污泥深度脱水技术研究进展

随着经济的发展和国民生活水平的提高,污水污泥的排放量逐年增加,环境问题愈发严重,污泥的处理处置成为焦点问题,污泥脱水是制约污泥处置处理进一步发展的关键。本文针对目前污泥深度脱水技术开展,首先简述了不同来源污泥的分类及其基本特性,然后重点阐述了不同污泥预处理技术,分析了各污泥深度脱水技术作用机理,并对各自脱水效果及优缺点进行比较分析。结果表明,物理法中水热预处理对污泥的可脱水程度提升最大。较低声强、短时间的超声波处理对污泥脱水性能有着明显的改善。化学法在污泥过滤性能以及脱水速率方面有很大优势,酸碱处理后污泥zeta电位上升,污泥过滤性能及脱水速率得到改善。高级氧化法处理后污泥脱水效果高于酸碱处理,微生物细胞被溶解释放出有机物,可脱水程度改善。生物法处理污泥除改善污泥脱水性能外,还有对环境污染小等特点,但耗时较长。最后对污泥的后续脱水工艺进行综述,介绍了现存的主流脱水工艺,包括机械脱水、热干化技术、水热脱水工艺等;并针对不同的污泥后续利用方法,选取合适的预处理技术,提出相应优化的污泥处理工艺流程。     

城市污泥水热脱水处理的工业应用与研究进展

城市污泥是人类生活活动的副产品,对其脱水处理是污泥处置的关键。其中,水热脱水技术由于其能有效提高污泥脱水效率与低能耗等优势,成为污泥减量化与资源化处理的研究热点。文章首先介绍了城市污泥的特点及其处理现状,然后总结了近年来国内外关于污泥水热脱水工艺的发展历程与工业应用情况,并进一步对比分析了污泥水热脱水与其他脱水技术之间的能耗优势。此外,重点综述了污泥水热脱水的影响因素与机理,包括温度、时间、p H等处理条件以及水热过程中污泥水分形态与胞外聚合物(EPS)对污泥脱水性能的影响,并分析了目前机理研究上存在的矛盾与原因。最后对污泥水热脱水的发展前景作出展望,指出通过优化EPS分层提取从而深入分析污泥中各组分在水热过程中的迁移与结构变化是研究污泥水热脱水机理的重要途径。     

污水处理厂污泥固液分离新方法

<正> 在城市污水处理系统中,如何对沉淀污泥和剩余活性污泥进行适宜的处理,是一长期未解决的问题。目前在城市污水处理厂中,大多用如下方法对污泥进行处理。将沉淀污泥和剩余活性污泥排入浓缩池中,在重力作用下进行浓缩,再向浓缩污泥中加入混凝剂或高分子絮凝剂,以改善污泥的脱水性能,然后,用压滤机、真空过滤机、造粒脱水机、离心脱水机等脱水机械对加药污泥进行脱水处理。     

不同预处理方法对提高剩余污泥稳定性的研究

活性污泥法的广泛使用带来了大量剩余污泥。剩余污泥的独特结构给后期的处理带来了巨大的困难,因此要对剩余污泥进行预处理,破坏这种胞外聚合结构。主要介绍了物理、化学、生物三类预处理方法提高污泥的脱水性能和稳定化程度。     

物理调理法改善污泥脱水性能研究进展

采用活性污泥法处理城市废水和工业废水时会产生大量剩余污泥,其中含有病原体、重金属、有机污染物等有毒物质,如未经适当处置可能会产生严重的环境风险。脱水作为污泥处理的重要步骤,在减少污泥体积、方便运输、提高热值、减少垃圾填埋场渗滤液产生等方面发挥了重要作用。物理调理技术通过加入非化学调理剂或输入能量等方式改善污泥脱水性能,经济性好,应用广泛。而探寻高效物理调理剂与方法对于提升脱水效率至关重要。详细分析了物理调理技术的种类,归纳了典型物理调理技术,如多孔材料调理、超声波、热处理、冻融和电处理方法改善污泥脱水性能的作用机理。总结了不同物理调理方法的影响因素及其耦合增效作用对污泥脱水的影响,并对未来的研究工作进行展望。该领域未来的研究重点为采用物理法和化学法协同调理处理城镇污泥,结合使用混凝、生物分解、高温加热、冷冻和化学氧化,用硅藻土、人造纤维和石膏等为骨架颗粒与化学絮凝剂或药剂联合调理污泥。     

改性膨润土对污泥脱水性能的影响

以改性膨润土为絮凝剂对城市生活污水处理厂二沉池剩余活性污泥进行预处理。研究了改性膨润土用量、粒径、不同改造剂投加量等因素对污泥脱水性能的影响。结果表明,改性膨润土投加量增加到一定程度时,污泥脱水性能好;改性膨润土粒径越小,污泥脱水性能越好;改造剂投加量为4 mL/100 mL污泥(即0.22 g/100 mL污泥)时,改性膨润土对污泥脱水性能较佳,最佳处理效果为66.43%(污泥含水率)。     

污泥热水解处理技术研究进展

活性污泥法的广泛应用于市政和工业废水处理,剩余污泥的处理成为污水处理厂面临的一个严峻问题,而且处置成本已占污水处理总成本的50%～60%。本文着重阐述热预处理剩余污泥以提高污泥脱水性和污泥的消化性能,以及对商业上应用的主要污泥热水解过程(Porteous,Zimpro和Cambi)及污泥热处理最优条件进行介绍。     

甲醇行业污水处理站污泥处理研究及应用

甲醇行业污水处理站主要处理来自气化、合成装置的废水,废水中主要污染物为BOD、COD、NH3-N、SS等有害物质,采用序批式污泥处理法(SBR)进行处理,但运行过程中浓密池、SBR池产生的污泥脱水效果不好,污泥回收量小,SBR池活性污泥减少,造成污泥沉降比增大,不利于活性污泥中微生物的繁殖生长,致使污水处理效果较差。介绍污泥脱水处理的过程,针对污泥脱水处理过程中存在的问题进行分析,并采取有效的应对措施,解决了污水与污泥的分离问题,使污水处理站实现了长、满、优运行。     

改进污泥脱水性能的方法及机理

<正> 1.前言给水及污水处理过程中所产生的污泥、特别是活性污泥,颗粒细微、含水率高、脱水性能差,采用一般的固液分离方法及脱水机械往往达不到满意的脱水效果。为此,必须运用人为的方法,对污泥进行物理的、化学的处理,从而改进污泥的脱水性能。改进污泥脱水性的方法很多,按原理不同,可归纳为两类。第一,改变污泥颗粒的     

磁化调质对活性污泥脱水性能的影响

研究了磁场调质对污水厂活性污泥脱水性能的影响,在不同磁场强度和磁化时间下,考察了活性污泥沉降性能、污泥比阻、分形维数、污泥粒径等参数的变化规律。结果表明:磁化时间为20 min、磁场强度为55 m T时,污泥的沉降性能最佳,污泥结构最为密实,污泥比阻可由原来的2.03×1013 m/kg下降到9.5×1012 m/kg,能有效改善污泥的脱水性能。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。