Hot deformation behavior of GH4945 superalloy using constitutive equation and processing map

The hot deformation behavior of GH4945 superalloy was investigated by isothermal compression test in the temperature range of 1 000-1 200°C with strain rates of 0.001-10.000s~(-1) to a total strain of 0.7.Dynamic recrystallization is the primary softening mechanism for GH4945 superalloy during hot deformation.The constitutive equation is established,and the calculated apparent activation energy is 458.446kJ/mol.The processing maps at true strains of 0.2,0.4and 0.6are generally similar,demonstrating that strain has little influence on processing map.The power dissipation efficiency and instability factors are remarkably influenced by deformation temperature and strain rate.The optimal hot working conditions are determined in temperature range of 1 082-1 131°C with strain rates of 0.004-0.018s~(-1).Another domain of 1 134-1 150°C and 0.018-0.213s~(-1) can also be selected as the optimal hot working conditions.The initial grains are replaced by dynamically recrystallized ones in optimal domains.The unsafe domains locate in the zone with strain rates above 0.274s~(-1),mainly characterized by uneven microstructure.Hot working is not recommended in the unsafe domains.     

等温锻造工艺对GH4720Li合金盘锻件组织的影响

采用物理模拟得到了GH4720Li合金的热变形特征,同时利用数值模拟研究了不同锻造工艺对GH4720Li盘锻件温度场、应力场、设备载荷等参数的影响规律,并通过实际锻造Ф150mm的GH4720Li合金盘锻件进行了验证。结果表明,GH4720Li合金变形组织对温度、应变等参数非常敏感,采用普通锻造会造成温度应力分布不均,...     

GH4720Li合金中温区低周疲劳行为研究

奥氏体沉淀强化GH4720Li合金用于制备航空发动机涡轮盘,其服役条件下的疲劳性能是当前研究的热点.研究了GH4720Li合金在中温区(450和550 ℃)不同应变条件下的低周疲劳行为.结果表明,GH4720Li合金的剪切模量和杨氏模量随着温度的升高而不断降低,但是中温区的抗拉强度和屈服强度不随温度而剧烈下降.GH47...     

03Cr18NiMoN节镍双相不锈钢的热变形行为及热加工图

关键词：双相不锈钢; 流变曲线; 本构方程; 热加工图     

Hot Deformation Behavior of As-cast AISI M2 High-speed Steel Containing Mischmetal

The hot deformation behavior of as-cast AISI M2high-speed steel containing mischmetal(RE)has been investigated on a Gleeble-3500simulator in the temperature range of 1 000-1 150℃and strain rate range of 0.01-10 s-1 at true strain of 1.0.The mechanical behavior has been characterized using stress-strain curve analysis,kinetic analysis,processing maps,etc.Metallographic investigation was performed to evaluate the mechanism of flow instability.The results show that the deformation activation energy decreases with increasing deformation temperature; the efficiency of power dissipation increases with decreasing strain rate and increasing temperature;flow instability is observed at low-to-medium temperature and higher strain rate region when the strain is smaller,but extends to lower strain rate and high temperature regions with the increment of strain,in which it is manifested as flow localization near the grain boundary.Hot deformation equations and processing maps are obtained.The optimal processing window is suggested and the deformation mechanism is dynamic recrystallization(DRX).     

GH690合金热加工图及管材热挤压实验研究

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机进行高温等温压缩实验,研究了GH690合金在变形温度为950～1200℃、应变速率为0.001～10.000 s-1条件下的热变形行为,利用动态材料模型构建了GH690合金热加工图,并基于加工图进行GH690合金管材热挤压实验。结果表明:GH690合金有应力峰和动态再结晶软化的特征,在ε≥0.4时,流动应力趋于稳定状态;在热加工图中变形温度为1100～1150℃、应变速率为1.0～2.5 s-1时功率耗散效率达到0.34～0.39,该区域对应的工艺参数适合于进行GH690合金管材热挤压;在热加工图中变形温度为950～1000℃,应变速率在0.94～10.00 s-1之间的区域为不稳定变形区域,热加工时应该避开这一区域。     

GH4720Li合金高温氧化行为研究

采用静态增重法测定了GH4720Li合金在650~900℃的氧化动力学,并利用SEM、EDS和XRD手段分析了不同温度下氧化膜的组成及结构,据此对GH4720Li合金的氧化机制进行了研究。结果表明,GH4720Li合金在900℃以下属完全抗氧化级。750℃以下,GH4720Li合金的氧化速率随温度升高缓慢增加,氧化膜主要由(Cr0.88Ti0.12)2O3和Cr2Ni O4组成;超过750℃,合金的氧化速率显著增加,氧化层主要由(Cr0.88Ti0.12)2O3和Ti O2组成。Ti的含量沿氧化层厚度方向由里向外逐渐增加,而Cr的分布规律正好相反。合金氧化动力学遵循抛物线规律,氧化机制由初始表面生成反应控制转变为扩散机制控制。     

燃气轮机用GH4720Li合金组织与性能关联性

基于光学显微镜、场发射电镜组织分析及系列力学性能测试,研究了固溶处理对燃气轮机用GH4720Li合金组织特征的影响,分析了组织特征与力学性能的关联性.结果表明:随着固溶温度的升高和固溶时间的增加,合金一次γ'相回溶,平均晶粒尺寸增加,当固溶温度高于1160℃,晶粒尺寸增大明显.GH4720Li合金的力学性能变化规律如下...     

2Cr12NiMo1W1V超临界汽轮机叶片用耐热钢的热变形行为

 为了解决2Cr12NiMo1W1V耐热钢在锻造过程中晶粒粗大和组织不均匀的问题，利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机，在变形温度为1 000～1 200 ℃、应变速率为0.01～10 s－1、变形量为70%的条件下，研究和分析了2Cr12NiMo1W1V耐热钢的高温塑性变形和动态再结晶行为。结果表明，该耐热钢的真应力-应变曲线具有动态再结晶特征。再结晶晶粒尺寸随着变形温度的增加或应变速率的降低呈增加趋势，在变形温度为1 150～1 200 ℃，应变速率为0.01 s－1时，晶粒尺寸急剧增加。在真应力-应变曲线的基础上，建立了材料热变形本构方程，其热激活能为453.74 kJ/mol。根据峰值应力绘制了合金的热加工图并获得在各加工条件下的效率值，合金的最佳热加工区间为变形温度为1 000～1 150 ℃、应变速率为0.1～1 s－1以及变形温度为1 060～1 125 ℃、应变速率为0.1～10 s－1。     

EH40船板钢的热压缩基础研究

摘要：采用ThermecmastorZ热模拟试验机研究了EH40船板钢在850～1050℃,0.005～10s-1条件下的热变形行为,通过动态材料模型得到该区域的热变形与变形抗力方程并建立了EH40船板钢热加工图。结果表明,EH40船板钢的变形抗力模型的预测值与试验值吻合良好,EH40船板钢的热变形激活能为324.479kJ/mol,由热加工图确立出EH40船板钢最优的热加工窗口是应变不高于0.4,温度在850～1050℃,应变速率为小于10s-1的加工区域,较易发生动态再结晶。     

高速列车车轴钢30NiCrMoV12的热变形行为

通过Φ250 mm锻件切取的试样在Gleeble-3500热模拟机于850~1150℃以应变速率0.01~10s^-1对高速列车车轴钢30NiCrMoV12(/%:0.26C,0.33Si,0.62Mn,3.01Ni,0.82Cr,0.56Mo,0.10V)进行了热压缩试验。研究了车轴钢在热变形过程中奥氏体变形行为及再结晶规律,确定了车轴钢的热变形方程,建立应变量ε为0.5和0.9的热加工图。结果表明,在应变速率一定时,温度越高,变形量越大,则越有利于动态再结晶的发生;随着温度升高以及应变速率降低,能量耗散效率η逐渐升高;当真应变0.5,温度1100℃,应变速率0.01 s^-1时,变形能量耗散效率达到最大值0.41。该车轴钢在1000~1150℃,应变速率0.01~1.0s^-1时,具有较好的可锻性。     

700℃超超临界锅炉材料GH4700合金热压缩行为

利用变形温度为1120~1210℃、应变速率为0.1~20 s-1以及变形量为15%~60%的等温热压缩实验研究了GH4700合金的热变形行为.通过对低温和高应变速率条件下的形变热效应进行修正,得到准确的流变曲线,推导出描述峰值应力与温度和应变速率等变形参数的本构方程,并得到GH4700合金热变形表观激活能为322 kJ.组织分析表明,动态再结晶是热变形过程中最主要的软化方式,再结晶形核方式为应变诱发晶界迁移,变形温度升高和应变速率增大均有利于再结晶形核.再结晶发展阶段,随着变形量的增大和变形温度的升高,动态再结晶比例增加,在应变速率-温度坐标中,再结晶比例等值线呈反"C"形式.采用分段函数描述了不同应变速率下GH4700合金动态再结晶晶粒尺寸与变形参数的关系.      

Cu-Cr-Zr合金热变形行为

在Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机上,采用高温等温压缩试验,在变形温度650~850℃、应变速率0.001~10 s~(-1)和总压缩应变量50%的条件下,对Cu-Cr-Zr合金的流变应力行为进行研究.通过应力-应变曲线和显微组织图分析了合金在不同应变速率、不同应变温度下的变化规律.结果表明:应变速率和变形温度对合金再结晶影响较大,变形温度越高,合金越容易发生动态再结晶;应变速率越小,合金也同样容易发生动态再结晶,并且对应的峰值应力也越小.从流变应力、应变速率和温度的相关性,得出了该合金热压缩变形时的热变形激活能Q和流变应力方程.研究分析Cu-Cr-Zr合金的热加工性能,可为生产实践提供理论指导与借鉴.     

N08800铁镍基合金热变形行为及组织演变

在Gleeble-3800热模拟机上采用等温压缩实验研究了N08800铁镍基合金(/％:0.015C,20.8Cr,31.2Ni,0.42Al,0.35Ti)的高温压缩变形行为.获得合金在温度为1150～1280℃、应变速率为1～20 s-1条件下的真应力-真应变曲线.通过线性回归得到N08800合金的高温材料常数a为...     

Influence of Initial Microstructure on Warm Deformation Processability and Microstructure of an Ultrahigh Carbon Steel

Various isothermal compression tests are carried out on an ultrahigh carbon steel(1.2% C in mass percent), initially quenched or spheroidized,using a Gleeble-3500system.The true stress is observed to decrease with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate.The true stress of the initially quenched steel is lower than that of the initially spheroidized steel at high deformation temperature(700℃)and low deformation strain rate(0.001s-1).The value of the deformation activation energy(Q)of the initially quenched steel(331.56kJ/mol)is higher than that of the initially spheroidized steel(297.94kJ/mol).The initially quenched steel has lower efficiency of power dissipation and better processability than the initially spheroidized steel.The warm compression promotes the fragmentation and the spheroidization of lamellar cementites in the initially quenched steel.The fragmentation of lamellar cementites is the spheroidizing mechanism of the cementites in the initially quenched steel.Results of transmission electron microscope investigation showed that fine grains with high angle boundaries are obtained by deformation of the initially quenched steel.     

Hot Compression Behavior of AsCast Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel

 High temperature deformation characteristics of a semiaustenitic grade of precipitation hardening stainless steels were investigated by conducting hot compression tests at temperatures of 900-1 100 ℃ and strain rates of 0001-1 s-1. Flow behavior of this alloy was investigated and it was realized that dynamic recrystallization (DRX) was responsible for flow softening. The correlation between critical strain for initiation of DRX and deformation parameters including temperature and strain rate, and therefore, Zener Hollomon parameter (Z) was studied. Metallographic observation was performed to determine the as deformed microstructure. Microstructural observation shows that recrystallized grain size increases with increasing the temperature and decreasing the strain rate. The activation energy required for DRX of the investigated steel was determined using correlations of flow stress versus temperature and strain rate. The calculated value of activation energy, 460 kJ/mol, is in accordance with other studies on stainless steels. The relationship between peak strain and Z parameter is proposed.     

6069铝合金的热变形行为和加工图

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机在温度为300～450℃,应变速率为0.01～10 s?1条件下对6069铝合金进行热压缩实验,研究该合金的热变形行为及热加工特征,建立热变形本构方程和加工图。结果表明,6069铝合金热变形过程中的流变行为可用双曲正弦模型来描述,在实验条件下的平均变形激活能为289.36 kJ/mol。真应变为0.7的加工图表明合金在高温变形时存在2个安全加工区域,即变形温度为300～350℃、应变速率为1～10 s?1的区域和变形温度为380～450℃、应变速率为0.01～0.3 s?1的区域。适合加工的条件是变形温度为350℃,应变速率0.01 s?1。     

RAFM钢应变补偿本构关系及热加工图

低活化铁素体/马氏体(RAFM)钢具有较低的辐照肿胀率和优异的力学性能,被认为是聚变堆首选的结构材料。然而,低活化钢强度高、冷塑性变形抗力大的特点,使其难以通过冷加工或低温加工实现大规模生产。使用MMS-200型热模拟试验机,在变形温度为950～1 200℃、应变速率为0.1～5 s^-1和最大变形量为50%条件下,进行了低活化铁素体/马氏体钢(0.11C-9.4Cr-1.35W-0.22V-0.05Si-0.11Ta-0.50Mn)单道次热压缩试验,研究其热变形行为。基于动态材料模型构建了不同应变量下的低活化钢变形本构方程和热加工图,确定了最优热加工参数,结合金相结果分析了材料变形过程中微观组织演化规律,为低活化钢的热加工成形工艺及组织优化提供理论参考。结果表明,在相同应变速率下,随着变形温度升高,流变应力逐渐降低,在一定变形温度下,流变应力随应变速率增大而增大;温度和应变速率对组织的影响主要取决于变形过程中材料内部发生的动态回复和再结晶等机制的交互作用。使用六阶多项式拟合进行应变补偿建立的低活化钢变形本构方程具有较高的预测精度,平方相关系数为0.972。显微组织...     

6156铝合金热变形行为的研究

在Gleeble-1500热/力模拟机上对试验6156合金进行了热压缩试验,研究了其在温度300～450℃和应变速率0.1～10 s-1条件下的热变形行为.结果表明:热变形过程中的流变应力可以很好地用双曲正弦本构关系来描述,通过优化α值,可以更精确地得到该合金的表观激活能为240.97kJ/mol.根据材料动态模型,计...     

Mg-12Gd-3Y-0.6Zr合金的二次挤压热变形行为

采用Gleeble-1500型热模拟机在变形温度为360~480℃、应变速率为0.01~10 s-1、真应变为0~0.7的条件下,研究Mg-12Gd-3Y-0.6Zr合金二次挤压过程的热变形行为,获得其热变形工艺参数,并分析热变形后的显微组织。结果表明:合金的峰值应力随应变速率的增大而提高,随应变温度的升高而降低;在变形温度、应变速率相同的情况下,一次热模拟的峰值应力均大于二次热模拟(450℃,10 s~(-1)除外);合金二次挤压过程的流变应力可以采用含Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲正弦函数形式来描述;由于二次热模拟试样中位错及晶界运动增强,使二次热模拟的激活能(Q)、应力指数(n)均小于一次热模拟的相应参数,导致二次挤压较一次挤压容易发生再结晶。