国际基本安全标准的进展

本文主要阐述了由国际原子能机构等国际组织制定的“国际电离辐射防护和辐射源安全的基本安全标准”的主要特点。标准主要是基于国际放射防护委员会１９９０年建议书，但也考虑了国际核安全咨询组建议的原则。其内容不仅包括辐射防护，还包括辐射源的安全，在总结世界各国辐射防护和安全实践经验的基础上，在潜在照射、医学照射、废物管理、豁免值、事故应急、慢性照射、天然照射和医学防护等方面均提出了一些新的和具体的要求。我国有必要在仔细研究这一标准的基础上结合具体情况，修订现行标准。文中提出了在采用这一标准时需要研究的一些问题。     

对公众慢性照射防护的一些讨论

本文介绍了近年来国际放射防护委员会（ＩＣＲＰ）、国际原子能机构（ＩＡＥＡ）以及一些学者对公众慢性照射防护问题的一些讨论,涉及定义与范围、相关量、ＩＣＲＰ防护体系的应用以及实用指南等。它可以作为制订我国《电离辐射防护和辐射源安全的基本安全标准》的借鉴。     

我国放射防护新基本标准强化对医疗照射的控制

鉴于医疗照射是不断增加的最大人工电离辐射照射来源,加强医疗照射防护已成为国际放射防护领域新进展的突出特点。同时,我国电离辐射技术在医学上的应用迅速发展并广泛普及,原有放射防护基本标准已很不适应此方面发展需要。新发布实施的国家标准《电离辐射防护与辐射源安全基本标准》(GB18871-2002),从明确责任、加强正当性判断、推动防护最优化、建立指导水平、防范事故性照射等五方面强化了对医疗照射的控制。认真执行新基本标准,必将有力地推动提高我国医疗照射的防护水平。     

国际基本安全标准关于医疗照射防护的新要求

由国际原子机构等６个国际组织共同倡议制定的国际基本安全标准，把医疗照射防护放在相当重要的地位。本文评述了该标准对医疗照射防护的主要要求。国际基本安全标准明确规定有关各方在保证患者防护与安全方面的职责，对医疗照射实施的正当性和防护的最优化提出一系列具体要求，首次用定量的医疗照射指导水平来约束放射诊断与核医学检查的剂量，还提出防范事故性医疗照射的原则等。认真研讨这些规定并紧密结合我国实际吸收应用，必将     

IAEA《安全标准丛书》GSG-7《职业辐射防护》摘要

本“安全导则”由国际原子能机构(IAEA)和国际劳工组织(ILO)联合编写,为满足“国际基本安全标准”(IAEA《安全标准丛书》第GSR Part 3号)中关于职业照射的各项要求提供指导。它提供一般性导则,用于指导制定适合于有关工作场所可能遇到的辐射源的职业性辐射防护计划,以履行管理层促进防护和安全的职责。它还提供详细的导则,用于指导监测和评定工作人员因外部辐射源和摄入放射性核素而受到的照射。     

IAEA《安全标准丛书》GSG-7《职业辐射防护》摘要北大核心CSCD

国际原子能机构(IAEA)《安全标准丛书》GSG-7《职业辐射防护》由IAEA和国际劳工组织(ILO)联合编写,为满足“国际基本安全标准”(IAEA《安全标准丛书》第GSR Part 3号)中关于职业照射的各项要求提供指导。它提供一般性导则,用于指导制定适合于有关工作场所可能遇到的辐射源的职业性辐射防护计划,以履行管理层促进防护和安全的职责。它还提供详细的导则,用于指导监测和评定工作人员因外部辐射源和摄入放射性核素而受到的照射。     

《国际电离辐射防护和辐射源安全的基本安全标准》(中文版)勘误表

《国际电离辐射防护和辐射源安全的基本安全标准》（中文版）勘误表我们在学习和消化《国际电离辐射防护和辐射源安全的基本安全标准》（中文版）时，发现书中有一些错误，特列表勘误如下：页数条数行数误正６３—４服务可包括为集中登记职业照射记录的规定和提供设备可靠...     

对公众慢性照射防护一些讨论

本文介绍了近年来国际放射防护委员会,国际原子能机构以及一些学者对公众慢性照射防护问题的一些讨论,涉及定义与范围,相关量,ＩＣＲＰ防护体系的应用以及实用指南等。０它可以作为制度我国《电离辐射防护和辐射源安全的基本安全标准》的借鉴。     

应急照射情况的防护

国际原子能机构(IAEA)在国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)第103号建议书的基础上,完成了《国际电离辐射防护与辐射源安全基本标准》(IBSS)的修订并于2014年发布,原来的实践与干预体系改变为现在的计划照射、应急照射和现存照射三种照射情况。关于应急照射情况的要求主要有:根据与源有关的辐射危险的性质和规模制定应急计划、应急程序和应急安排;参考水平用于应急照射情况下的防护和安全最优化;政府须确保建立和维护一个综合并协调的应急管理体系;对于公众照射,政府须确保在规划阶段制定防护策略并使其正当化和最优化;政府须制定关于管理、控制和记录应急人员在紧急情况下所受剂量的计划。IAEA保护人类和环境安全标准GSR第七部分《核与辐射应急准备和响应安全标准》是基于原安全标准丛书GS-R-2(2002)和IBSS修订发布的,本文给出了在要求、术语、概念等方面的变化。我国现行标准《电离辐射防护与辐射源安全基本标准》等效采用了1996版IBSS,在参考水平、公众应急防护行动准则、应急工作人员的受照控制等方面都与新IBSS不同,应及时开展研究并修订我国标准。     

修订我国辐射防护标准的必要性及有关问题的讨论

本文讨论了修改我国辐射防护标准的必要性。论述了在修改时需要研究的一些问题，其中主要是：１）何种天然辐射源产生的照射应作为职业照射；２）怀孕妇女照射的控制；３）慢性照射和行动水平；４）潜在照射的控制；５）保健监护。     

拟将颁布的国际基本安全标准（BSS）中的豁免值的推导条件

各种豁免值都是根据一定的假设条件（适当偏保守）推导出来的，由于国情可具体假设条件不同，推出的豁免值及其应用范围也将不同，因此为了防止误用，豁免也是要求经过审批的，本文扼要介绍了已经过７稿修改可能会在近期内颁布的国际基本安全标准所列豁免值的推导用假设条件，以利于对这些豁免值的正确理解的应用，虽然ＢＳＳ将来正式颁布时，某些地方还可能会有某些修改，但估计本文涉及的内容不会有原则变动。     

对ICRP,BSS和现行国标中有关职业照射的控制和管理规定的比较和分析

本文介绍了ＩＣＲＰ６０、新的ＢＳＳ和现行国标中有职业照射射控制和管理方面的规定，并在综合，比较，分析的基础上，对国标的修改提出一些意见和建议。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.