Probabilistic Support Vector Machine Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensor networks play an important role in making the dream of ubiquitous computing a reality. With a variety of applications, sensor networks have the potential to influence everyone's life in the near future. However, there are a number of issues in deployment and exploitation of these networks that must be dealt with for sensor network applications to realize such potential. Localization of the sensor nodes, which is the subject of this paper, is one of the basic problems that must be solved for sensor networks to be effectively used. This paper proposes a probabilistic support vector machine (SVM)‐based method to gain a fairly accurate localization of sensor nodes. As opposed to many existing methods, our method assumes almost no extra equipment on the sensor nodes. Our experiments demonstrate that the probabilistic SVM method (PSVM) provides a significant improvement over existing localization methods, particularly in sparse networks and rough environments. In addition, a post processing step for PSVM, called attractive/repulsive potential field localization, is proposed, which provides even more improvement on the accuracy of the sensor node locations.     

基于信号投影能量特征的脑电意识动态分类

针对脑电意识任务动态分类问题,本文提出了一种基于投影能量的特征提取方法来提取反映不同思维状态的脑电特征,并结合信息累积后验贝叶斯方法进行分类以提高脑-机接口系统的分类正确率。该方法通过使两类信号在投影基上的平均投影能量比达到极值,从而达到提高脑电信号分类准确度的作用。实验结果表明两个运动想象数据集上的最大正确率都达到90%左右,最大分类准确率、kappa系数和最大互信息等评价指标的比较也表明该方法能够有效提高BCI系统的性能,具有较好的实用性。     

Recognition of motor imagery tasks for BCI using CSP and chaotic PSO twin SVM

Accurate modeling and recognition of the brain activity patterns for reliable communication and interaction are still a challenging task for the motor imagery (MI) brain-computer interface (BCI) system. In this paper, we propose a common spatial pattern (CSP) and chaotic particle swarm optimization (CPSO) twin support vector machine (TWSVM) scheme for classification of MI electroencephalography (EEG). The self-adaptive artifact removal and CSP were used to obtain the most distinguishable features. To improve the recognition results, CPSO was employed to tune the hyper-parameters of the TWSVM classifier. The usefulness of the proposed method was evaluated using the BCI competition IV-IIa dataset. The experimental results showed that the mean recognition accuracy of our proposed method was increased by 5.35%, 4.33%, 0.78%, 1.45%, and 9.26% compared with the CPSO support vector machine (SVM), particle swarm optimization (PSO) TWSVM, linear discriminant analysis LDA), back propagation (BP) and probabilistic neural network (PNN), respectively. Furthermore, it achieved a faster or comparable central processing unit (CPU) running time over the traditional SVM methods.     

Single-Trial EEG Source Reconstruction for Brain–Computer Interface

A new way to improve the classification rate of an EEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI) could be to reconstruct the brain sources of EEG and to apply BCI methods to these derived sources instead of raw measured electrode potentials. EEG source reconstruction methods are based on electrophysiological information that could improve the discrimination between BCI tasks. In this paper, we present an EEG source reconstruction method for BCI. The results are compared with results from raw electrode potentials to enable direct evaluation of the method. Features are based on frequency power change and Bereitschaft potential. The features are ranked with mutual information before being fed to a proximal support vector machine. The dataset IV of the BCI competition II and data from four subjects serve as test data. Results show that the EEG inverse solution improves the classification rate and can lead to results comparable to the best currently known methods.     

Single-trial EEG source reconstruction for brain-computer interface.

A new way to improve the classification rate of an EEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI) could be to reconstruct the brain sources of EEG and to apply BCI methods to these derived sources instead of raw measured electrode potentials. EEG source reconstruction methods are based on electrophysiological information that could improve the discrimination between BCI tasks. In this paper, we present an EEG source reconstruction method for BCI. The results are compared with results from raw electrode potentials to enable direct evaluation of the method. Features are based on frequency power change and Bereitschaft potential. The features are ranked with mutual information before being fed to a proximal support vector machine. The dataset IV of the BCI competition II and data from four subjects serve as test data. Results show that the EEG inverse solution improves the classification rate and can lead to results comparable to the best currently known methods.     

PSVM多类分类及其应用

近似支持向量机(PSVM)在支持向量机(SVM)的基础上,变不等式约束为等式约束,只需求解一组线性等式,避免了求解二次规划问题,使得算法更快、更简洁,在两类分类问题中取得较好应用.探讨了3种基于两类PSVM的多类分类方法,在标准数据集上进行了验证,并与标准SVM的结果进行了比较,结论表明3种PSVM多类分类方法能取得较好的分类性能.     

脑机接口中脑电图-近红外光谱联合分析进展研究

脑机接口(BCI)能将受试者意图相关的大脑活动转化为外部设备控制指令,在神经疾病治疗、运动康复等方面具有较高应用潜力。BCI的实现需从人脑获取有意义的信号,而脑电图(EEG)可以反映神经电活动,主要用于对反映实时性要求较高的BCI系统;近红外光谱(NIRS)主要反映血流动力学水平,一般用于神经生理状态等需要精确定位脑活跃区域的研究。EEG和NIRS因其非侵入、方便穿戴、成本较低等优点,成为BCI的重要信号获取方法。相比于单模态BCI系统,基于EEG-NIRS 联合分析的混合BCI系统由于具有更丰富的信号特征,在生理状态检测、运动想象等领域得到了越来越多的关注与研究。该文从EEG-NIRS联合分析在脑机接口中应用的研究现状出发,在数据和特征融合程度、层面上归纳最近的相关领域研究现状,并对EEG-NIRS信号处理手段的研究前景进行了展望。     

BCI2000: a general-purpose brain-computer interface (BCI) system

Many laboratories have begun to develop brain-computer interface (BCI) systems that provide communication and control capabilities to people with severe motor disabilities. Further progress and realization of practical applications depends on systematic evaluations and comparisons of different brain signals, recording methods, processing algorithms, output formats, and operating protocols. However, the typical BCI system is designed specifically for one particular BCI method and is, therefore, not suited to the systematic studies that are essential for continued progress. In response to this problem, we have developed a documented general-purpose BCI research and development platform called BCI2000. BCI2000 can incorporate alone or in combination any brain signals, signal processing methods, output devices, and operating protocols. This report is intended to describe to investigators, biomedical engineers, and computer scientists the concepts that the BC12000 system is based upon and gives examples of successful BCI implementations using this system. To date, we have used BCI2000 to create BCI systems for a variety of brain signals, processing methods, and applications. The data show that these systems function well in online operation and that BCI2000 satisfies the stringent real-time requirements of BCI systems. By substantially reducing labor and cost, BCI2000 facilitates the implementation of different BCI systems and other psychophysiological experiments. It is available with full documentation and free of charge for research or educational purposes and is currently being used in a variety of studies by many research groups.     

Chernof f加权分类器框架在运动想象脑-机接口中的应用

针对现有脑机接口(BCI)分类器与大脑认知过程结合不够紧密的问题,该文提出一种基于Chernoff加权的分类器集成框架方法,并用于同步运动想象脑机接口中。通过对训练数据进行统计分析,获得各时刻脑电信号(EEG)的统计特性,并建立基于大脑认知过程的高斯概率模型。然后利用Chernoff边界特性得到该概率模型的最小误差,并以此确定该时刻分类器的权重,通过对各时刻分类器的加权,实现同步脑机接口的信号分类。以脑机接口竞赛数据作为测试,并与线性判决分析、支持向量机和极限学习方法分别结合构成新的集成方法。由实验结果可知,加权集成框架方法的分类性能比原独立分类方法有显著提高。

     

基于Vague-Sigmoid核函数的PSVM故障诊断算法研究

支持向量机因其相比于传统算法具有良好的分类性能,而广泛地应用于故障诊断研究中。但标准SVM存在训练时间长,占用内存大的不足。近似支持向量机（Proximal Support Vec-tor Machines,PSVM）算法具有训练速度快占用内存少的特点,特别适用于大量数据的故障诊断。但其对于分类超平面附近点的诊断精度略显不足。针对此类问题文中将耗时较少的Vague-Sigmoid核函数应用于PSVM,用以提高其对于在分类面附近样本的分类精度,仿真证明获得了较好的效果。     

基于小波概率网络的局部放电模式识别

针对高压电器局部放电模式分类中样本数较少,常规的分类方法识别率较低,提出了一种基于概率神经网络与小波变换的混合算法。利用实验室模拟的局部放电信号进行小波分解,提取小波能量系数作为特征参数,并作为概率神经网络的输入进行分类。其得到的结果优于多层前馈神经网络及采用顺序最优化学习方法的支持向量机算法。     

融合高分夜光和Landsat OLI影像的不透水面自动提取方法

针对监督分类提取不透水面需要人工获取大量训练样本的制约,提出了一种亚米级高空间分辨率夜光遥感影像引导下的不透水面自动提取方法。以夜光强度信息作为先验知识,判别对应地理位置的Landsat8 OLI影像像元为不透水面正负训练样本后,提取OLI影像的光谱和纹理特征构建特征集,利用集成ELM分类器提取不透水面。选择全球4个具有代表性的城市作为试验区进行验证,结果显示,该方法在4个试验区的不透水面提取精度均超过93%,Kappa系数均在0.87以上。对比BCI指数与人工选取训练样本的不透水面提取结果,发现该方法在4个试验区的总体精度均优于指数法,主要原因是该方法相较于BCI指数法可以更有效地区分裸土和不透水面。提出的自动提取方法在3个试验区的总体精度高于或接近人工样本分类方法,但在哈尔滨试验区的总体精度略低,主要是因为在自动选择样本过程中灯光强度弱的不透水面未被选为正样本导致部分漏提。研究表明,高分辨率夜光数据可以作用遥感影像解译与地物提取的先验知识,引导自动分类提取模型的构建,具有较高的实用性。     

一种大数据集上的非线性PSVM训练方法

PSVM作为一种新型SVM方法，避免了求解二次规划问题，具有更快的计算速度，但对于大规模数据集，采用传统方法求解非线性PSVM面临大矩阵求逆的困难。文章基于共轭梯度法结合低秩估计提出了一个大数据集上的非线性PSVM训练方法NPSVM-LD，通过多次迭代的矩阵乘积运算避免了对大矩阵的求逆。在UCI数据集上的实验表明。该方法能够在应用非线性核函数条件下，使PSVM有效处理规模在10000以内的训练集的情况。     

A comparison of common spatial patterns with complex band power features in a four-class BCI experiment

We report on the offline analysis of four-class brain-computer interface (BCI) data recordings. Although the analysis is done within defined time windows (cue-based BCI), our goal is to work toward an approach which classifies on-going electroencephalogram (EEG) signals without the use of such windows (un-cued BCI). To that end, we provide some elements of that analysis related to timing issues that will become important as we pursue this goal in the future. A new set of features called complex band power (CBP) features which make explicit use of phase are introduced and are shown to produce good results. As reference methods we used traditional band power features and the method of common spatial patterns. We consider also for the first time in the context of a four-class problem the issue of variability of the features over time and how much data is required to give good classification results. We do this in a practical way where training data precedes testing data in time.     

基于相关性和稀疏表示的运动想象脑电通道选择方法

在基于运动想象(MI)的脑机接口(BCI)中,通常采用较多通道的脑电信号(EEG)来提高分类精度,但其中会有包含与MI任务无关或冗余信息的通道,从而影响BCI的性能提升。该文针对运动想象脑电分类中的通道选择问题,提出一种采用相关性和稀疏表示对通道进行选择的方法(CSR-CS)。首先计算训练样本每个通道的皮尔逊相关系数来选择显著通道,然后提取显著通道所在区域的滤波器组共空间模式特征拼接成字典,利用由字典所得到的非零稀疏系数的个数表征每个区域的分类能力,选出显著区域所包含的显著通道作为最优通道,最后采用共空间模式和支持向量机分别进行特征提取与分类。在对BCI第3次竞赛数据集IVa和BCI第4次竞赛数据集I两个二分类MI任务的分类实验中,平均分类精度达到了88.61%和83.9%,表明所提通道选择方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

Preprocessing and meta-classification for brain-computer interfaces

A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a system which allows direct translation of brain states into actions, bypassing the usual muscular pathways. A BCI system works by extracting user brain signals, applying machine learning algorithms to classify the user's brain state, and performing a computer-controlled action. Our goal is to improve brain state classification. Perhaps the most obvious way to improve classification performance is the selection of an advanced learning algorithm. However, it is now well known in the BCI community that careful selection of preprocessing steps is crucial to the success of any classification scheme. Furthermore, recent work indicates that combining the output of multiple classifiers (meta-classification) leads to improved classification rates relative to single classifiers (Dornhege et al., 2004). In this paper, we develop an automated approach which systematically analyzes the relative contributions of different preprocessing and meta-classification approaches. We apply this procedure to three data sets drawn from BCI Competition 2003 (Blankertz et al., 2004) and BCI Competition III (Blankertz et al., 2006), each of which exhibit very different characteristics. Our final classification results compare favorably with those from past BCI competitions. Additionally, we analyze the relative contributions of individual preprocessing and meta-classification choices and discuss which types of BCI data benefit most from specific algorithms.     

刺激视野面积对稳态视觉诱发电位的影响

基于稳态视觉诱发电位（SSVEP）的脑-机接口（BCI）系统通常采用占据较大视野面积的闪烁刺激以诱发更明显的脑电特征,但容易造成使用者疲劳、紧张和头痛,限制了SSVEP-BCI的实际应用。针对此问题,该文以幅值、信噪比、典型相关系数和任务相关系数为指标,探究了不同刺激视野面积（以角度尺寸进行衡量,范围为0.1°至13°）对诱发SSVEP信号特征强度的影响。分析结果表明,SSVEP信号的强度最初随刺激角度尺寸的增大而增大,但在角度尺寸达到3°左右后增长开始变缓并保持平稳。综合考虑系统舒适度和特征强度两个因素后得出结论,SSVEP-BCI系统的刺激角度尺寸约为3°时能够达到最佳性能。该文为SSVEP-BCI的最佳刺激角度尺寸选择提供了依据,相关研究成果在舒适友好型BCI方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

MSI和CCA算法对稳态视觉诱发电位信号分类的比较研究

脑机接口（Brain Computer Interface, BCI）系统能让那些有运动障碍的病人用脑信号与外界设备交互。稳态视觉诱发电位（Steady State Visual Evoked Potential,SSVEP）具有分析正确率高,不用训练等优点而倍受重视。如何高效地对SSVEP信号频率识别是SSVEP-BCI的关键问题,并关系到BCI的系统优劣。本文采用多变量同步指数与典型相关分析方法对SSVEP信号分类进行比较研究,探讨了两种方法在数据长度、导联数量、导联位置以及参考信号的谐波数量对SSVEP信号分类效果的影响。六位被试者参与实验采集数据,实验结果证实,在时间窗较小,数据长度较少的条件下,多变量同步指数方法较典型相关分析方法性能更优。而对于SSVEP信号分析来说,导联位置的准确性是影响频率分析算法的最根本因素。