Volatiles Production and Lipid Oxidation in Irradiated Cooked Sausage as Related to Packaging and Storage

Irradiation dose affected production of volatiles in vacuum-and aerobic-packaged cooked pork sausage, but its effect on TBARS was minor. Storage increased production of volatiles and changed their composition only in aerobic-packaged sausage. Among volatile components, 1-heptene and 1-nonene were influenced most by irradiation dose, and aldehydes by packaging type. TBARS and volatiles of vacuum-packaged irradiated cooked sausage did not correlate well. However, TBARS had very high correlation with amount of aldehydes, total volatiles, ketones and alcohols with long retention times in aerobic-packaged pork sausage. Heptene and 1-nonene could be indicators for irradiation; and propanal, pentanal, and hexanal for oxygen-dependent changes of cooked meat.     

离子色谱法测定香肠中的亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐

建立了离子色谱-电导检测法测定香肠中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的分析方法。样品经过亚铁氰化钾溶液和乙酸锌溶液沉淀蛋白质后,离心取其上清液依次过C₁₈柱、Ag柱和Na柱净化后,以氢氧化钾为淋洗液,经DIONEX IonPac^TM AS11-HC(4 mm×250 mm)阴离子柱分离,采用DIONEX AERS 500(4mm)阴离子抑制器和电导检测器检测,优化色谱条件后检测样品中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的含量。结果表明:亚硝酸盐浓度在0.1～2mg/L、硝酸盐浓度在0.2～8mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数R²均大于0.9998。该方法亚硝酸盐的检出限为0.1mg/kg,硝酸盐的检出限为0.2mg/kg。亚硝酸盐的回收率在96.8%～99.9%,硝酸盐的回收率在98.8%～99.3%。亚硝酸盐的相对标准偏差RSD在0.79%～1.2%,硝酸盐的相对标准偏差RSD在0.26%～2.2%。离子色谱法测定亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐具有方法简便、重现性好、灵敏度高、检测数据准确可靠的特点。     

辛料对香肠发酵菌降解亚硝酸盐的影响

目的:为了探究辛料对香肠发酵菌降解亚硝酸盐的影响。方法:在模拟培养基中添加亚硝酸盐,接种香肠混合发酵菌剂,经控温发酵,测定亚硝酸盐含量,以亚硝酸盐的降解率为评价指标,在香肠发酵前添加辛料,探究辛料对香肠发酵菌降解亚硝酸盐的影响。结果:单因素试验结果表明,添加辛料组亚硝酸盐降解率均高于未添加辛料组,洋葱添加量为80 g/L时亚硝酸盐降解率最高,为96.15%;生姜添加量为40 g/L时亚硝酸盐降解率最高,为94.58%;大蒜添加量为80 g/L时亚硝酸盐降解率最高,为98.21%。正交试验结果表明,洋葱50 g/L、生姜50 g/L、大蒜30 g/L时,亚硝酸盐降解率高于单因素试验组,为98.54%。结论:在发酵香肠中添加辛料对香肠发酵菌降解亚硝酸盐具有促进作用,在发酵香肠的生产中具有实际应用价值。     

香肠制品中降低亚硝酸盐残留量的措施

亚硝酸盐残留量过高会导致多种疾病。目前人们的香肠制品消费量逐年增加,但是还没有发现有效的食品添加剂能完全代替亚硝酸盐在香肠制品中的有利作用,所以本文从减少亚硝酸盐的添加量及寻找替代品两个方面论述降低其残留量的措施。     

几种添加物对香肠制品亚硝酸盐残留量的影响

以猪肉为原料,按传统方法和工艺制作香肠,采用五因素(1/2 实施)二次正交旋转组合设计研究L- 抗坏血酸钠(X1)、乳酸(X2)、六偏磷酸钠(X3)、食盐(X4)和茶多酚(X5)对香肠亚硝酸钠残留量的影响,得到二次回归模型。分析表明： X2 在0.01 水平上差异极显著;X5、X1X4、X2X4、X2X5、X3X4、X2 在0.05 水平上差异显著;X1、X1X5、X2X3、X5 在0.25 水平上差异显著。     

发酵牛肉调味基料替代亚硝酸盐在红肠中的应用

在传统调味基料制备工艺基础上,增加微生物发酵环节制成发酵牛肉调味基料(Fermented beef flavor,FBF),将其按照不同添加比例应用于红肠的加工中,设计5组试验:阴性对照NC组(不添加亚硝酸盐)、阳性对照PC组(添加亚硝酸盐),分别添加2%、6%和10%发酵牛肉调味基料的样品组制成红肠,真空包装后,20 ℃条件下贮藏,在贮藏过程中对其进行品质评价。结果表明:发酵牛肉调味基料对红肠除具有明显提高风味作用(气味和滋味得分均不低于NC组)外,还起到良好的发色和抗氧化作用,添加发酵牛肉调味基料的试验组红肠的红度值与PC组无显著差异,当其添加量为2%时,红肠在贮藏过程中的TBARs值始终低于1.0 mg/kg,具有较强的抗氧化性。微生物多样性分析结果发现,发酵牛肉调味基料的添加对红肠中的优势腐败菌属(葡萄球菌属)具有明显抑制作用,其货架期比NC组明显延长,与PC组的保质期相当。可见,FBF具有应用于红肠中替代亚硝酸盐的潜力。     

可降解亚硝酸盐植物乳杆菌在广式腊肠发酵中的应用

目的:以可降解亚硝酸盐的植物乳杆菌为发酵剂,分析探讨广式腊肠制作中使用该发酵剂的产品特征。方法:研究两株植物乳杆菌分别对2%氯化钠和300mg/kg亚硝酸钠的耐受性,以及在MRS培养基中降解亚硝酸盐的能力。并以其中一株植物乳杆菌为发酵剂加入广式腊肠中,测定不同发酵时间产品的pH值、水活度以及乳酸菌、霉菌和大肠菌的生长情况,与对照组进行比较,研究该发酵剂对发酵腊肠产品特征的影响。结论:将具有良好耐盐和耐亚硝酸盐能力,同时对亚硝酸盐具有较强降解能力的H1菌作为发酵剂加入腊肠后,降低了腊肠的pH值,同时对有害菌有明显的抑制效果,说明所选植物乳杆菌具有较好的环境适应性并显示出强大的酸化潜力,能通过抑制肠杆菌科的生长,提高微生物的安全性。因此,H1菌有望成为一种具有生物安全性的本土发酵剂。     

Application of Gamma Irradiation on Breakdown of Hazardous Volatile N-Nitrosamines

ABSTRACT: Gamma irradiation was applied for the breakdown of the volatile N-nitrosamines (VNAs), nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), and nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR). NDMA and NPYR were dissolved in distilled water, dichloromethane, or ethanol, and irradiated at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 kGy by gamma ray. Samples were analyzed by GC-TEA. NDMA and NPYR in distilled water and dichloromethane were easily broken at 5 kGy or above. NPYR was the most sensitive to irradiation, while the NDMA is relatively resistant to irradiation. NDMA and NPYR dissolved in ethanol was the most resistant to irradiation and the breakdown was 90% or above at 20 kGy. VNA formation was not observed by in vitro test from decomposed compounds without nitrite, while the VNAs were found by exposure of irradiated products to nitrite. Results indicated that the gamma irradiation technology may be effective to reduce carcinogenic VNA contents in food and other industry.     

乳酸菌降低发酵烤肠中亚硝酸盐残留量的研究

本实验针对乳酸菌降低发酵烤肠亚硝酸盐残留量进行了研究,以发酵烤肠的亚硝酸盐的残留量、pH值为指标,并兼顾产品的品质。针对影响发酵烤肠的四个主要因素：发酵菌种(植物乳杆菌、嗜热乳链球菌:保加利亚乳杆菌=1:1混合菌、德国科汉森乳酸菌)、接种量、发酵温度和发酵时间进行了单因素试验;在确定较优工艺参数的基础上,以产品的亚硝酸盐残留量的降解率和感官评分为指标,进行了正交试验,最终确定最优化的工艺参数为：发酵菌种是德国科汉森复合乳酸菌,接种量为2.0%,发酵温度为30℃,发酵时间为22h。     

原花青素、抗坏血酸、蒜泥对低温香肠NaNO2残留量的影响

肉制品中残留的亚硝酸盐有害于人体健康.本试验中将抗坏血酸、原花青素和蒜泥添加至香肠中,研究它们对亚硝酸钠残留量的影响.采用分光光度法测定香肠中亚硝酸钠的残留量,结合感观评定确定抗坏血酸、原花青素、蒜泥的最佳添加范围.通过正交试验,确定这3种物质混合的最佳混合比例.试验结果表明:随着功能成分添加量的增加,香肠中亚硝酸钠残...     

Storage Stability of Vacuum Packaged Frozen Pork Sausage Containing Soy Protein Concentrate, Carrageenan or Antioxidants

Fresh pork sausage patties containing carrageenan, without or with soy protein and an antioxidant were packaged with or without vacuum. They were evaluated for sensory properties, visual color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and Hunter color ‘L’, ‘a’, ‘b’ values at 4-wk intervals during 16 wk frozen storage. Rosemary extract was as effective as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)/propyl gallate (PG)/citric acid (CA) in antioxidant properties, but patties with BHT/PG/CA showed less surface discoloration (P < 0.05). In fat-control (FC) products, antioxidants combined with vacuum packaging provided optimum protection against rancidity. With vacuum packaging (VP), reduced-fat products maintained acceptable quality (TBARS and sensory properties) during 16 wks frozen storage.     

腌肉制品中的亚硝酸盐与亚硝酸盐替代物(英文)

Nitrite is a reactive chemical and regarded as one of the most important curing agents in meat products.However,from a food safety perspective,nitrite is responsible for chemical toxicity and N-nitrosamine formation.Investigations on the reactions of nitrite in cured meat products have been carried out in many countries.In this paper,the reactions of nitrite in meat and potential problems currently associated with cured meat added nitrite were reviewed.This article summarized the factors that can influence the residual nitrite in cured meats.These factors would result in changes of nitrite contents for the processing and subsequent storage.Many countries have made efforts to restrict the amounts of ingoing and residual nitrite by law.The potential substitutes for nitrite in cured meat products and the development of uncured nitrite-free meat system were also described here.     

Volatiles and Oxidative Changes in Irradiated Pork Sausage with Different Fatty Acid Composition and Tocopherol Content

Aerobic-packaged sausage irradiated at 4.5 kGy had higher (P < 0.05) 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) than those irradiated at 0 or 2.5 kGy at 0-d storage. Generally, TBARS of aerobic- or vacuum-packaged sausage prepared with lard were higher (P < 0.05) than those of sausage prepared with flaxseed oil or corn oil. The amount of 1-heptene and 1-nonene increased (P < 0.05) with increased irradiation doses. Aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols were not influenced by irradiation at 0-d storage. However, irradiation accelerated lipid oxidation and increased the amount of aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols in aerobic-packaged sausage during storage. The tocopherol content in the sausage influenced (P < 0.05) production of volatiles at different levels of unsaturated fatty acids.     

糖基化亚硝基血红蛋白部分替代亚硝酸钠对哈尔滨风干肠质量的影响

研究不同添加水平的糖基化亚硝基血红蛋白（glycosylated nitrosohaemoglobin,GN-Hb）部分替代亚硝酸钠（NaNO2）对哈尔滨风干肠微生物生长、脂肪氧化和产品感官品质的影响。结果表明,GN-Hb添加量对风干肠发酵过程中的pH值、水分活度（aw）、NaNO2残留量、总菌落数和乳酸菌菌落数无显著的影响（P＞0.05）,但对大肠杆菌生长及脂肪氧化有显著的抑制作用（P＜0.05）。颜色分析表明,GN-Hb部分替代NaNO2时可以提高风干肠的红度值（a*）,且当GN-Hb添加量为0.5 g/kg和1.0 g/kg时风干肠的亮度值（L*）与0.10 g/kg亚硝酸盐组差异不显著（P＞0.05）。感官评定结果显示,GN-Hb改进了风干肠的感官质量,特别是风味。结果表明,哈尔滨风干肠中添加一定量GN-Hb可以部分替代NaNO2。     

Low-dose Gamma Irradiation and Refrigerated FStorage in vacua Affect Microbial Flora of Fresh Pork

Vacuum-packaged ground fresh pork samples absorbed gamma radiation doses of 0. 0.57. 1.91. 3.76. 5.52. or 7.25 kGv at 2°C. Samolcs were analyzed after 1, 7, 14, 21, 28,‘or 35 days itorage at 2°C’for presence and number of aerobic and anaerobic mesophiles and endospore formers, and aerobic psychrotrophs. Conventional plate counts did not detect surviving microflora in any sample that received an absorbed dose of 1.91 kGy or higher, even after refrigerated storage for up to 35 days. The microflora in the control were predominantly Gram-positive for the first 21 days; however, Serratia predominated at 28 and 35 days. Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and yeast species predominated in samples that received 0.57 kGy.     

磷酸化亚硝基猪血红蛋白代替亚硝酸盐部分作用及其对乳化肠品质的影响

为降低亚硝酸盐的添加对乳化肠安全品质的影响,研究磷酸化亚硝基血红蛋白(phosphorylated nitrosohemoglobin,P-NHb)替代亚硝酸钠(NaNO2)对乳化肠的色泽、抗氧化能力和感官品质等的影响.结果表明,随贮存时间的延长,P-NHb对乳化肠挥发性盐基氮的影响与NaNO2无显著差异(P＞0.05...     

白萝卜粉作为亚硝酸盐来源制备猪肉发酵干香肠

评价用白萝卜粉代替亚硝酸盐制备猪肉发酵干香肠的可行性。采用萨科VBM-60复合菌株作发酵剂,制备4组香肠：NC组（不添加硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐的阴性对照组）、PC组（添加150 mg/kg亚硝酸钠的阳性对照组）、R0.5组（添加0.5%白萝卜粉组）、R1组（添加1%白萝卜粉组）。研究加工和贮藏过程中白萝卜粉代替亚硝酸盐对猪肉发酵干香肠理化性质、微生物性质及感官性质的影响。结果表明：与添加150 mg/kg亚硝酸钠的对照组相比,添加0.5%白萝卜粉的香肠具有较高硫代巴比妥酸反应物值和较好外观,以及较低的pH值、红度值、硬度和咀嚼性,而水分含量、挥发性盐基氮值、亮度值、弹性、内聚性、菌落总数、组织状态、色泽和风味总体上差异不显著。在贮藏过程中,R0.5组香肠具有较高的亚硝酸盐含量和较低的乳酸菌数。R0.5组香肠在加工和贮藏结束时的亚硝酸盐含量分别为13.03 mg/kg和16.48 mg/kg,均符合国家规定的限定标准。结果表明,添加0.5%的白萝卜粉可在一定程度上作为天然亚硝酸盐来源,用于生产猪肉发酵干香肠。     

亚硝化模拟体系中油脂对N-亚硝胺形成的影响

为了解油脂对N-亚硝胺形成的影响,采用体外模拟亚硝化反应体系,研究油脂种类（花生油、亚麻籽油和葵花籽油）和比例（0%、10%、20%、30%、40%）对N-二甲基亚硝胺（N-nitrosodimethylamine,NDMA）、N-二乙基亚硝胺（N-nitrosodiethylamine,NDEA）生成量的影响;同时,在油脂参与条件下（20%花生油）,以不含油脂的水相体系为对照,考察亚硝化反应条件（底物浓度比、pH值、反应温度及反应时间）对NDMA、NDEA、N-亚硝基吡咯烷（N-nitrosopyrrolidine,NPYR）生成量的影响。结果表明：3?种油脂对NDMA和NDEA的形成均有一定的促进作用,相比于葵花籽油,花生油和亚麻籽油的添加更易促进N-亚硝胺的形成,且随添加比例升高有增加的趋势。亚硝酸盐浓度对NDMA和NDEA形成的影响大于对NPYR形成的影响;在pH值为5.4～7.0范围内随着pH值的升高,NDMA和NDEA生成量有下降趋势,pH值对NPYR形成影响较小;当反应温度高于80?℃时,N-亚硝胺生成量随着温度上升有明显增加的趋势;NDMA和NDEA的生成量随着反应时间的延长呈现出先增加后略下降的趋势,NPYR的生成量随着反应时间的延长变化不大;含有油脂的乳化体系中NDMA、NDEA和NPYR的生成量均显著高于对照组水相体系,且在相同反应条件下,3?种N-亚硝胺的生成量依次为NDMA＞NDEA＞NPYR。结果表明,较高的温度、较低的pH值、较高的亚硝酸盐浓度以及一定量的油脂存在条件下,可以明显促进NDMA和NDEA的形成,而对NPYR形成影响最大的因素是反应温度,因此在肉制品实际生产中可以通过控制这些因素从而降低N-亚硝胺的生成。     

柠檬膳食纤维对午餐肉中亚硝酸盐残留量的影响

目的：研究柠檬膳食纤维（dietary fiber,DF）在午餐肉中的应用,确定其最适添加量以及在午餐肉中的抗氧化特性,还考察了柠檬DF对午餐肉中亚硝酸盐残留量的影响。方法：在午餐肉中添加不同用量（0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%）的柠檬DF,从感官角度确定柠檬DF的最适添加量,并考察添加柠檬DF后午餐肉对自由基的清除能力及其亚硝酸盐残留量变化。结果：柠檬DF在午餐肉中的最适添加量为0.5%～1.0%,此时午餐肉的色泽、滋味、组织状态等指标都较好,感官指标与传统配方产品没有显著差异;1.0%的柠檬DF添加量对O2－·、·OH、1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼自由基具有较强的清除作用,能使午餐肉中亚硝酸盐残留量降低41%。结论：柠檬DF具有较强的抗氧化特性,可显著降低午餐肉中的亚硝酸盐残留量,可考虑作为一种功能性成分添加在肉制品中,以提高肉制品的健康功效。     

绿茶提取物、亚硝酸钠及其混合物对意式发酵肠质地的影响

研究不同处理条件对意式发酵肠在加工和冷藏期间质地的影响.结果表明:绿茶提取物(GTE)、亚硝酸钠(NT)和混合处理(GTE/NT)3种不同的处理方式对于质构特性中的硬度、胶黏度和咀嚼性有较大影响;而对弹性、凝聚性和回复性影响较小.对于硬度、胶黏度和咀嚼性,绿茶提取物(GTE)在各阶段普遍有降低作用;亚硝酸钠(NT)先降低后升高;混合处理(GTE/NT)则普遍有升高作用.