国际氢安全领域研究热点及最新进展——记第五届国际氢安全会议(ICHS 2013)

国际氢安全会议是氢安全领域的国际顶级会议,受到各国学术界、工程界和政府部门的高度重视。第五届国际氢安全会议(ICHS 2013)在比利时布鲁塞尔召开,会议的主题是"氢能技术与基础设施安全的新进展:向零碳能源进发"。大会共设9大类议题——氢气泄漏与扩散、氢气燃烧与爆炸、储氢安全、风险评估、氢与材料相容性、燃料电池安全、氢传感器、规范标准、氢安全教育,共收录论文99篇,组织报告会29场,重点关注的研究领域集中在氢气行为(泄漏、扩散、燃烧、爆炸)、储氢安全、风险评估三个方面。英、法、美、德四国是ICHS 2013文章收录数量的第一梯队,也是氢安全领域研究的主力军和ICHS的重要参与者。加拿大、日本、中国、荷兰排在文章收录数量的第二梯队。美、日、欧盟等氢能领域先进国家或地区都在积极研发推广氢能技术。我国在ICHS 2013的论文发表数量和领域覆盖面上都与先进国家存在一定差距,今后应积极投稿并参加会议,提升我国在氢安全领域的国际影响力和话语权。     

氢能产业发展前景及其在中国的发展路径研究

当前全球氢气能源化利用程度不高,主要用作炼油和化工原料。在全球能源革命与转型背景下,氢气作为能源利用的发展空间开始显现,其中氢燃料电池是其终端利用的重要方向。氢气制取与可再生能源相结合是今后的发展方向。美国、日本等发达国家高度重视发展氢能和氢燃料电池。美国在氢能产业实践中,形成了较为完整的推进氢能产业发展的法律、政策和科研计划框架体系,形成了国家战略引导、能源部主导技术研发以及各州因地制宜推广的产业发展局面。日本的氢能产业规模和技术水平位居世界前列,其氢能规划目标宏大,发展路线图系统详实,提出了2030年的具体量化发展目标。中国氢能产业发展总体处于起步阶段,燃料电池生产相关技术与设备与发达国家有较大差距,当前国内氢气主要来自煤制氢,"灰氢"变"蓝氢"面临技术及经济性挑战。综合考虑能源革命战略以及国家相关规划,未来中国氢能产业将分三个阶段逐步推进。为保障中国氢能产业发展,应加强顶层设计,做好氢能产业发展规划;过渡时期要重视蓝氢与绿氢供应协同,建立蓝绿结合的发展模式;重视氢燃料电池及储氢等关键技术攻关;进一步完善氢能产业相关技术标准、检测体系;发展进程中必须高度重视氢能产业安全。     

长三角地区加氢站发展现状、障碍分析及对策建议

目的  为促进我国实现碳达峰、碳中和目标,深入推进生产和消费革命,构建清洁低碳、安全高效的能源体系,发展氢能产业有着重要意义。加速发展加氢站是实现氢能源全链条的关键,是实现氢能产业健康、迅速发展的重要保障。由于长三角地区石化和化工企业氢能消费规模大,氢燃料电池汽车等发展迅速,促进加氢站发展及网络建设是氢能推广的重中之重。 方法  通过文献研究法、个案研究法、调查研究法、经济性测算等研究方法分析长三角地区加氢站建站审批流程、政策环境等现状,识别制约长三角地区加氢站建设发展的障碍。 结果  由于氢的能源属性缺乏法律支撑,建设标准缺乏指导性,多部门协作机制不健全等因素制约了加氢站的建设,阻碍了氢能产业的发展。 结论  应健全氢能有关法律法规,明确氢能“危化品”与“能源”的边界条件,完善加氢站建设标准及审批流程,集中力量攻关核心技术,增加财政补贴扶持力度,加速推广燃料电池汽车,促进氢能产业发展。     

氢,“能”天下

正氢能被看做最有希望为人类提供可持续发展动力的清洁能源。21世纪,中国和美国、日本、加拿大、欧盟等都制定了氢能发展规划。其中,日本的"氢能社会"、"人造太阳"引人注目。在具体应用上,氢燃料电池走在了前列。日本"氢能社会"进入21世纪以来,日本在氢燃料电池和氢燃料电池汽车领域成绩瞩目,成为引领"终极环保车"的时代先锋。日本在2013年5月安倍政府推出的《日本再复兴     

中国氢能高质量发展的路径建议与政策探讨

目的   在“双碳”目标下,中国氢能大有可为。基于中国氢能产业发展的现状,围绕存在的问题,对氢能高质量发展的路径和政策进行探讨。 方法   对国内外相关政策、文献和案例进行了梳理和分析,从路径和政策两个角度做了总结。 结果   在路径方面,利用氢能促进交通领域和工业领域的低碳化,将氢能与现有油气能源储运管网体系耦合,利用氢能促进可再生能源标准化,发展（光伏、风能等可再生能源发电）电解制氢,加大氢燃料电池商用推广等,是中国氢能高质量发展的有效保证;在政策方面,完善国家氢能的顶层政策设计,细化氢能“制储输用”专项研究的政策支持,加快制定氢能相关的标准和规范,加强氢能产业的战略联盟建设以及健全氢能市场供需协调等,是中国氢能高质量发展的重要保障。 结论   文章提及的相关的路径建议和政策探讨可为相关部门和行业人员提供一定参考。     

张家口市氢能发展实践及思考

张家口市是我国氢能产业发展的领先城市之一,在绿氢的制储运加和燃料电池汽车示范应用上积累了丰富的实践经验。张家口市制定并出台了14项氢能政策,初步形成了氢能全产业链条发展格局;通过“四方协作机制”和“自发自用、余量上网、免收容量费”政策,使绿氢企业获得低价电力,实现低成本制氢;初步建成22t/d绿氢生产基地,在冬奥会上供应绿氢195t;率先在高寒地区开展燃料电池客车示范,并在冬奥会上完成了大规模车辆示范。在取得成功经验的同时,也面临诸多问题：由于绿氢电价优惠政策取消或到期,电价上涨导致网电制氢和风电制氢生产总成本分别高达62.8元/kg和39.5元/kg;氢气运输效率低、成本高;燃料电池车辆总拥有成本高;下游需求小,难以消纳绿氢产能。建议尽快从国家层面完善绿氢电价机制、制定绿氢财税支持政策,降低绿氢成本;多种举措并举,多渠道破解燃料电池车辆成本难题;尽快推动50MPa长管拖车研制及商业化,提升氢气储运效率;探索工业、建筑、储能及发电等领域规模用氢模式和绿氢消纳途径,形成一批可复制可推广的标杆应用场景。     

对美国新氢能政策的思考

美国总统奥巴马近期宣布大幅削减氢燃料电池车的研发经费。经济问题是其政策调整的主要原因。氢能的应用对于温室气体减排有着非常重要的意义。氢燃料电池车是氢能应用的最主要领域之一,但目前这一技术尚未实现商业化。美国政府能源政策的调整将对能源技术的发展带来不确定性。但德、日、韩等国的氢能研发项目仍在不断推进,欧盟、欧洲工业委员会等组织联合制定了氢能与燃料电池的发展计划。以本田、丰田、通用等为代表的汽车公司仍表示将继续燃料电池车的研究。USFCC和NHA也表达了强烈的反对意见。我国应抓住机遇,切实发展氢能。     

双碳目标下中国绿氢合成氨发展基础与路线北大核心CSCD

推动全社会绿色发展,实现碳达峰、碳中和,是产业结构调整的强大动力,也为产业结构优化升级提供了重大战略机遇。本文梳理氢能与氨的全球产销量及应用领域相关数据,总结我国发展可再生能源绿氢合成氨产业的重要意义,从能源基础、关键技术、地域分布等方面,提炼我国已具备发展绿氢合成氨产业的基础条件,分析技术路线、存在问题、技术发展趋势、不同应用场景的竞争力及绿氢合成氨的经济性。研究了中国绿氢合成氨产业上位规划与发展趋势,针对体制保障与政策提出相关建议,为制定可再生能源绿氢合成氨产业的规划与政策提供支撑。研究表明:我国已具备发展绿氢合成氨产业的基础条件,应尽快制定详细的绿氢合成氨产业发展实施路线图。论文提出我国绿氢合成氨产业分三步走,第一阶段(当前—2025年)主要任务为完善政策规划,提升技术水平,先行示范为主,第二阶段(2025—2030年)主要任务为规模化推广,多领域支撑,多元化应用;第三阶段(2035—2050年)主要任务为推动产业格局重塑,助力实现双碳目标。     

氢能源及其应用现状概述

简述氢能的相关特点及氢能源的分类,总结氢能的制备方式,分析目前氢能的主要应用领域。氢能源是清洁能源,具有热值高、产能大等优点。目前,氢能的利用主要领域包括氢燃料电池、氢动力汽车等。氢能源发展是实现双碳目标的必然趋势,在中国将会有广阔的发展空间。     

美欧氢能发展战略及对我国的启示

目的  氢能具备来源广泛、储运便利、利用高效等特征,在构建新型能源体系中发挥重要作用。文章通过系统性分析美国与欧盟的氢能产业发展战略,结合我国产业发展实际,给出我国氢能产业发展的具体政策建议。 方法  通过梳理和分析美欧两大经济体发展氢能的相关政策、战略规划和典型做法,总结其氢能产业发展的成功经验。 结论  基于我国氢能产业发展现状,围绕当前我国氢能产业发展存在的问题与挑战,针对性提出加强顶层设计,进一步完善氢能产业发展政策体系;强化科技创新引领,重视氢能关键环节核心技术创新突破;拓展氢能多元化应用,打造协同大生态;重视国际合作,积极参与国际规则和标准制定等多项政策建议。 结论  文章提及的相关政策建议可为相关部门和行业人员提供一定的参考,以期进一步提升我国氢能产业发展质量和速度。     

世界主要国家应对气候变化政策分析与启示

美国、欧盟、澳大利亚、日本等主要温室气体排放国家或地区为了应对气候变化,都制定了各自的温室气体排放控制目标。为了实现减排目标,各国（或地区）分别制定了应对全球气候变化的法律法规,建立了应对气候变化的碳排放交易体系,实施了各种气候变化税收政策。各国加大资金投入研究开发减缓气候变化的低碳技术,普遍对可再生能源的开发利用颁布了政策法令并建立气候变化资金。世界各主要国家或地区的应对气候变化的政策对完善我国气候变化政策框架体系有一定的启示。我国应加快建立温室气体统计制度,通过技术进步与财税政策促进节能降耗,大力发展可再生能源,降低对化石能源的依赖,建立应对气候变化专项科学基金和低碳技术基金。     

荷兰可再生能源政策及其实践

介绍了荷兰政府为促进可再生能源发展而制订的法律、法规、目标、实施途径和实践。荷兰可再生能源大规模开发利用始于20世纪80年代，90年代末达到高峰。但由于政策的变化导致可再生能源研究、开发、生产和利用呈现下降趋势。随着欧洲一体化进程，荷兰重新修改制定了其能源政策以重振可再生能源产业。     

Prospects for the production of green hydrogen: Review of countries with high potential

The article provides a review of the current hydrogen production and the prospects for the development of the production of “green” hydrogen using renewable energy sources in various countries of the world that are leaders in this field. The potential of hydrogen energy in such countries and regions as Australia, the European Union, India, Canada, China, the Russian Federation, United States of America, South Korea, the Republic of South Africa, Japan and the northern countries of Africa is considered. These countries have significant potential for the production of hydrogen and “green” hydrogen, in particular through mining of fossil fuels and the use of renewable energy sources. The quantitative indicators of the production of “green” hydrogen in the future and the direction of its export are considered; the most developed hydrogen technologies in these countries are presented. The production of “green” hydrogen in most countries is the way to transition from the consumption of fossil fuels to the clean energy of the future, which will significantly improve the environmental situation, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the energy independence of the regions.     

Competitive and secure renewable hydrogen markets: Three strategic scenarios for the European Union

The European Union (EU) considers renewable hydrogen a key priority for achieving climate neutrality and therefore needs to develop competitive and secure renewable hydrogen supplies. International trade could play a major role in meeting EU hydrogen needs and will require the creation of highly integrated markets between member states. This article analyzes three strategic scenarios in which the EU prioritizes energy independence, cost optimization, or energy security using an optimization model of international hydrogen trade based on production potentials and cost curves in EU countries and potential trade partners. The results show that, while the EU could become hydrogen independent, imports from neighboring countries could minimize overall costs despite higher transportation costs. However, imports from neighboring countries may reproduce past energy dependence patterns. Our results show that to limit reliance on a single supplier without increasing overall costs, the EU could leverage long-distance imports.     

Comparative study of regulations,codes and standards and practices on hydrogen fuelling stations

This work deals with a comparative study of regulations, codes and standards for hydrogen fuelling station dedicated for light duty land vehicles in the following countries: United States (California), United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, Canada, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Spain.The following technical components of a hydrogen fuelling station are included in the scope of the study: the hydrogen storage systems (cryogenic or compressed gases) and buffer storage, the compressor stations, the high pressure buffer storage, the cooling systems for hydrogen, the dispensing equipments and the dispensing area. The hydride storage, the pipelines, on site production and the hydrogen vehicle have been excluded.The analysis, performed in September 2014 in a report from INERIS DRA-14-141532-06227C BENCHMARK STATIONS-SERVICE HYDROGENE, is based on documents collected by bibliographic review and information obtained through a questionnaire sent to authorities and IA HySafe [1] members in the above mentioned countries.This paper gives a synthesis of the regulations and on permitting process in the different studied countries (including the new European Directive on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure in Europe [2]), it develops the required safety barriers in the different parts of a fuelling station and specially for the dispensing area, gives an overview of the different approaches for safety distances and processes to obtain licences to operate.     

Hydrogen in the Portuguese Navy: A case study

Hydrogen systems in the maritime domain are a technology that is still under development, and there are currently no commercial solutions and alternatives. There are already some solutions at the European level regarding production, but Portugal is still in an exploratory phase. We explore hydrogen systems (production, storage, and utilization) in the Portuguese Navy, proposing a strategy for their use that can be easily generalized to other similar case studies. Through a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis, the main identified limitations are the associated costs, the lack of technological maturity, and the lack of existing knowledge in the organization. The short, medium, and long-term proposed strategy should focus on production autonomy, solar panels and wind turbine utilization (daytime and nighttime arc energy acquisition), passenger transport, reconversion of existing naval platforms, and in the last phase, the acquisition of new equipment.     

美国能源之星计划最新动态分析

能源之星计划是美国用能产品节能管理措施的重要组成部分,对世界各国的节能法规和标准产生了重要影响,在一定程度上,产品获得能源之星认证已成为进入发达国家市场的一个通行证。能源之星计划目前覆盖商业设备、家用电器、办公室设备、照明产品、房屋建材产品5大类60类终端耗能产品。2009年,新颁布了电视机和LED灯等5类产品标准,包括洗碗机、洗衣机、计算机、显示器等13类产品的标准陆续生效,这些新的标准将对我国相关产品出口到美国造成一定影响。生产商获取能源之星认证需要3个步骤:确定产品是否已符合或者能够符合能源之星标准;制造商成为能源之星合作伙伴;履行能源之星合作伙伴的义务。美国能源之星计划与我国能效标准、欧盟EuP/ErP指令三者相比,能源之星的要求较其他两者更严,规定的技术项目也更多。相比之下,我国能效标准水平较低,仍存在提升的空间,同时在实施过程中尚存在法律法规不够健全、行业自律性差、公众能效意识较低等一些现实障碍。     

Renewislands—Renewable energy solutions for islands

Increase of the global energy demand and environmental problems relating to fossil energy utilization request the new energy sources to replace the traditional fossil fuels. With respect to energy production, most of the islands in European Union and in the other parts of the world, depend on importation, mainly from oil and its related products. The global development of renewable energy technologies can assure sustainable supply of power for islands. To overcome the limitation of the sources of renewable energy, hydrogen is utilized as a storage medium integrated with intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. This paper introduces the programme of “Renewislands—Renewable Energy Solutions for Islands”, the work tasks, details of the design of the activities to develop solutions integrating intermittent renewable energy supply (RES), fuel cell (FC) and hydrogen infrastructure to promote RES and innovative decentralized power systems penetration in islands; main results achieved in each work packages are presented; in addition, the development of intermittent renewable energy penetration in specific European Islands are reviewed briefly.     

Wind energy and the hydrogen economy—review of the technology

The hydrogen economy is an inevitable energy system of the future where the available energy sources (preferably the renewable ones) will be used to generate hydrogen and electricity as energy carriers, which are capable of satisfying all the energy needs of human civilization. The transition to a hydrogen economy may have already begun. This paper presents a review of hydrogen energy technologies, namely technologies for hydrogen production, storage, distribution, and utilization. Possibilities for utilization of wind energy to generate hydrogen are discussed in parallel with possibilities to use hydrogen to enhance wind power competitiveness.