Lith显影的自催化性质

Lith显影与常规显影不同,在一个较宽的曝光范围内,颗粒群体的还原是平行的而不是顺序的。顺序还原时,乳剂层的密度增长速率只是给出了颗粒间显影诱导期分布的信息。只有平行还原时,密度增长速率才给出了单个乳剂颗粒还原速率的信息。换言之,只有在颗粒群体平行还原时,表现显影动力学才具有单个乳剂颗粒的显影特征:在显影诱导期结束后开始了自催化的还原阶段。Lith显影的自催化性质应该归因于颗粒群体还原的平行方式。     

高反差显影机理

在前文中,我们从高反差与乳剂颗粒群体的还原方式以及与乳剂颗粒间显影诱导期分布的关系出发分析了Lith显影的特点。Lith显影只是高反差显影的一点特例。由于Lith显影液保存性不好,实际上人们常用的是一些其它提高反差的方法,例如在乳     

感光乳剂颗粒中杂质中心在感光过程各阶段的演变及其诠释——(Ⅰ)感光乳剂颗粒中最大潜影中心相对大小频率分布的测定

本文根据显影过程电极理论的基本概念和单个乳剂颗粒显影过程的若干动力学特征,认为在特定的条件下,单个乳剂颗粒的显影过程可以分作两个阶段:自催化阶段和快速还原阶段。在自催化阶段,决定过程速度的是显影液/潜影中心界面上电子转移的步骤,这时过程的速度与显影中心表面积的大小成正比,反应具有自催化的性质。在快速还原阶段,乳剂颗粒内部填隙银离子向显影中心附近的迁徙成为决定过程速度的步骤;这一阶段与自催化阶段相比,持续的时间极短。在这种假设的基础上,通过乳剂颗粒显影时间的频率分布求出颗粒中最大潜影中心相对大小的频率分布。该方法适用于在同样的原始乳剂和显影的条件下比较乳剂颗粒中最大潜影中心的相对大小频率分布的情况。     

显影灰雾形成机理的研究 Ⅰ.显影灰雾形成过程的受阻显影研究

本文利用受阻显影和电镜方法,对比了显影灰雾与乳剂灰雾的形成过程。研究表明,乳剂灰雾是由于在乳剂制备过程中形成的灰雾中心而引起的,这种灰雾中心在显影过程中的行为与潜影中心一样,显影在少数中心开始,最后生成丝团状银。显影灰雾的形成则经过成核和生长两个不同的阶段:藉显影物分子与乳剂颗粒表面的碰撞而生成银核,一旦稳定的银核生成,随后就能以较快的速率继续生长。因此在一般显影的条件下,显影灰雾的形成需要一个较长的显影引发期。成核在颗粒表面的许多部位发生,同时生长,最后生成紧密的银块。溴化钾和季铵盐对成核速率有显著影响,这表明了乳剂颗粒表面负电荷在显影成核阶段中的作用。未敏化乳剂的显影灰雾中心在颗粒表面上的分布是随机的,而硫敏化乳剂的显影灰雾中心则优先在八面体的棱上生成。     

感光乳剂颗粒中杂质中心在感光过程各阶段的演变及其诠释——Ⅲ.两类中心在氧化剂作用下的行为

本文利用显影动力学方法研究了感光乳剂颗粒中两类不同大小的杂质中心在氧化剂作用下的行为。结果表明,经氧化处理后,有较大一类中心的乳剂颗粒形成潜影的能力大大减弱,而有较小一类中心的乳剂颗粒在未曝光的情况下显影的速度有所增长。本文将这两种现象均归因于杂质中心为氧化剂所氧化,并且认为,有较小一类中心的乳剂颗粒经氧化处理后,其显影速度之所以增长,是由于杂质中心遭受破坏以后,颗粒周围的明胶囊上原先为杂质中心所遮蔽的缺口暴露,从而使乳剂颗粒在该部位失去了明胶的保护作用,以致在显影液中得以较快地还原。上述现象在未敏化、硫敏化以及硫加金敏化的情况下都同样存在。     

金在硫加金敏化的乳剂中的作用——Ⅱ.硫加金敏化与金过敏化及金潜影加强的异同

本文采用硫氰酸金溶液对硫敏化的立方体溴化银乳剂分别进行潜影加强和过敏化处理,并与硫加金敏化的乳剂进行感光性能的比较。硫敏化的乳剂经过潜影加强处理,感光度有明显提高,表明金具有促进乳剂颗粒显影的作用。另一方面,硫敏化的乳剂经过潜影加强处理,感光度虽有提高,仍达不到硫加金敏化的效果,而硫敏化的乳剂经过过敏化处理能达到甚至超过硫加金敏化的效果。这暗示着金对于硫加金敏化乳剂颗粒在曝光过程中潜影的形成是有贡献的。 本文采用Dember效应测量了乳剂的离子电导率,并进行了信号衰减速率的动力学分析。结果表明,硫加金敏化的乳剂颗粒的离子电导率和一级衰减参数与硫敏化的乳剂颗粒的相比有减小的趋势。硫敏化的乳剂经过金盐溶液过敏化处理后,乳剂颗粒的离子电导率和一级衰减参数明显减小,从而验证了金盐法过敏化效应是由于增加了颗粒环境中的银离子浓度的机理。     

交叉光楔法测定潜影分散度

照相乳剂制造者最关心的问题之一,是他制得的乳剂是否达到了预期的感光度。有很多因素会导致感光度的损失,潜影分散就是重要原因之一。 卤化银颗粒曝光时,在形成可显潜影的同时,也形成了一些在通常条件下不可显的次潜影,次潜影相当稳定,其寿命一般可长达几天。经长时间放置后有些次潜影消失了,有些则成长为潜影,这就是为许多实验所证实了的潜影的延迟生成,次潜影是潜影形成过程的中间产物,它是在卤化银微晶吸收光子后产生的,却不能在正常显影条件下得到相     

用计算机模拟技术研究潜影形成机理 Ⅲ.化学增感对潜影形成的作用

继前文的潜影形成模型,对化学增感乳剂进行了计算机模拟研究。结果如下:(1)硫增感引入大的浅陷阱,可增加敏度与改善低照互易律失效;其空穴陷阱的作用则不是很有效。(2)金增感除了减小可显影中心的尺寸和增加抗氧化能力外,还应有另外的增感机理。Ag_2经金强化可以部分地转化为可显影中心。(3)还原增感斑与尺寸相同的曝光产生的银斑性质相同,曝光时大部分还原增感斑被破坏掉了,只有极少数有机会长大。还原增感斑的两个重要作用:提高了形成潜影的概率;消耗空穴或光解溴,使颗粒中的净剩电子增多。二者对潜影形成都有重要贡献。     

一些含硫、含氮化合物在卤化银成像过程中的作用

采用在曝光前后用不同浓度的化合物溶液分别处理硫增感立方乳剂样品方法,观察它们在感光特性上的差别,从而判断这些化合物在卤化银成像过程的不同阶段各自所起的作用．本工作中所选用的化合物有1-苯基-5-巯基四氮唑(PMT),6-硝基苯并咪唑(硝酸盐),5-硝基苯并咪唑,5-硝基吲唑,4-羟基-6-甲基-1,3,3a,7-四氮茚(TAI)和硫代乙酰胺．结果表明：PMT在一定的浓度范围内对潜影的形成有促进作用,但对显影有抑制作用;6-硝基苯并咪唑和5-硝基苯并咪唑的情况相似,对潜影的形成无显著影响,而对显影的抑制作用明显;5-硝基吲唑不仅对潜影的形成有明显阻滞作用,而且对显影也有抑制作用;TAI则对潜影的形成有明显的促进作用,对显影的影响较小;硫代乙酰胺在弱酸性介质中对潜影的形成有显著阻滞作用,对显影也有-定的抑制作用,但对灰雾的增长十分显著．     

硫敏化中心中的银原子簇的增感作用

采用一定电位范围内的氧化还原缓冲液处理单分散立方溴化银乳剂颗粒表面上的硫敏化中心和由曝光生成的潜影中心，考察银原子簇的漂白和再生后的曝光效应曲线。实验结果再一次确认硫敏化中心中存在的银原子簇对硫敏化起重要作用，而且敏化效果也与银原子簇的含量有关。为此，提出硫敏化中心是由硫化银簇与银簇组成，它们在潜影形成的过程中各起不同的作用，但都有利于提高潜影的生成效率，因而共同产生敏化效应。     

Effect of mixing on the early hydration of alite and OPC systems

The kinetics of hydration of cementitious materials is sensitive to the mixing procedure. High shear mixing conditions lead to an increase in the kinetics of hydration at early age compared to low shearing conditions such as hand mixing. In this study the effect of mixing speed and procedure was studied on alite and Portland cement in the presence or not of aggregates. The kinetics of hydration was monitored using isothermal calorimetry at 20 °C. The early reactivity was enhanced both with an increase in the speed of mixing and the shearing conditions. The principal features are a shortening of the induction period; a higher rate of hydrate precipitation during the acceleration period as well as an increase in the height of the main heat evolution peak. Analysis of the results in terms of dissolution theory, coupled with quantitative simulation with the μic modelling platform indicate different effects of mixing prior to and after the end of the induction period. Before the end of the induction period mixing has an impact on the rate of dissolution in the fast dissolution regime and high undersaturation, which appears to be (at least partially) controlled by the rate of transport of ions away from the alite surface. After the end of the induction period the main effect of mixing appears to be the production of more C-S-H nuclei, due to the possible detachment of the primary C-S-H (metastable) by mechanical action. This higher nucleation density leads to a denser microstructure for systems mixed at high intensities.     

PQ型显影体系的电化学研究

通过改变PQ型系列显影液的组分和浓度,使该系列显影液的显影特性从Lith型逐渐演变到超加合型。用循环伏安法对系列显影液中的对苯二酚氧化还原过程进行测量。证明了该系列显影过程所遵循的机理从Yule提出的Lith机理转变到Levenson的再生机理。电化学测量结果与Van Veelen的照相性能测定结果相一致。     

Early Hydration of Tricalcium Silicate: A Solid Reaction with Induction and Acceleration Periods

The hydration of tricalcium silicate was studied using a sample with a limited particle size distribution. The hydration reaction was analyzed as an example of general solid reactions having induction and acceleration periods. The first product, which may have a structure similar to the reactant, forms on the surfaces of reactant grains. The nuclei of the stable product are produced in the first product layer and act as reaction centers; the main reaction to form a stable product occurs rapidly in the acceleration period. In the hydration of calcium silicates, hydrates produced in this stage are poorly crystalline and metastable and change gradually into a more stable form.     

用铜物理显影的多级放大成像过程 Ⅰ.影像强化和节银效应

感光乳剂中卤化银颗粒接收足够的曝光量后可形成潜影,经过显影便成为可见影像。这个过程可以看作是第一级放大。它的放大因子为10~9。但是影像的密度取决于单位面积上显出的银量和银影像的遮盖本领。如果单位面积上显出的银颗粒太少,影像就不能被眼睛或仪器(如密度计)检测出来。单位面积上银颗粒太少可由两个原因造成的:或是因为曝光量太低以致具有可显潜影的颗粒太少;或是因为乳剂层中卤化银颗粒本来就太少。     

Porous structure and mechanical strength of cement-lime pastes during setting

The acceleration of a cement paste setting as a result of lime addition may be shown from isothermal calorimetry measurements. We investigated the underlying mechanisms through two techniques that provide information on porous structure (using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) and mechanical properties (elastic modulus measured by rheometry). The correlation of the two sets of results on a cement paste clearly reveals the successive steps of setting, and particularly highlights the so-called induction period. We show that this induction period disappears in the presence of lime, leading to an acceleration of the setting. We also show that beyond some critical concentration of added lime the acceleration of setting is negligible.     

显影液中银的成核过程

本文用受阻显影技术和电镜研究方法研究了显影剂量对显影液中银成核速度和核分散度的影响。随着显影液中显影剂量的减小,卤化银颗粒上银的成核速度明显减慢,单个颗粒上显影中心的数目明显增加。实验结果表明显影液中银的成核过程和曝光后的潜影形成过程在机理上是有差别的。文章讨论了显影过程中的一些基本问题:可显性、临界尺寸和显影选择性等等。     

CBN grain wear during eco-benign grinding of nickel-based superalloy with oscillating heat pipe abrasive wheel

Cubic boron nitride (CBN) has high hardness and superior thermal conductivity, and it was used to fabricate an oscillating heat pipe abrasive wheel (OHPGW) for the eco-benign grinding of hard-to-machine materials. Furthermore, the wear behavior of the CBN grains and the related lifecycle of the OHPGW are important. In this study, a comparative analysis was conducted to reveal the wear behavior of CBN grains on OHPGWs and conventional wheels. Under the enhanced heat transfer effect of the OHPGW, the CBN grain wear behavior, development of the CBN protrusion heights, and the ground surface quality were investigated. The CBN grains on the abrasive wheel experience initial, stable, and fast wear periods in conditions of attrition, micro-fracture, and macro-fracture. Owing to the low grinding heat and temperature acting on the OHPGW, the CBN grains mostly undergo attrition during the stable period, while CBN grains on the conventional wheel mainly undergo micro and macro-fractures. As the wear of the CBN grains progressed, the average protrusion height of the CBN grains decreased. The scattering of the protrusion height distribution decreased at first and then increased when entering the fast wear period. Consequently, the surface topography and roughness initially improved and then deteriorated with the development of the protrusion height distribution of the CBN grains.     

Fatigue failure characteristics of lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramics

Mechanical properties and fatigue failure characteristics of lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) have been investigated. Bending and fatigue strengths of PZT ceramic are directly attributed to the electrode status. Material hardening occurs in the PZT ceramic during the cyclic loading, which is influenced by domain switching occurring anywhere in the grains. The domain structure is clearly detected by electron back scatter diffraction analysis and etching techniques. It also appears that the poling direction causes the change of failure characteristics due to different domain and domain wall orientation. The domain orientation changes alternately from domain to domain by 90°. Moreover, the domain wall orientation is well regulated in the grains perpendicular to the poling direction. An acceleration of fatigue crack growth occurs as the crack propagates along the domain wall.