Improvement of Castability and Surface Quality of Continuously Cast TWIP Slabs by Molten Mold Flux Feeding Technology

An innovative continuous casting process named POCAST (POSCO’s advanced CASting Technology) was developed based on molten mold flux feeding technology to improve both the productivity and the surface quality of cast slabs. In this process, molten mold flux is fed into the casting mold to enhance the thermal insulation of the meniscus and, hence, the lubrication between the solidifying steel shell and the copper mold. Enhancement of both the castability and the surface quality of high-aluminum advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) slabs is one of the most important advantages when the new process has been applied into the commercial continuous casting process. A trial cast of TWIP steel has been carried out using a 10-ton scale pilot caster and 100-ton scale and 250-ton scale commercial casters. The amount of mold flux consumption was more than 0.2 kg/m² in the new process, which is much larger than that in the conventional powder casting. Trial TWIP castings at both the pilot and the plant caster showed stable mold performances such as mold heat transfer. Also, cast slabs showed periodic/sound oscillation marks and little defects. The successful casting of TWIP steel has been attributed to the following characteristics of POCAST: dilution of the reactant by increasing the slag pool depth, enlargement of channel for slag film infiltration at meniscus by elimination of the slag bear, and decrease of apparent viscosity of the mold slag at meniscus by increasing the slag temperature.     

冶炼过程钢包温度场和钢水温降的研究

采用有限差分法,建立了钢包的传热物理模型和耐火材料层的温度分布模型,研究炼钢过程中钢包包衬温度场分布和钢水温降的影响.结果表明热态空包每多停留1 min,后续钢水温降增加约0.26℃;空包停留1 h后进行1 h的离线烘烤,后续出钢阶段钢水降温约12℃;永久层导热系数越小,永久层的温度梯度会越大,隔热效果会越好,工作层宜...     

电磁制动技术在板坯连铸过程中的应用

考察了结晶器电磁制动技术在板坯连铸过程中的应用效果,比较了电磁制动对结晶器内钢液火焰状态和温度分布的影响,结果表明：合理的制动电流可使结晶器内钢液液面波动降低、火焰均匀分布,燃烧状态达到最佳,过大和过小都不利于火焰燃烧状态和传热的均匀性;施加电磁制动可显著提高结晶器内钢液温度分布的均匀性,平均温差由10℃降低到4℃;合理使用电磁制动有利于提高保护渣渣耗且使保护渣熔化更均匀,本研究条件下的吨钢渣耗提高了0.021kg;铸坯质量检验表明,使用电磁制动可降低铸坯中氧化夹杂物含量,对于试验条件下的低碳钢全氧质量分数降低了49%。     

Modeling transient slag-layer phenomena in the shell/mold gap in continuous casting of steel

Mold-slag friction and fracture may cause heat-transfer variations in continuous casting, which leads to steel shell temperature and stress variations, resulting in surface cracks. Analytical transient models of liquid slag flow and solid slag stress have been coupled with a finite-difference model of heat transfer in the mold, gap, and steel shell to predict transient shear stress, friction, slip, and fracture of the slag layers. The models are validated by comparing with numerical models and plant measurements of mold friction. Using reported slag-fracture strength and time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams, the models are applied to study the effect of casting speed and mold-powder viscosity properties on slag-layer behavior between the oscillating mold wall and the solidifying steel shell. The study finds that liquid-slag lubrication would produce negligible stresses. A lower mold-slag consumption rate leads to high solid friction and results in solid-slag-layer fracture and movement below a critical value. Crystalline slag tends to fracture near the meniscus and glassy slag tends to fracture near the mold exit. A medium casting speed may be the safest to avoid slag fracture, due to its having the lowest critical lubrication consumption rate. The high measured friction force in operating casters could be due to three sources: an intermittent moving solid slag layer, excessive mold taper, or mold misalignment. Other symbols are defined in Table I     

首钢京唐热态渣、钢绿色循环利用体系开发

为实现“全三脱”工艺少渣冶炼,进一步降低辅料消耗,首钢京唐开发了热态脱硫渣、液态脱碳渣及铸余渣钢直接返回利用工艺。对热态渣、钢的可回收性进行了分析,并通过工业试验验证了工艺的应用效果。结果表明,回收利用5 t的脱硫渣,脱硫剂消耗可降低30%～40%,铁水温降相对减少10～15 ℃,总渣量减少30%～40%,同时可降低铁损,减少对环境的污染;对于脱碳渣,每炉回收热态渣20 t,可节约石灰3.2 t,若铁水硅质量分数小于0.15%,脱磷炉可不加石灰,钢铁料消耗相应减少2.4 kg/t,并且可取消萤石及轻烧的使用,可实现脱磷炉零辅料消耗;对于钢包铸余,通过控制高炉出铁量,将精炼工序RH/LF/CAS产生的热态精炼渣及钢包铸余兑入半钢包,连同半钢一起兑入脱碳炉中进行冶炼,铸余钢回包次数可达到6～8次,实现液态铸余直接回收。     

钢包保温层优化及应用

原复合反射绝热板热导率系数值较大,钢包包壳温度较高,在使用过程中钢水温度损失大;而新型气凝胶绝热板是以纳米材料为主,主要材质为SiO₂气凝胶,具有导热系数低、耐高温、密度小、抗压强度高等优越性能。某钢厂120 t钢包保温层用新型气凝胶绝热板替代原复合反射绝热板的效果表明,钢包包壳表面温度平均下降59～73 ℃;通过两种钢包包壳温度计算得出,在生产中,钢包每周转一次,可节省钢水温损9.88 ℃,钢水温降速率降低0.11 ℃/min;通过实测LF炉软吹结束钢水温度及铸机开浇时钢水温度,钢水温降速率降低0.12～0.13 ℃/min,实际钢水温降速率与钢包包壳节省温度计算的钢水温降速率基本吻合,成本下降2.7元/t(钢),取得了良好的试验效果,为新型气凝胶绝热板在钢厂其他保温设备上的应用提供了重要的参考价值。     

Transient Thermo-fluid Model of Meniscus Behavior and Slag Consumption in Steel Continuous Casting

The behavior of the slag layer between the oscillating mold wall, the slag rim, the slag/liquid steel interface, and the solidifying steel shell, is of immense importance for the surface quality of continuous-cast steel. A computational model of the meniscus region has been developed, that includes transient heat transfer, multi-phase fluid flow, solidification of the slag, and movement of the mold during an oscillation cycle. First, the model is applied to a lab experiment done with a “mold simulator” to verify the transient temperature-field predictions. Next, the model is verified by matching with available literature and plant measurements of slag consumption. A reasonable agreement has been observed for both temperature and flow-field. The predictions show that transient temperature behavior depends on the location of the thermocouple during the oscillation relative to the meniscus. During an oscillation cycle, heat transfer variations in a laboratory frame of reference are more severe than experienced by the moving mold thermocouples, and the local heat transfer rate is increased greatly when steel overflows the meniscus. Finally, the model is applied to conduct a parametric study on the effect of casting speed, stroke, frequency, and modification ratio on slag consumption. Slag consumption per unit area increases with increase of stroke and modification ratio, and decreases with increase of casting speed while the relation with frequency is not straightforward. The match between model predictions and literature trends suggests that this methodology can be used for further investigations.     

冶金熔渣保温剂的保温性能研究

以熔渣的"热"和"渣"高附加值的双利用为出发点,对熔渣保温剂的保温性能进行了研究,结果表明当膨胀珍珠岩为15%、焦炭粉为10%、粉煤灰为75%,保温剂厚度为34mm时保温剂保温效果最佳,保温剂表面温度为335℃。并通过在唐钢中厚板厂1号120t转炉上的现场实验验证,该保温剂保温效果良好,与没加保温剂相比温降速率降低了约6℃/min,在整个运输过程中热能损失量减少了8.52kgce/t。     

高强度低合金钢保护渣黏度和结晶温度的优化

连铸时结晶器保护渣的黏度、结晶温度会对钢坯质量产生较大影响,采用旋转柱体法、黏温曲线分析法并结合扫描电子显微镜,研究了马鞍山钢铁股份有限公司3种不同保护渣的黏度、结晶温度。结果表明,马钢二炼钢厂生产Q420B铁塔用角钢的结晶器保护渣1 300℃时黏度0.298 Pa.s,结晶温度约1 180℃,为三者中最低。为降低卷渣情况和提高钢材质量,将黏度提高到0.35 Pa.s左右,并适当调节碱度使结晶温度升高,生产中卷渣及裂纹情况得到了较好的控制。     

304不锈钢连铸过程中结晶器渣圈形成机制

 在连铸过程中,结晶器易结渣圈是造成铸坯产生缺陷的主要原因之一。对304不锈钢板坯连铸过程中结晶器保护渣原渣、距开浇60 min时的液渣和渣圈的化学组成、理化性能、结晶矿相以及渣圈形貌结构进行对比分析。结果表明,连铸过程中TiO2和Cr2O3从钢液进入液渣生成高熔点氧化物,使液渣和渣圈的完全熔化温度和黏度显著增大,碱度、转折温度降低。液渣与渣圈的物相以枪晶石和钙铝黄长石为主。高熔点相钙铝黄长石的大量析出以及TiO2和Cr2O3进入液渣使液渣黏度增大是渣圈形成并长大的重要原因。     

降低转炉出钢温度的实践

钢水过程热损失主要为钢水的辐射散热,对流传热和钢包、中间包耐火材料的吸热。为了减少钢水的过程温降,相应采取了一系列措施：优化钢包保温层,降低包衬的导热系数,减轻包衬的热损失;对脱氧合金化用合金进行烘烤,提高合金加入钢水前的温度;大包加保温盖,实施全程保护浇注等。改进后,平均出钢温度降低20℃以上。     

不锈钢连铸坯表面缺陷与对策

针对不锈钢中镍、铬、钛等合金元素的作用,分析了不锈钢的组成、凝固特征、高温热性能、力学性能与普碳钢的差异以及不锈钢连铸坯表面凹陷、裂纹、夹渣等表面缺陷产生的机理.重点阐述了钢水洁净度、浇铸温度、保护渣性能、结晶器振动以及液面控制等连铸工艺对表面质量的影响.结合0Cr18Ni9、2Cr13以及钛不锈钢实际生产情况,提出解决铸坯表面凹陷、裂纹、夹渣及不易除掉的深振痕等缺陷的措施与对策.     

Multiphase Flow and Thermo-Mechanical Behaviors of Solidifying Shell in Continuous Casting Mold

 The metallurgical phenomena occurring in the continuous casting mold have a significant influence on the performance and the quality of steel product. The multiphase flow phenomena of molten steel, steel/slag interface and gas bubbles in the slab continuous casting mold were described by numerical simulation, and the effect of electromagnetic brake (EMBR) and argon gas blowing on the process were investigated. The relationship between wavy fluctuation height near meniscus and the level fluctuation index F, which reflects the situation of mold flux entrapment, was clarified. Moreover, based on a microsegregation model of solute elements in mushy zone with δ/γ transformation and a thermo-mechanical coupling finite element model of shell solidification, the thermal and mechanical behaviors of solidifying shell including the dynamic distribution laws of air gap and mold flux, temperature and stress of shell in slab continuous casting mold were described.     

基于数值模拟的结晶器卷渣在线预测方法

 结晶器保护渣卷入到钢液中后容易被生长的凝固坯壳捕获,最终在冷轧板上形成由卷渣引起的表面缺陷,会严重恶化钢产品的质量。结晶器液面卷渣现象受到钢液成分、温度、流动方式和吹氩流量的影响。结晶器表面钢液流速大小是反映钢渣界面是否发生卷渣的重要参数,但在实际浇铸过程中,不能在线预测不同拉速、吹氩流量和水口浸入深度下结晶器表面钢液的最大速度。提出一种基于板坯连铸结晶器内多相流动数值模拟的结晶器卷渣在线预测方法。首先,建立结晶器内三维多相流动数学模型,模拟不同拉速、吹氩流量和水口浸入深度下的钢液流动行为;其次,对计算得到的表面钢液流速的最大值进行拟合,得到固定浇铸断面下结晶器表面最大流速的预测公式;最后,通过某钢厂的插钉板工业试验验证了所提方法的准确性。研究发现,不同浇铸参数下表面钢液流速沿结晶器宽度方向呈现先增加再减小的变化趋势,在结晶器宽度1/4位置具有最大值。钢液流速在较小和较大拉速下分别在窄面和水口附近具有较大值;在较小和较大吹氩流量下分别在水口和窄面附近具有较大值;随着水口浸入深度增加,钢液流速在水口和窄面附近变化较小。基于拟合的钢液流速公式,通过比较最大钢液流速与钢渣界面发生卷渣的临界流速,实现了结晶器卷渣的在线预报。     

数值模拟开式水冷模铸机浇注过程

以南钢开式水冷模铸机为研究对象,建立了型腔内钢液三维非稳态流动、传热和液面波动的数学模型,研究了浇注过程中钢液的流动特征、温度分布以及注流卷吸气体的运动规律。结果表明：浇注过程中,在“气体卷吸”作用下,型腔内钢液的流动存在显著差异,浇注前期表现为上升流呈多个大小不一的涡旋流,浇注后期则呈典型的逆时针涡旋流,并充满整个模腔。在该流动行为影响下,型腔内钢液温度场表现为中心低四周高的系列等温带,钢液表面水平流速随液面高度的上升而增加,在液面高度为3.1 m时达到最大表面流速0.6 m/s ,此时液面波动大,易发生卷渣和钢液二次氧化。     

提高CSP连拉炉数的应用研究

对提高薄板坯连铸连轧（CSP）连拉炉数进行了应用研究,通过采取优化钢水化学成分,改善钢水流动性,控制精炼时间、净吹时间、钢水温度,对耐材进行改进,选用性能优良的保护渣,加强对结晶器的管理和控制,控制钢包下渣量及中间包内渣层厚度,降低漏钢事故,优化二冷水的控制等技术措施,使连拉炉数得到了提高,取得了较为满意的效果和效益。     

含钛型连铸保护渣性能及应用研究进展

 随着钢铁技术的进步和社会发展需求,钢铁企业正在研发和生产强度高、韧性好、抗腐蚀性强等各种类型的高质量特殊钢种。如何有效控制特殊钢种连铸生产工艺的稳定性是当前保护渣开发面临的共性难题。设计研发合理的保护渣化学成分、稳定其物化性能,以保证特殊钢种良好的铸坯质量是钢铁冶金领域科研人员关注的热点问题。为此,有关科研人员开展了大量的保护渣基础理论及应用研究,取得了一定的成效。大多数学者研究认为,在传统保护渣中添加一定量的TiO₂可以改善保护渣物化性能、提高吸附夹杂物的能力、阻止钢-渣界面反应、减少铸坯质量问题的发生。保护渣中TiO₂质量分数为4%~8%、碱度为1.1~1.3时,可以有效改善保护渣的熔化温度、黏度以及热流密度等物化性能,对渣膜结晶也可以起到促进作用,能基本满足高钛钢、高铝钢等特殊钢种的要求;含钛保护渣渣膜中的钙钛矿可以代替传统保护渣渣膜中的枪晶石,对保护渣的传热起着决定性的作用;含钛保护渣吸收钢水中夹杂物后,保护渣的物理性能保持稳定,并可以防止特殊钢水中的钛与保护渣发生界面反应而引起的铸坯表面“结鱼”等问题的发生;含钛型保护渣在某些特殊钢种中已进行初步探索应用并取得阶段性成果。关于渣膜中钙钛矿及其他矿物对含钛型保护渣传热的影响机理,如何更好地协调保护渣的基础性能与润滑传热机制之间的矛盾,实现含钛型保护渣在连铸工艺中的广泛应用,以满足连铸工艺优质高效稳定的生产需要,仍是冶金工作者进一步研究的主要课题。     

连铸中间包钢液加热方式的模拟

研究采用模型实验法,以重庆特殊钢厂弧型连铸机、成都无缝钢管厂水平连铸机为原型,探索了中间包感应加热的温度场和升温效果,实验中使用了微机采集数据,并对数据进行系统的处理,在此基础上与电渣加热模型实验比较.结果表明:两种加热方法都可以提高中间包内的钢液温度,只是温度分布有所不同.模拟感应加热的热效率可达80%.对结果进行了无量纲化处理,推算出热态中间包的温度分布.     

连铸结晶器内渣膜形成及传热的研究现状

介绍了模拟结晶器内渣膜形成的实验方法, 综述了国内外学者在保护渣传热方面所做的研究工作, 包括固态渣膜的界面热阻、保护渣的导热系数、辐射传热以及渣膜的光学性质, 并提出了今后在渣膜形成及传热研究中有待进一步完善的内容和方向.现有的研究结果表明利用热丝法可以对渣膜的形成过程进行原位观察, 采用水冷铜探头法可以获取用于研究渣膜微观组织的固态渣膜样品.渣膜的界面热阻在0.0002~0.002 m2·K·W-1之间.在800℃以下, 保护渣的导热系数在1.0~2.0 W·m-1·K-1范围内, 且随温度的升高而逐渐增加.渣膜中的晶体一方面可以增加渣膜的界面热阻, 另一方面可以提高固态渣膜的反射率, 起到降低辐射热流的作用.此外, 过渡族金属氧化物的加入以及固态渣膜中弥散分布的微小颗粒也能改变渣膜的光学性质, 从而影响通过渣膜的辐射传热.      

CaO-Al2O3基低反应性保护渣熔化及流动特性的成分控制区域研究

摘要：传统CaO-SiO2系保护渣在浇铸高锰高铝钢时,渣中SiO2易被钢中Al还原,造成保护渣成分改变和性能恶化,危害铸坯表面质量和连铸过程顺行。为了抑制钢 渣反应,旨在减少渣中氧化性组分的低反应性,CaO-Al2O3基渣系是重要选择方向。在评估高锰高铝钢凝固特性和传统反应性保护渣基础上,提出了低反应性保护渣基本性能要求,并采用单纯形法设计了CaO-Al2O3基保护渣系的试样组成。通过测试实验渣样的熔化特性和流动特性,获得了5组低反应性连铸保护渣熔化流动特性的成分控制区域。典型区域基本性能为：熔化温度（半球点温度）900～1100℃,1300℃的黏度0.1～0.2Pa·s,转折温度900～1150℃。