Modification of Polyester Fibres to Give Them Nonstick Properties

A method for modifying polyester fibres by incorporating a fluorine-containing polymer in the surface layer of the fibres was developed to give the fibres nonstick properties with respect to liquids of different chemical nature. It is best to use polyfluoroalkyl acrylate latex stabilized with a cationic or nonionogenic SF for modification, since it gives the fibre antistatic as well as nonstick properties.     

Molecular stratification nanotechnology in antiadhesive modification of fabric fibres

The dependence of the oil-repellent effect on the structure of a modifying layer of fluorocarbons was established. Formation of a nanosize monomolecular adsorption layer is optimum for attaining the greatest effect. It is useful to conduct molecular stratification from chlorocarbon medium (perchloroethylene) for the necessary orientation of the molecules of the fluorocarbon amphiphilic substance. Cationization of the surface of textile fibres is required for forming a nanosize layer from aqueous solution. __________ Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 2, pp. 34–40, March–April, 2008.     

Modification of composites for production of porous polymeric materials and coatings by incorporation of interpolymer complexes

Systematic studies were conducted and the basic scientific approaches to modification of soluble polymer composites with interpolymer complexes of different composition and structure used for impregnating fibre bases and forming coatings in production of synthetic leathers were designated; different kinds of interpolymer complexes (IPC) were examined and the conditions for obtaining them in different forms were elaborated; methods were developed for hydrophilization of nonwoven fibre bases with interpolymer complexes; the possibility of incorporating lPC in solutions of polyester urethanes (PEU) was demonstrated and the conditions for regulating the pore structure and properties of PEU coatings with them were investigated. The comprehensive approach to modification of synthetic leather as a multilayer composite material and the results obtained are of practical interest and can be used in creating high-quality synthetic leathers for different applications. From a report to the memorial conference dedicated to the 100th birthday of Z. A. Rogovin (Moscow, 2005). __________ Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, pp. 19–22, November–December, 2006.     

A novel mucoadhesive polymer prepared by template polymerization of acrylic acid in the presence of poloxamer

A new mucoadhesive polymer was prepared by template polymerization of acrylic acid using poloxamer as a template polymer. FTIR results showed that the interpolymer complex was formed by hydrogen bonding between the carboxyl group of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and the ether group of poloxamer. The extent of hydrogen bonding in the PAA/poloxamer interpolymer complex increased as the ratio of PAA/poloxamer decreased. The T_g of PAA/poloxamer interpolymer complexes was matched well with the T_g calculated by Gordon‐Taylor's equation than that of their blends. This result suggests that the PAA and poloxamer in the interpolymer complexes are more compatible than their blends. The dissolution rate of PAA/poloxamer interpolymer complexes was much slower than that of their blends, and was dependent on the pH of the medium and the ratio of PAA/poloxamer. The adhesive bond strength of PAA/poloxamer interpolymer complexes to a plastic (polypropylene) plate was greater than their blends or a commercial product, Carbopol 971P NF. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 1525–1530, 2001     

含氟丙烯酸酯乳液的制备及性能研究

以全氟辛基丙烯酸乙酯为主要单体,制备了核壳型含氟丙烯酸酯乳液,采用红外光谱和激光粒度对聚合物进行了表征,并对纯棉织物进行了拒水拒油整理,研究了聚合方法、整理工艺对纯棉织物表面拒水拒油性能的影响,通过SEM对整理后织物表面进行了分析。结果表明含氟丙烯酸酯乳液作为织物整理剂整理后的织物具有良好的拒水拒油性。     

Viscose materials with soil-repellent properties

The possibility of fabricating viscose fibres with soil-repellent properties by modifying them with composites based on fluorine-containing copolymer latexes produced by domestic industry was investigated. It was shown that the use of composite systems based on fluorine-containing copolymers will allow obtaining viscose materials with a high level of soil-repellent properties, especially with respect to organic contaminants and water systems. Translated fromKhimicheskie Volokna, No. 6, pp. 47–49, November–December, 1998.     

Infrared spectroscopy and electrical properties of ternary poly(acrylic acid)–metal–poly(acrylamide) complexes

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electrical measurements were used for the characterization of the interpolymer complexation between poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) and also the ternary PAA–metal–PAAm complexes. The interpolymer complexes were prepared by adjusting the pH value of the mixture solutions at different PAA weight fractions (W_PAA). The ternary complexes were prepared by mixing metal chloride solutions (such as ErCl₃ and LaCl₃) with different concentrations to PAA–PAAm mixtures and adjusting the pH value for different W_PAA. It was found that the IR spectra of the interpolymer complexes showed absorption bands at shifted positions and of intensities different from those of the parent polymers. Also, the examination of the spectra of the ternary metal–polymer complexes revealed that they depend on the nature, lency, ionic radius, and concentration of the added metal chlorides. Analysis of the electrical results showed that the electrical conductivity of the interpolymer complexes are always lower than those of PAA and PAAm, which was attributed to the decrease in the mobility of the polymer chains as a result of the complexation. Also, the conductivity of the ternary metal complexes showed a dependence on the properties of the additives and were found to decrease with increasing their concentrations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 2699–2705, 2002     

The viscometric methods in the investigation of the polyacid-polybase interpolymer complexes

Two viscometric methods in the investigation of interpolymer complexes are presented. It has been shown that a presentation of the reduced viscosity ratio (experimental to ideal value) of a mixture of a polyacid with a nonionic polymer at constant total concentration as a function of the polymer mixture composition gives a better insight into the interpolymer association than a presentation of the specific viscosity at constant polyacid concentration as a function of the unit molar ratio. The formation of an expanded structure interpolymer complex is more easily revealed by the former procedure. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Structural features of fibres from mixtures of rigid- and flexible-chain polymers from data of electron microscope and sorption methods

Conclusions The structure of fibres from mixtures of rigid- and flexible-chain polymers may vary from low-porosity to significantly porous on change in content of the flexible-chain polymer as a result of the structure of the flexible-chain polymer and the peculiar structural fibrillation which arises on separation of the polymers from solution.The ability of fibres based on CPA and 10% PCA to sorb water vapor is reduced as compared with that of the original fibres, which indicates the existence of rather strong intermolecular, interpolymer interactions.Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 4, pp. 34–36, July–August, 1987.     

Thermal and frictional properties of modified sisal fibre/phenolic resin composites

Abstract

In order to enhance the bonding force of sisal fibres (SF) and polymer matrix, different surface modifiers (alkali, coupling agent and borax) were used to treat the fibres. The SF/phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin composites were prepared through compression moulding. Thermal properties of the treated SFs and fibre composites were studied by thermogravimetric analysis and thermal expansion analysis. The effect of SF modification on the friction and wear properties of composites was investigated using wear tester under dry condition. The treated fibre surface and the worn surfaces of SF/PF composites were observed by SEM. The results showed that the surface of SF became rough after borax treatment, and the initial decomposition temperature increased by 13·6°C, compared to untreated SF. Thermal stability and wear properties of the PF composites with treated fibre were obviously increased due to the fibre modification. For example, wear volume of the composites with sisal treated by borax decreased by 73·3%. Scanning electron microscopy photos showed that the wear mechanism changed from fatigue wear to slight plough wear.     

Viscometric investigation of the poly(acrylic acid)–polyacrylamide interpolymer association

A viscometric approach to the formation of interpolymer complexes between a polyelectrolyte, polyacrylic acid, and a non-ionic polymer, polyacrylamide, is investigated. The following method compares the reduced viscosity of the polymer mixture with an “ideal” value which results from the additivity of the reduced viscosities of the two components taking into account the polyelectrolyte effect of polyacrylic acid. This reveals the formation of a compact complex or gel-like interpolymer association which depends on the polymer mixture composition. Both the influence of the degree of polyacrylic acid neutralization and of the presence of a salt on the interpolymer association are also studied.     

Process aspects of production of polyester textile fibres

Some aspects of high-speed spinning of polyester textile fibres that affect the technology level and product quality are examined. It was shown that uniformity of the melt, extrusion, and cooling of the filaments are the most important process factors in modern plants. Addition of polymer dye concentrates (PDC) (MB) results in physical modification of the polyester fibres that affect the structure formation and deformation properties of POY. This makes it necessary to correct the process parameters of the fibre production process.     

The formation of interpolymer complexes and hydrophilic associates of poly(acrylic acid) and non‐ionic copolymers based on 2‐hydroxyethylacrylate in aqueous solutions

It is shown that the reaction between poly(acrylic acid) and a non‐ionic polymer may give two different products. One of them is the well‐known interpolymer complex stabilized by hydrogen bonds, and the other belongs to a relatively new class of compounds named hydrophilic interpolymer associates. Networks occurring in the dynamic mode of formation and destruction of hydrogen bond linkages represent the structure of the hydrophilic associates; a single molecule of polyacid may be linked with two or more molecules of non‐ionic polymer in such associates. The result of the reaction under consideration strongly depends on the ratio of volumes of swollen coils of ionogenic and electrically neutral macromolecules. Classical interpolymer complexes cannot be formed at a high degree of swelling of polyacid coils, which takes place at high pH values. In contrast, hydrophilic associates are formed under such conditions. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of solvation of metal cations on modification of synthetic fibres with them

It was found that in order to increase the amount of cations bound by a fibre, it is necessary to convert the cation from the hydrate form into complexes containing substances that have a plasticizing effect on the polymer as ligands. Based on the results of a study of solvation and complexation in modification of polyester fibres with chromium(III) cations, the basic factors that affect chemisorption of chromium (III) cations by the fibres are reported. __________ Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 2, pp. 22–24, March–April, 2008.     

A mucoadhesive polymer prepared by template polymerization of acrylic acid in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) macromer

A new mucoadhesive polymer complex was prepared by the template polymerization of acrylic acid with poly(ethylene glycol) macromer (PEGM) as a template polymer. Fourier transform infrared results showed that the poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)/PEGM mucoadhesive polymer complex was formed by hydrogen bonding between the carboxyl groups of PAA and the ether groups of PEGM. The glass‐transition temperature of the PAA/PEGM mucoadhesive polymer complexes was shifted to a lower temperature as the repeating unit ratio of PAA/PEGM in the complex decreased. The dissolution rate of the PAA/PEGM mucoadhesive polymer complex was much slower than that of the PAA/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) mucoadhesive polymer complex and was dependent on the pH and molecular weight of PEGM. The mucoadhesive force of the PAA/PEGM mucoadhesive polymer complexes was stronger than that of commercial Carbopol 971P NF and almost the same as that of the PAA/PEG mucoadhesive polymer complex. The PAA/PEGM interpolymer complex seemed to be a better mucoadhesive polymer matrix than the PAA/PEG interpolymer complex. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1904–1910, 2002     

Formation of interpolymer complexes between poly(monoethyl itaconate) and poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)

This paper reports on the interpolymer complex formation and polymer blends between poly(monoethyl itaconate) (PMEI) and poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP). The formation of the interpolymer complex was found to depend upon the solvent medium. Stoichiometry of the complexes prepared from methanol solutions, as calculated from elemental analysis, is close to 1 : 1. Specific interactions of PMEI/PVP complexes and blends of these polymers have been characterized by FTIR. Strong hydrogen bonding for complexes and blends has been found. A calorimetric study of the complexes and blends has been performed over a wide temperature range.     

Principles and Methods of Modification of Fibres and Fibre Materials. A Review

Thanks to the technical progress in the field of chemical fibres and textiles made from them, in addition to the traditional kinds of first-generation chemical fibres and fibre materials, new types with optimized properties based on the wide use of methods of physical, composite, and chemical modification — second-generation fibres and fibre materials (textiles) — have been created. This significantly affected the evolution of production of different kinds of fibres by partially altering the ratio of the production volumes. Modified fibres and textiles for domestic use with improved properties have become widespread — “people-friendly” materials and articles. Modified types of fibres, filament, and fabrics for industrial use are also manufactured, for example, for reinforcing mechanical rubber goods, fireproofing, antimicrobials, etc. The wide use of methods of modifying fibres and fibre (textile) materials is technically, economically, and environmentally justified. The modified fibres, by acquiring new functional properties, are not only used for manufacturing single-component fibre materials (textile cloth) but also are included in blended materials. The characteristics of the articles made of both hydrated cellulose and synthetic fibres are improved in both cases. Methods of enhancing fireproofing and giving them antimicrobial properties are widely used for viscose fibres. Making them hydrophilic and giving them antistatic and fireproof properties are especially important for synthetic (polyester, acrylic, polypropylene, etc.) fibres.The article is an analytical review of the principles and methods of manufacturing modified fibres which have had the most important role in the development of chemical fibres and fibre materials in conditions of market economics.__________Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 2, pp. 37–51, March–April, 2005.     

Interpolymer complexes and miscible blends of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) with novolac resin and the effect of crosslinking on related behaviour

The formation of complexes between poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) and novolac resin in various solvents was studied. Interpolymer complexes were formed in methanol, ethanol, 2-butanone, cyclohexanone and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). However, only polymer blends were obtained in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The nature of the solvent has a profound influence on the degree of interpolymer association. The formation of 1/1 and 2/1 ([novolac]/[PVP]) interpolymer complexes in DMF solution was shown by measurements of reduced viscosity, conductivity and clear point. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed the single-phase nature of both the blends and the complexes of uncured novolac/PVP. The complexes had higher glass transition temperatures than those of the blends with the same composition, and the strength of the interactions between the components in the complex is much higher than that in the blend. The driving force in the formation of the interpolymer complexes between novolac and PVP is the hydrogen-bonding interaction between the hydroxyl of the novolac and the proton-accepting groups of PVP. Both the blends and the complexes were cured with 15 wt% hexamethylenetetramine relative to novolac content. The cured novolac/PVP blends were only partially miscible, but significant amounts of complex still existed in the cured complexes. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy revealed that the interaction between the components was rather strong for both the uncured and cured blends.     

Interpolymer specific interaction in blends of poly(styrene-co-alkyl acrylate-co-4-vinylpyridine) and poly(styrene-co-alkyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid)

The interpolymer specific interaction of proton donating polymer (PDP) and proton accepting polymer (PAP) in toluene was studied by viscometry coupled with light scattering. The viscometric experiment results show that the stronger the interpolymer interaction is, the higher the viscosity of PDP/PAP blend solution than the weight-average of both components at high concentration, in contrast to lower viscosity at low concentration. Based on the relationship of viscosity enhancement factor with polymer level in solution, a new polymer-polymer interaction parameter k_a to estimate interpolymer interaction was developed. The effects of functional groups content and acrylate unit on interpolymer interaction were studied with this parameter combined with light scattering. The results show that interpolymer interaction ability increases with the functional group and long chain alkyl acrylate content. With the increase in side chain length of acrylate unit, enhancement in the interpolymer specific interaction can be realized.     

Flow behavior of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose/polyacrylic acid interpolymer complexes in aqueous media

The intermolecular complexation of non‐ionic polymers with weak acids having chemically complementary structures is an important approach to modify the viscosity of polymer solutions. In this study intermolecular complexation of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) with polyacrylic acid (PAA) in an aqueous medium was studied. The study focuses on the factors affecting the complexation and rheological behavior of the HPMC/PAA system including the stoichiometric ratio of the two polymers, the molecular weight of the PAA, and the pH and ionic strength of the medium. Results showed that interpolymer complexation occurred between HPMC and PAA at low pH. It was attributed to hydrogen bonding between the ? COOH group of the PAA and the ? OH group of the HPMC. Under basic conditions (above the critical pH) the viscosity of the interpolymer complex increased accompanied by a transition from a compact interpolymer complexation structure to an extended conformation of interpolymer associates. Introduction of monovalent and multivalent salts (at > pH_critical) decreased the viscosity of the HPMC/PAA interpolymer associates and favored the formation of interpolymer complexes between the two polymers. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry