水打沟泥石流形成条件及其静动力学特征

都江堰市龙池镇水打沟于2010年8月13日强降雨作用下暴发了较大规模的泥石流并堵塞龙溪河,基于灾害现场调查,结合汶川"5.12"地震震前、震后及"8.13"暴雨后三期影像对形成泥石流的地形、水源、物源三个基本条件特征和成因进行了分析,并计算了动静力学参数,分析了泥石流发展趋势。     

龙池地区“8.13”特大群发性泥石流堆积扇几何形态量化分析

为了解都江堰市龙池地区泥石流堆积扇的危害程度,实地测量了龙池地区36条已暴发的泥石流沟的堆积扇几何数据,分析了泥石流成因及堆积扇的特征,研究了泥石流堆积扇在堆积过程中的应力特征,得出了龙池地区泥石流堆积扇堆积长度、厚度和宽度等预测模型,并计算出龙池地区泥石流的屈服应力τ约为241Pa,沟口泥石流停淤深度hx0和hy0约为2.4m,与研究区野外观测数据相符,为强震区暴雨型泥石流灾害的防治提供了参考。     

打便沟泥石流成因及其形成机理判定

贵州省望谟县北部2011年6月6日普降暴雨(200年一遇)并引发大规模泥石流灾害,给当地居民生活及交通造成严重损害。通过分析打易镇打便沟泥石流的现场调查资料,从物源、地形、降雨等方面分析了泥石流的成因,研究了泥石流的灾害特征和形成机理,对流域内滑坡型泥石流提取重要地形因子进行统计分析,得出了泥石流暴发的最小滑坡面积比例并拟合出临界暴发曲线,为泥石流灾害的预测和防治提供了参考。     

龙池镇冷浸沟泥石流调查及危险度评价

5.12汶川地震和2010年8.13、8.19暴雨使龙池镇龙溪河两岸山体暴发了大规模群发性泥石流。为分析此次泥石流暴发原因,以冷浸沟泥石流为例,通过对冷浸沟的地形、水源、物源条件的调查分析,计算了该泥石流流速、峰值流量、固体冲出量等动力学参数,并评价了冷浸沟的危险度,得出泥石流的危险度为0.52,属于中度危险。     

不同暴雨条件下形成的草坡磨子沟泥石流堵塞岷江可能性分析

2013年7月10日,草坡磨子沟暴发特大规模泥石流,造成岷江堵塞并淤埋都汶高速,造成巨大的经济损失。为研究此次泥石流堵河特点并预测未来暴发泥石流堵河的可能性,通过分析该沟基本特征,探讨了汶川震后沟内地形地貌、降雨条件及物源变化对泥石流暴发的影响;分析了泥石流动力学特征及不同堵河判别公式计算结果,得出在不同暴雨频率下暴发泥石流可能引起的堵河情况,进而预测了该沟的堵河发展趋势。研究结果表明,震后沟内形成超过7×106 m3的固体物源储量,沟道内形成了大量堵塞体,在强降雨条件下极易暴发泥石流;草坡磨子沟在暴雨频率小于5%时暴发泥石流便可造成堵河事件。     

汶川地震极震区震后高川乡泥石流降雨警戒模式

以汶川地震极震区绵阳市安县高川乡泥石流为例,在对其爆发历史及相应降雨资料的详细调查、收集基础之上,研究了高川乡泥石流发生的临界雨量特征,得到了该乡泥石流临界雨量Ic-R关系式,进而建立了高川乡泥石流发生的降雨警戒模式,得到该乡泥石流发生不同几率下的警戒基准线,并验证了该警戒模式具有较高可信度,可用于研究区泥石流预警分析中。     

基于InfoWorks ICM模型的城市暴雨内涝模拟

为解决城市暴雨内涝灾害问题,以海口市主城区为例,构建了基于InfoWorks ICM的城市综合流域排水模型,选用3场实测暴雨进行模拟分析,发现该模型具有良好的精度和可靠性。在此基础上,利用该模型对1、2、5、10、20年五种不同设计重现期的暴雨情景下研究区域排水管网系统的排水能力和积水深度进行模拟。结果表明,该模型能较好地评估研究区域的排水能力,且随设计暴雨重现期增加,研究区域的积水深度亦呈现出增加趋势,内涝灾害明显加重。     

基于InfoWorks ICM模型的城市暴雨内涝模拟

为解决城市暴雨内涝灾害问题,以海口市主城区为例,构建了基于InfoWorks ICM的城市综合流域排水模型,选用3场实测暴雨进行模拟分析,发现该模型具有良好的精度和可靠性。在此基础上,利用该模型对1、2、5、10、20年五种不同设计重现期的暴雨情景下研究区域排水管网系统的排水能力和积水深度进行模拟。结果表明,该模型能较好地评估研究区域的排水能力,且随设计暴雨重现期增加,研究区域的积水深度亦呈现出增加趋势,内涝灾害明显加重。     

磨西河流域坡面泥石流形成演化机制及防治

针对磨西河流域坡面泥石流的危害,基于现场调查和已有研究成果,研究了坡面泥石流物源及形成机制,发现覆盖层表土流滑、层内滑动、基覆界面滑动形成主要下蚀物源,沟道岸坡滑塌形成主要侧蚀物源,坡面泥石流具有流速大、单次堆积厚度小的运动堆积特征,在此基础上建立了磨西河流域坡面泥石流发育演化的动态过程,即初始期、发展期、衰退期、停止期,近一步明确了其阶段性动态暴发特征,并建立了基于下蚀系数的总储量、动储量的简便计算模型,提出了针对不同泥石流沟发育阶段的防治建议。     

暴雨临界曲线法在黑龙江省典型流域山洪预警中的应用

为了能够准确地进行山洪预警预报,选取烟筒山水文站所在流域为典型流域,以河道安全泄量为出发点,根据相关的经验公式计算得到最大临界雨量和最小临界雨量,判别出山洪情况,并采用暴雨临界曲线法分析计算了烟筒山水文站的三次典型暴雨过程。结果表明,采用暴雨临界曲线法能定性判别出山洪灾害发生的危害程度,其结果与实际调查情况一致,可见该方法应用于黑龙江省典型流域合理、可靠。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

<正>~~     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.