合金成分和奥氏体变形对粒状贝氏体和粒状组织转变的影响

在Gleeble热模拟试验机上研究了低碳Mn-B系贝氏体钢的组织转变,分析了合金成分和奥氏体变形对粒状贝氏体及粒状组织转变的影响。结果表明,在相同冷却条件下,添加铬、铌元素后更利于粒状贝氏体组织的转变;在奥氏体未再结晶区,变形对粒状贝氏体及粒状组织的转变有明显的影响,随奥氏体变形温度的降低以及变形程度的增加,组织由粒状贝氏体向粒状组织变化。     

Effect of Boron on the Isothermal Bainite Transformation

The role of Boron on the isothermal bainitic transformation in low-C, lean-alloyed steel was investigated. B clearly affected both the transformation kinetics and the morphology of isothermally transformed bainite. The effect of B was more noticeable in the high-temperature range of the bainitic transformation. The microstructure of bainite formed at 773 K (500 °C) consisted of a bainitic ferrite matrix and the martensite/austenite constituent. While the martensite/austenite constituent had an elongated morphology in B-free steel, the martensite/austenite constituents in the B-added steel had a granular morphology. Two types of bainite unit nucleation were considered: the initial nuclei and the nuclei formed on previously formed units. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed that the initial bainitic ferrite nuclei were formed at austenite grain boundaries with a Kurdjumov-Sachs (K-S) crystallographic orientation relationship with respect to one of the neighboring austenite grains, revealing the importance of interfacial energy reduction in the nucleation stage. The nuclei of the bainite transformation in the B-added steel were confined to the austenite grain interior, and the bainitic ferrite nuclei had crystallographic orientations limited to K-S variants within the same Bain variant. The characteristic bainite microstructure in B-added steel is due to the inhibition of the bainitic ferrite nucleation at austenite grain boundaries.     

Recent Development of Air-Cooled Bainitic Steels Containing Manganese

The superiorities of air-cooled bainitic steels were described. A series of air-cooled bainitic steels containing manganese were developed and presented, which include low carbon granular bainitic steels, low carbon grain-boundary allotriomorphic ferrite/granular bainite dual phase steels, medium and medium high carbon bainite/martensite dual phase steel, low carbon carbide free bainite/martensite dual phase steels and casting bainitic steels.The development of ultra-low carbon bainitic steels in China was also introduced.     

Effects of Cooling Conditions on Microstructure, Tensile Properties, and Charpy Impact Toughness of Low-Carbon High-Strength Bainitic Steels

In this study, four low-carbon high-strength bainitic steel specimens were fabricated by varying finish cooling temperatures and cooling rates, and their tensile and Charpy impact properties were investigated. All the bainitic steel specimens consisted of acicular ferrite, granular bainite, bainitic ferrite, and martensite-austenite constituents. The specimens fabricated with higher finish cooling temperature had a lower volume fraction of martensite-austenite constituent than the specimens fabricated with lower finish cooling temperature. The fast-cooled specimens had twice the volume fraction of bainitic ferrite and consequently higher yield and tensile strengths than the slow-cooled specimens. The energy transition temperature tended to increase with increasing effective grain size or with increasing volume fraction of granular bainite. The fast-cooled specimen fabricated with high finish cooling temperature and fast cooling rate showed the lowest energy transition temperature among the four specimens because of the lowest content of coarse granular bainite. These findings indicated that Charpy impact properties as well as strength could be improved by suppressing the formation of granular bainite, despite the presence of some hard microstructural constituents such as bainitic ferrite and martensite-austenite.     

70kg级低碳贝氏体钢相变规律研究

利用MMS-200热模拟试验机和光学显微镜研究了70kg级低碳贝氏体钢板在不同终轧温度和冷却速度下的相变规律。结果表明,随冷却速度的增大,钢中依次出现多边形铁素体、珠光体、针状铁素体、粒状贝氏体、下贝氏体和马氏体组织,奥氏体向铁素体相变温度Ar3降低,晶粒细化。随着终轧温度的降低,铁素体诱导相变明显增加,铁素体晶粒细化。     

低碳贝氏体钢连续冷却相变规律研究

利用Gleeble1500热/力模拟实验机,研究了抗拉强度为700 MPa级的低碳贝氏体钢的相变规律,分析了不同冷却速率对钢组织及性能的影响。结果表明：轧后试样在1℃/s～30℃/s较宽的冷却速度范围内均可得到贝氏体组织,并随着冷却速度的增加,显微组织以粒状贝氏体为主转变为以性能优良的板条贝氏体和马氏体为主,在不降低韧性指标的前提下,提高了强度,为700 MPa级的低碳贝氏体钢工艺制度的制订提供了依据。     

影响含B低碳贝氏体钢冲击韧性的规律研究

对影响含硼低碳贝氏体钢冲击韧性的因素进行了对比试验和分析,总结了含硼低碳贝氏体钢冲击韧性的规律。认为影响含硼低碳贝氏体钢冲击韧性的主要原因是有效晶界与质点控制,从而通过细化轧制奥氏体获得有效晶界,通过控轧控冷来控制相变,获得不同类型的中温转变组织分割奥氏体。利用准多边形铁素体、位向不同的板条束、和粒贝等组织有效改善冲击韧性,获得良好的强韧性匹配。同时微合金元素的合理使用与钢水纯净度的控制是获得良好韧性的前提。     

铬和铝元素对低碳贝氏体钢组织和性能影响

 低碳贝氏体钢通常需要添加一定量合金元素来提升性能,为了研究合金元素铬和铝在低碳贝氏体钢中的作用,以Fe-C-Si-Mn-Mo系贝氏体钢为基础,设计了单独添加铬元素和复合添加Cr+Al元素的3种低碳贝氏体钢,研究了铬和铝的添加对连续冷却处理低碳贝氏体钢显微组织、力学性能及贝氏体相变的影响规律。结果表明,连续冷却条件下,铬可以促进低碳贝氏体钢相变趋向于更低的温度区间进行,细化贝氏体组织,从而提高强度;铝可以促进贝氏体相变动力学,但对低碳贝氏体钢意义不大。同时,添加铝会使低碳贝氏体钢组织粗化,导致强度和伸长率同时下降。综合来看,复合添加铬和铝的优化效果不如单独添加铬,单独添加铬的低碳贝氏体钢强度达到1 623 MPa,伸长率为10.5%,结果可以为低碳贝氏体钢成分设计提供依据。     

Effect of heat treatment on mechanical and stirring wear properties of low temperature bainite steels

One- step and two- step isothermal low temperature bainitic transformation were designed. The effects of heat treatments on the microstructures, mechanical properties and stirring wear resistance of low temperature bainite were discussed. The results show that the microstructures of samples under different heat treatments all consist of micro- and nano- scale bainite lath and austenite. The size of bainite lath decreases from 95 nm to 65 nm with the decrease of isothermal temperature from 300?? to 250?? under the one- step isothermal bainitic transformation. Moreover, the volume fraction of austenite likewise decreases from 28??1% to 19??9%. The unstable block austenite is apparently refined by the two- step isothermal bainitic transformation. The optimal balance between the tensile strength (1857MPa) and elongation (10??59%) is obtained in the sample treated by two- step isothermal bainitic transformation. Also, the V- notch impact absorbed energy of the sample treated by two- step isothermal bainitic transformation reaches 11J. Compared with the one- step isothermal bainitic transformation (300, 250??), the sample treated by two- step isothermal bainitic transformation shows the optimized wear resistance and increases by 11??8% and 31??4%, respectively, which is attributed to the better ductility and toughness.     

CCT Curves of low carbon Mn-Si steels and development of water cooled bainitic steels

CCT curves of Mn-Si steels with different manganese contents or carbon contents were determined. The results show that the transformation range of bainite can be separated from that of ferrite when the manganese content approaches a certain content,and the incubation period of ferrite increases more significantly than that of bainite transformation with the increase of carbon content in Mn-Si steels. Furthermore,water-cooled bainitic steels without adding expensive alloying element were developed. Granular bainite was obtained when a bar with diameter of 300mm was cooled by water,and a mixed microstructure of granular bainite and martensite was obtained in water-cooled plate with thickness of 40mm. The developed water-cooled bainitic steels containing no expensive alloying element showed a good combination of strength and toughness. The tensile strength,yield strength,and toughness (AKU at -20℃) of bar with diameter of 300mm after water cooling were higher than 850MPa,620MPa,and 65J,respectively,and those of plate with thickness of 40mm after water cooling were higher than 1000MPa,800MPa,and 50J,respectively.     

低于Ms温度变形对等温贝氏体相变动力学和组织的影响

摘要：变形和等温热处理是高强贝氏体钢主要生产工艺,已有研究表明低于马氏体相变起始温度（Ms）的等温热处理可以促进贝氏体相变动力学,低温奥氏体预变形也可以加速贝氏体相变。研究了低于Ms温度变形对后续等温贝氏体相变动力学和组织的影响,结果表明,并未出现预想的加速相变叠加效应,反而,变形温度低于Ms温度时,贝氏体相变动力学减弱,等温贝氏体相变孕育期延长。低于Ms温度等温相变时,贝氏体铁素体与母相奥氏体位向关系接近K-S关系,变形试样虽然获得了一部分先马氏体,且能提高贝氏体形核率,但并非所有的胚核都能发生长大,变形改变母相奥氏体取向,使贝氏体原本的位向关系遭受破坏,导致有效形核率降低。     

中碳低合金铸钢贝氏体中脊特征研究

利用光学显微镜，ＳＥＭ，ＴＥＭ研究了中碳低合金铸钢态下具有中脊的贝氏体形态和中脊特征，并探讨了带中脊贝氏体的相变机制，研究表明，中脊存在于不同形态的贝氏体中；中脊先天贝氏体铁素体基体核与长大，是与基体贝氏体衬度不同的单相氏体铁素体，类似片状马氏切变形核与长大，第一片贝氏体中脊可贯穿整个晶粒。     

Effects of B and Cu Addition and Cooling Rate on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Low-Carbon, High-Strength Bainitic Steels

The effects of B and Cu addition and cooling rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of low-carbon, high-strength bainitic steels were investigated in this study. The steel specimens were composed mostly of bainitic ferrite, together with small amounts of acicular ferrite, granular bainite, and martensite. The yield and tensile strengths of all the specimens were higher than 1000?MPa and 1150?MPa, respectively, whereas the upper shelf energy was higher than 160?J and energy transition temperature was lower than 208?K (?C65?°C) in most specimens. The slow-cooled specimens tended to have the lower strengths, higher elongation, and lower energy transition temperature than the fast-cooled specimens. The Charpy notch toughness was improved with increasing volume fraction of acicular ferrite because acicular ferrites favorably worked for Charpy notch toughness even when other low-toughness microstructures such as bainitic ferrite and martensite were mixed together. To develop high-strength bainitic steels with an excellent combination of strength and toughness, the formation of bainitic microstructures mixed with acicular ferrite was needed, and the formation of granular bainite was prevented.     

准下贝氏体相变研究

利用电镜研究了４０ＣｒＭｎ２Ｓｉ２Ｍｏ铸钢准下贝氏体中变态组织及精细结构，观察到交叉型，中脊型类马氏体形貌贝氏体，发现贝氏体中脊中有大量层错。贝氏体交叉的形成是变应力－应变诱发贝氏本转变引起，中脊是贝氏体相变初期切变机制快速形核与长大的结果，中脊中层错的存在，为贝氏体相变过程存在切变机制提供了依据。     

超低碳高强度Q550D贝氏体钢的研制

利用超低碳和微合金化的成分设计,采用TMCP(Thermomechanical Controlled Proces)-T(Tempering)工艺,充分利用晶粒细化和针状铁素体与粒状贝氏体组织强化等手段,辅以回火处理工艺,在工业试制条件下得到韧性良好,屈服强度为550 MPa级的超低碳贝氏体钢。     

等温淬火温度对超细贝氏体钢组织及耐磨性的影响

设计了一种0.7C的低合金超细贝氏体钢,并通过膨胀仪、二体磨损实验、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、激光扫描共聚焦显微镜及能谱仪,研究了不同等温淬火温度对超细贝氏体钢的贝氏体相变动力学、微观组织以及干滑动摩擦耐磨性的影响,揭示超细贝氏体钢在二体磨损条件下的耐磨性能和磨损机理.研究结果表明,不同等温温度下的超细贝氏体钢都由片层状贝氏体铁素体和薄膜状以及块状的残留奥氏体组成;随着等温温度的升高,超细贝氏体的相变速率提高,相变孕育期及相变完成时间缩短,但贝氏体铁素体板条厚度增加,残留奥氏体含量增加,硬度值有所降低;超细贝氏体钢磨损面形貌以平直的犁沟为主,主要的磨损机理为显微切削;不同等温温度下所获得的超细贝氏体的耐磨性能都优于回火马氏体,且随着等温温度的降低,耐磨性能提高.其中在250℃等温所获得的超细贝氏体钢具有最优的耐磨性能,其相对耐磨性为回火马氏体的1.28倍.这主要与超细贝氏体钢中贝氏体铁素体板条的细化及磨损过程中残留奥氏体的形变诱导马氏体相变（TRIP）效应有关.      

硅含量对低碳贝氏体相变动力学和性能的影响

摘要：设计了3种不同Si含量的低碳贝氏体钢,进行了不同温度下等温淬火热处理热模拟实验、X-射线衍射和拉伸实验等,研究Si含量对贝氏体相变动力学和贝氏体钢性能的影响。结果表明,随Si含量增加,贝氏体相变量降低,动力学方程参数b减小,n增大。另外,随贝氏体相变温度增加,参数b减小,n增大。而且在较低相变温度下,因Si含量不同造成参数b和n的值的差异更大,说明低温下Si含量对贝氏体相变动力学的影响更大。此外,Si含量越低,因相变温度不同造成贝氏体相变孕育期和完成时间的差异逐渐增大,表明随Si含量的增加,Si对贝氏体相变动力学的影响降低。最后,随着Si含量的增加,试样抗拉强度和伸长率均逐渐增加。研究结果为优化低碳贝氏体钢成分设计、调控其力学性能提供了参考。     

Development of New Type Mn-Series Bainitic Steels in China

The alloying design idea,strengthening-toughening mechanism,microstructure,mechanical performances,development and application in China of new type Mn-series bainitic steels are introduced.Mn-series air-cooling bainitic steels including granular bainitic steels,FGBA /BG duplex steels,CFB/M duplex steels,medium carbon bainite/martensite steels,cast bainitic steels are presented.The invented idea mechanical performances,development and application of second generation of Mn-series bainitic steels,i.e.water quenching Mn-series bainitic steels invented by the authors newly are introduced.The water quenching Mn-series bainitic steels cover severe series steels containing ultra-low carbon,low-low carbon,medium-low carbon,and high-low carbon content etc,which can reduce the amount of alloying content,increase hardening capability and improve weldability.It should be pointed out that the application of both air cooling and water quenching Mn-series bainitic steels are complementary and mutually reinforcing,and the new type Mn-series bainitic steels can meet the performance requirements of most steels used in engineering structure.Some newest technologies of Mn-series bainitic steels in China are discussed in this paper.It is suggested that the significance of the development of the Mn-series bainitic steels can be summarized as:significantly reducing costs of both raw materials and production;good combination of strength and toughness;excellent weldability;simple procedure;large savings in energy resources and reduced environmental pollution.     

具有仿晶界型铁素体/粒状贝氏体复相组织的大截面钢筋

探索了仿晶界型铁素体／粒状贝氏体复相钢用于制造热轧低碳高强度可焊钢筋的可行性与工业化前景。对不同铬含量的空冷贝氏体钢筋的组织、强韧性及可焊性等进行了对比研究。结果表明，含有0．25％铬的Mn-Si—Cr系低碳贝氏体钢在轧后空冷条件下得到含有约26％(体积分数)的仿晶界型铁素体的粒状贝氏体复相钢，其抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率(δ6)分别达到830MPa、560MPa和18％，实现了较好的强韧性配合，并且具有较好的可焊性。存用干制造500MPa级大截面钢筋方面具有较大的市场化优势。     

上贝氏体铁素体的形核及长大

 贝氏体铁素体的长大速度与转变机制密切相关。应用QUANTA 400型环扫电镜,观测了20CrMo钢和35CrMo钢的贝氏体铁素体形核及长大情况。结果表明,上贝氏体铁素体在原奥氏体晶界形核,可沿着晶界生长,也可平行地向晶内长大。测得贝氏体铁素体片条沿晶界延伸的平均速度为14 998 nm/s,而向晶内长大线速度为17 763 nm/s。应用计算和理论分析方法研究了贝氏体片条的长大机制,认为在晶界形成的上贝氏体铁素体晶核与两侧的奥氏体不同时具有共格界面,因此不能以共格切变长大。按照体扩散和界面扩散进行理论计算,计算结果表明：铁素体长大速度比实测值小3~4个数量级,因此扩散 台阶机制不能成立。另外,提出了上贝氏体铁素体晶核长大的原子热激活跃迁机制。