变和马氏体相变,可以显著细化最终产品晶粒,提高最终冷轧产品的强度、硬度,同时保持材料耐腐蚀性能不变。该工艺生产的产品可以适用于高强度的应用场合,打破了传统12%Cr铁素体不锈钢热轧后只能采用罩式炉退火的束缚,针对产品的最终用途可以采用不同的退火方式和退火工艺进行生产。     

热处理对S32003经济型双相不锈钢组织和性能的影响

 就不同热处理制度对S32003双相不锈钢的力学性能、金相组织、耐蚀性的影响规律进行研究。结果表明,在850~1100℃之间,随着温度的升高,强度、硬度逐渐降低,而伸长率逐渐增大;在850～900℃热处理,铁素体晶内及铁素体-奥氏体相界锯齿形析出高铬的点状第二相,对耐蚀性能不利。在高于950 ℃热处理的过程中,第二相可以溶解。经对析出相的结构分析,可以确认为Cr2N。     

Effect of Heat Treatment on Delayed Fracture Resistance of High Strength Steel 30CrMnSi2NiNb

Ｔｈｅｄｅｌａｙｅｄｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｉｍｐｏｒ ｔａｎｔｆａｉｌｕｒｅｍｏｄｅｓｆｏｒｈｉｇｈｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｓｔｅｅｌｓａｐｐｌｉｅｄｔｏｈｅａｖｙｄｕｔｙｍａｃｈｉｎｅｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓｓｕｃｈａｓｈｉｇｈｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｂｏｌｔｓ[1] .Ｉｎｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｓ ,ｉｔｗａｓｓｈｏｗｎｔｈａｔｔｈｅｄｅｌａｙｅｄｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅｏｆｈｉｇｈｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｓｔｅｅｌｉｓｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｌｙｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｏｎｉｔｓｃｈ…     

4Cr2WMoVSi热作模具钢的研究与应用

以多元少量的合金化原则设计的4Cr2WMoVSi钢是一种经济型热作模具钢,研究了4Cr2WMoVSi钢的热处理工艺及性能,并与3Cr2W8V钢的热处理工艺和性能作了对比,用4Cr2WMoVSi钢制作了热剪刃,进行了装机使用试验,其使用寿命与3Cr2WSV剪刃的寿命相当,而是5CrW2Si剪刃寿命的3．4倍。     

Effect of Alloying Method on Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Fe-Cr-V-B Based Alloy

The microstructure and wear behavior of Fe-Cr-V-B based alloy was investigated.Each of the specimens was characterized by metallographic techniques and hardness test.Phase analysis of alloy was performed by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS).The results showed that the microstructure of Fe-Cr-V-B based as-cast alloy containing 8.6mass% V was composed ofα-(Fe,Cr)solid solution,VC carbides,and V_3B_4 borides,whereas the as-cast alloy containing 24.8mass% Cr was composed ofα-(Fe,Cr)solid solution and V_3B_4borides;the eutectic V_3B_4 borides mainly comprise M2B-type borides(M presents Fe and Cr).The existence of a large amount of V atoms affects the growth pattern of eutectic borides,which mainly display rod-like and grainy structure.The wear behavior of the experimental alloy has been investigated using pin-on-disk type friction and wear apparatus.The comparison of experimental results indicated that the relative wear resistance of the alloy containing 8.6mass% V after destabilization heat treatment in a conventional furnace at 1 373 K for 2hwas about six times higher than that of the high chromium(19mass%)cast iron.     

Effect of Laser Power on Microstructure and Wear Resistance of WCP/Ni Cermet Coating

Laser cladding nickel-based alloy coating （Ni60） and nickel-based composite coating doped with WC particles by 35 % （WCp/Ni） were produced on the low-carbon steel substrate by CO2 continuous wave laser with power of 5 kW using the injected powder technique. The effect of laser power on microstructure and wear resistance of laser cladding WCp/Ni cermet coating was investigated. The WCp/Ni alloy coating with evenly distributed WC ceramic phases and the better bond with the substrate alloy was obtained at a power of 2.2 kW. Diffusion solution reaction happened between WC particles and the substrate alloy during laser cladding, and led to the formation of block rich-tungsten carbide on the edges of the WC particles, especially at higher power. The WCp/Ni alloy coating consists of the undissolved WC particles, the block or dendritic rich-tungsten carbide, the bar-like rich-chromium carbide, and dendrite solid solution and eutectic structure among the carbides. Microhardness and wear resistance of the WCp/Ni coating at different powers were much higher or better than those of Ni60 alloy coating, and the best results were obtained at power of 2.2 kW.     

Effect of Heat Treatment on Structure and Wear Re- sistance of High Chromium Cast Steel ContainingBoron

The microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of high chromium cast steel containing boron after different heat treatments were studied by means of the optical microscopy （OM）, the scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, hardness, impact toughness, tensile and pin-on-disc abrasion tests. The results show that as cast microstructures of boron-free high chromium steel consist of martensite and a few （Cr, Fe）_7C_3 carbide, and the macro-hardness of boron-free high chromium steel is 55-57 HRC. After 0.5 mass% B was added into high chromium cast steel, as-cast structure transforms into eutectic （Fe, Cr）2B, （Cr, Fe）7 （C, B）a and martensite, and the macro-hardness reaches 58-60 HRC. High temperature quenching leads to the disconnection and isolated distribution of boride, and there are many （Cr,Fe）_23 （C,B）_6 precipitated phases in the quenching structure. Quenching from 1050 ℃, high chromium steel obtained the highest hardness, and the hardness of high chromium cast steel containing boron is higher than that of boron-free high chromium steel. The change of quenching temperature has no obvious effect on impact toughness of high chromium steel, and the increase of quenching temperature leads to tensile strength having an increasing tendency. At the same quenching temperature, the wear resistance of high chromium cast steel containing boron is more excellent than that of boron-free high chromium steel. High chromium cast steel guide containing boron has good performance while using in steel bar mill.     

H13改进型热作模具钢的组织与性能

 研究了高锰型马氏体热作模具钢SDH3-Mod的室温冲击韧性、回火稳定性和热疲劳性能,并结合透射电镜(TEM)分析了锰对其微观组织的影响。结果表明：SDH3-Mod钢回火组织中残余奥氏体以薄膜状存在于马氏体板条间,提高冲击韧性,延缓裂纹扩展;同时,锰在高温时阻碍碳化物粗化长大和延迟基体的回复再结晶,提高抗回火软化能力和热疲劳性能,使SDH3-Mod性能优于H13。