PVA膜渗透汽化分离低浓度丙酮/水溶液的实验研究

采用聚乙烯醇（PVA）膜渗透汽化分离浓缩低浓度丙酮/水溶液,考察了原料液浓度、温度、膜后真空度等对PVA膜渗透通量和分离因子的影响。结果表明,随着原料液浓度的增加、温度和膜后真空度的升高,渗透通量和分离因子均呈增加的趋势,温度对渗透通量的影响基本符合Arrhenius方程。     

聚砜制膜液的相平衡及其与制膜的关系

测定了含不同浓度Ｈ２ＳＯ４的聚砜制膜液的分相曲线，用Ｆｌｏｒｙ－Ｈｕｇｇｉｎｓ理论对该体系进行相平衡推算，将Ｈ２ＳＯ４的影响归纳于Ｆ－Ｈ交互作用参数对相图的影响中，计算值与实验值吻合较好，考察了聚砜分子量改变对相图的影响关系，发现分子量的改变只对低浓度区的相图略有影响。高浓度区的相图没有变化，分析了Ｈ２ＳＯ４对制膜液的作用，得取了一些对制膜的实用意义的结论，并在相图指导下制备了两种外压式聚砜管式膜     

聚丙烯中空纤维膜的应用与清洗方法

采用聚丙烯中空纤维微孔膜的减压膜蒸馏技术对氯化钠、氯化钙和硫酸镁等盐溶液进行脱盐处理,考察了料液温度、料液流量、料液浓度和冷测真空度对膜的渗透通量和去除率的影响。实验表明：随着真空度及料液流量、温度的提高,膜的渗透通量有增加的趋势。在相同条件下处理不同的盐溶液,膜的渗透通量相差不大,膜的去除率达到99％以上。使用0．5mol／L盐酸以及0．05mol／L EDTA清洗被污染的膜效果最明显,可迅速有效地将附着在中空纤维膜上的无机污染物去除,使膜渗透通量得到基本恢复。     

浓盐溶液的膜蒸馏机理研究

考察了高浓度氯化钠溶液在直接接触式膜蒸馏操作中的热侧温度，冷侧温度，流速和料液浓度对膜渗透通量的影响。发现膜渗透通量随氯化钠溶液浓度的高而降低。当氯化钠溶液浓度约为25％时，膜渗透通量急剧下降。氯化钠溶液达到饱和时，膜渗透通量逐渐趋于稳定。研究认为此现象是由于膜面上有NaCl结晶形成而导致的。     

新型渗透蒸发膜聚甲基双苯基硅氧烷膜的制备和分离

采用2种不同配方制备出苯基含量不同的聚甲基双苯基硅氧烷(PMPhS)膜并用于分离苯-水体系。接触角测定结果表明2种膜比PDMS膜亲苯疏水性增强。以渗透通量和分离因子为评价指标,研究了原料液温度、流动状况、质量分数、膜下游侧压力对渗透蒸发分离性能的影响,结果表明,随着原料液温度、流速以及料液浓度的提高,通量和分离因子都增加,随着下游侧压力的升高,通量和分离因子均降低。     

正渗透膜分离的研究进展

正渗透是浓度驱动的膜技术,是指水通过选择性渗透膜从高水化学势区域向低水化学势区域的传递过程。本文介绍了正渗透的基本构成（驱动力、汲取液和正渗透膜材料）,指出膜两侧的浓差极化是水通量性能的最大障碍,采用通量模型说明了膜在两种放置方向下存在的内浓差极化和外浓差极化,内浓差极化对驱动力的减小起着重要的作用;论述了膜材料、原料液浓度、汲取液浓度对正渗透和压力延迟渗透水通量的影响;此外,评述了正渗透过程的膜污染和能耗。     

正渗透浓缩浓盐水影响因素研究初探

采用反渗透海水淡化后的浓盐水为原料液,考察了驱动液种类、切向流速(泵转速)、原料液浓度、活性层朝向等变量对正渗透过程水通量的影响。结果表明,在相同浓度下的驱动溶液,氯化钙作为驱动溶液产生的水通量最高;氯化纳次之;葡萄糖最小,但膜对氯化钠的截留率最高,随着驱动液浓度的增大,对应的水通量增大,但水通量的增加量随驱动液浓度的增大而减小;当膜的活性层朝向原料液(正渗透模式)时,初始水通量远小于膜的活性层朝向驱动液(压力阻尼渗透模式)的水通量,但在驱动液浓度相同时正渗透模式下的平均水通量更高。在切向流速达到1 L/min后,水通量受切向流速的影响较小。最后采用HTI膜在正渗透模式下以5 mol/L NaCl溶液为驱动液、切向流速为1 L/min的条件下连续运行进行浓缩,约30 h后,在原料液的容器壁上发现了少许的沉淀物,原溶液的Na Cl回收率可达到52.6%。     

利用多效膜蒸馏技术浓缩硫酸和磷酸水溶液

利用自制中空纤维气隙式多效膜蒸馏组件进行了多效膜蒸馏过程浓缩稀硫酸和磷酸溶液的研究, 考察了膜入口温度、料液进口浓度和料液流量对渗透通量和造水比的影响。结果表明,膜入口温度升高时渗透通量和造水比增加;料液流量增加,渗透通量增加,而造水比随之降低;料液酸浓度增加,渗透通量和造水比均随之下降,且硫酸的影响更为显著。实验过程中渗透通量和造水比最高可达5.3 L/(m²·h)和11.5。在适当的操作条件下,该过程可将质量分数(下同)为2%的稀硫酸或稀磷酸溶液浓缩至40%以上,且渗透液最大的电导率仍小于200 μS/cm。以10%的硫酸溶液为料液,利用2个不同的膜组件进行了持续30 d的多效膜蒸馏过程稳定性实验研究,实验期间所用膜组件操作性能没有明显下降,没有观察到膜渗漏现象。     

新型PDMS渗透蒸发膜处理含酚废水的研究

以聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)为原料,甲苯为溶剂,甲基三乙氧基硅烷为交联剂,二丁基二月桂酸锡为催化剂,制得PDMS渗透蒸发膜,以分离因子、渗透通量作为膜分离性能的主要评价指标,研究了交联剂用量及操作条件对膜性能的影响.结果表明,交联剂用量增加,膜对苯酚的选择性增加,渗透通量先上升后下降;料液温度升高,膜的选择性降低,而渗透通量增加;料液浓度增加,膜的选择系数和渗透通量均增加;料液流速加快,膜的渗透通量和选择系数均增加;下游侧压力升高,渗透通量减小,而选择系数增加.在料液温度为60℃、质量浓度为0.5 g·L~(-1)、体积流量为0.6L·min~(-1),下游侧压力为6kPa时,膜的渗透通量为98mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),膜对苯酚的选择系数为5.12.     

聚乙烯醇／聚砜复合膜用于水—乙醇液体混合物分离的渗透性能研究

本文研究了底膜的性能对渗透气化性能的影响,制备了不同孔径结构底膜,研究了铸膜液PS浓度、添加剂对水通量的影响,用电镜观察了复合膜的结构,结果表明底膜的差别造成了复合膜的不均匀性,进而影响了复合膜的渗透性能。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。