The effect of cryogenic cooling on the tensile properties of metal-matrix composites

Tensile specimens machined from metal-matrix, oriented-fiber composites (aluminum alloy reinforced with high strength stainless steel wire) were heated to 260°C and cooled in air to produce a tensile residual stress state in the matrix. Some of the test pieces were cooled to the temperature of boiling nitrogen, held at temperature for fifteen minutes, and then air warmed to room temperature. All test pieces were subsequently strain cycled in tension and the resulting stress-strain behavior was recorded. The results indicated cryogenic refrigeration extended the first stage (totally elastic) behavior of these materials. It was shown that the beneficial effects of the cryogenic treatment resulted from an alteration of the residual stress state brought about by plastic flow of the matrix. Finally, it was shown that these effects could be computed by rigorous analytical methods.     

The Microstructure and tensile properties of a splat-quenched Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Zr alloy

The microstructure and tensile behavior of an Al-3Cu-l.6Li-0.8Mg-0.2Zr alloy, produced by splatquenched powder metallurgy processing, were studied. The alloy exhibited homogeneous deformation, both in bulk samples and duringin situ TEM studies. This is in contrast to the strain localization that is frequently observed in Mg-free Al-Cu-Li-X alloys. The difference in deformation mode is attributed to a fine distribution of Ś (Al₂CuMg) which precipitates up to the grain boundaries. A processing treatment involving 2 pct stretch prior to aging resulted in a yield strength of 555 MPa, a reduction in area of 29 pct, and a strain to fracture of 8.8 pct. This represents an attractive improvement in specific properties compared with 7075-T76 having a similar texture.     

Sintering atmosphere effects on tensile properties of heavy alloys

The sintering atmosphere has a direct bearing on the residual porosity which in turn has a strong negative influence on the tensile properties of W-Ni-Fe heavy alloys. The present investigation uses various sintering atmospheres to understand pore formation, densification, microstructure, and tensile properties of heavy alloys with tungsten contents ranging from 88 to 97 wt Pct. Pore formation when sintering in a dry hydrogen atmosphere is linked to water vapor generation and its entrapment in pores. A hydrogen dew point effect is associated with solution-reprecipitation of tungsten during liquid phase sintering. The beneficial effect of vacuum sintering has been analyzed in terms of removal of the gases before pore closure. Property degradation during long time vacuum sintering is attributed to preferential matrix vaporization. The negative effect of long sintering times in dry hydrogen is attributed to pore coarsening, which is removed by a three-stage sintering atmosphere treatment.     

Mechanical behavior of Al-Li-SiC composites: Part I. Microstructure and tensile deformation

The microstructure and tensile properties of an 8090 Al-Li alloy reinforced with 15 vol pct SiC particles were investigated, together with those of the unreinforced alloy processed following the same route. Two different heat treatments (naturally aged at ambient temperature and artificially aged at elevated temperature to the peak strength) were chosen because they lead to very different behaviors. Special emphasis was given to the analysis of the differences and similarities in the microstructure and in the deformation and failure mechanisms between the composite and the unreinforced alloy. It was found that the dispersion of the SiC particles restrained the formation of elongated grains during extrusion and inhibited the precipitation of Al₃Li at ambient temperature. The deformation processes in the peak-aged materials were controlled by the S′ precipitates, which acted as barriers for dislocation motion and homogenized the slip. Homogeneous slip was also observed in the naturally aged composite, but not in the unreinforced alloy, where plastic deformation was concentrated in slip bands. The most notorious differences between the alloy and the composite were found in the fracture mechanisms. The naturally aged unreinforced alloy failed by transgranular shear, while the failure of the peak-aged alloy was induced by grain-boundary fracture. The fracture of the composite in both tempers was, however, precipitated by the progressive fracture of the SiC reinforcements during deformation, which led to the early failure at the onset of plastic instability.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of mullite-zirconia reaction-sintered composites

The flexural strength, fracture toughness (K_IC), creep behaviour and thermal shock of mullite-zirconia and mullite-zirconia-alumina composites obtained by reaction-sintering of zircon + alumina mixtures have been studied in the temperature interval ranging from room temperature to 1400°C. The results are discussed in terms of the microstructural features of the reaction-sintered composites.     

应变速率对电沉积纳米晶铜拉伸性能的影响

采用直流电沉积工艺,制备了平均晶粒尺寸为56nm的致密纳米晶铜.室温下进行单向拉伸实验,发现纳米晶铜的强度和韧性均随应变速率的升高而增大,特别是韧性的速率敏感十分显著.应变速率由1.04×10^-5s^-1升至1.04s^-1时,断裂应变由23.2%增至39.4%,同时抗拉强度由309MPa增至451MPa.这一现象可归因于两个方面:首先,纳米晶铜的应变硬化行为随应变速率的升高而增大,从而使其均匀变形阶段的应变增加;其次,高应变速率下纳米晶铜颈缩时发生晶粒转动,这有助于其失稳阶段的应变增加.     

The transverse tensile properties of boron fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites

The transverse tensile properties of boron fiber reinforced aluminum have been determined as a function of fabrication parameters, matrix alloy and fiber types, fiber content, specimen geometry, and thermal environment. Matrix alloys investigated include 2024, 6061, 5052, 5056, 2219, 1100, and Al-7 pct Si. The fibers investigated include 4.0 mil boron, 4.2 mil BORSIC, R.F. boron, 5.6 mil boron, 5.7 mil BORSIC, and 4.0 mil silicon carbide. It was shown that the composite transverse tensile performance is a function of all of these variables and that transverse strengths of up to 45,000 psi can be achieved by the choice of the proper combination of matrix, fiber type and fabrication procedures.     

工业化制备7050铝合金厚板显微组织与力学性能

采用OM、TEM观察、室温拉伸试验,研究工业化制备大截面7050铝合金厚板微观显微组织和力学性能.结果表明:板材表层、1/4厚度层和芯部处均存在部分粗大晶粒组织以及晶粒尺寸分布不均匀现象,其中芯部粗大晶粒的尺寸、数量以及晶粒尺寸不均匀程度均高于1/4厚度层和表层;合金时效后晶内的析出相主要为η’相、η相以及少量GPⅡ区,表层晶粒内的析出相密度大于1/4层和芯部,且1/4层和芯部粗棒状的η相含量较高;合金的强度、硬度以及延伸率在厚度方向上呈梯度分布,表层硬度、抗拉强度（σ_b）、屈服强度（σ_0.2）和延伸率（δ）均最高,从表层到芯部,硬度、σ_b、σ_0.2以及δ均逐渐减小.      

Microstructure and tensile properties of compacted,mechanically alloyed,nanocrystalline Fe-AI

Data on mechanical properties of nanocrystalline materials have been limited, due in part to the difficulty in producing consolidated nanocrystalline materials of sufficient quantity for characterization and evaluation. A second problem is consolidation and retention of the nanostructure. A vacuum hot-pressing consolidation program has been developed to produce full-dense compacts from attrition milled, mechanically alloyed, nanograin micron-size particles of Fe-2 wt pet Al powder. The resulting compacts were of sufficient size to allow evaluation of microstructure, density, hardness, and tensile properties. The compacted microstructure was a composite of pure iron submicrograins and Fe-A1 nanograin clusters. Tensile strength was found to be proportional to the sample’s density squared. For full-dense compacts, tensile strength of nanocrystalline compacts approaching 1 GPa was obtained.     

Some tensile and fatigue properties of Zn-ZnO powder composites at various temperatures

Abstract

The tensile and fatigue properties of rods which were extruded from Zn-ZnO powder composites were determined at temperatures between 150°C and ?196°C. Different particle sizes were used in the powders and the amount of 0₂ was varied from 0.12 to 1.71 weight per cent (w/o): The effect of ball-milling the powder prior to compaction was also studied.

In general, the specimens of powder origin were stronger than fine-grained pure zinc and those made from powder containing very small particles (～3 μm) displayed good ductility, particularly at room temperature. However, they possessed poor work-hardening properties so that the UTS was never more than 4000 psi above the 0.2% proof stress. Specimens of ball-milled powder origin were stronger and more brittle than other specimens. The superior tensile strengths of the powder composites over pure zinc were reflected by superior fatigue (push-pull) properties. The improvement at higher temperatures is surprising, in view of the very fine grain size of the composite specimens, so the results are rationalized in terms of oxide pinning of the grain boundaries.

Résumé

Des propriétés mécaniques en traction et en fatigue dans la gamme de temperature de 150°C à ?196°C ont été déterminées pour des tiges du matériau composite Zn-ZnO, extrudées à partir de poudres. Des particules de différents diaméters ont été employees lors de la préparation des poudres, ainsi que diverses proportions d'O₂ variant de 0.12 à 1.71% en poids. L'effet d'un broyage à boulets de la poudre avant compactage a également été étudié.

D'une façon générale, les échantillons préparés à partir de poudres ont montré une plus grande résistance que ceux préparés à partir de zinc pur à grain fin; ceux contenant des particules trés fines ont montré une bonne ductilité, surtout à la température ambiante. Cependant, Ie taux de consolidation des composites demeure faible, ce qui explique que l' écart entre la résistance à la traction et la limite élastique à 0.2% d'allongement ne dépasse pas 4,000 psi Les échantillons dont la poudre a subi un broyage à boulets étaient plus résistants et plus fragiles que les autres échantil1ons. Le fait que la résistance à la traction des composites soit supérieure à celle du zinc pur s'est manifesté par de meilleures propriétés en fatigue (tension-compression). L'amélioration des propriétés mécaniques aux températures plus élevées est étonnante, compte tenu de la grosseur du grain tres faible des échantillons composites. Cette amélioration est expliquee en termes d'un piégeage des joints de grains par des oxydes.     

Matrix composition effects on the tensile properties of tungsten-molybdenum heavy alloys

Formerly Postdoctoral Research Associate at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute     

Matrix composition effects on the tensile properties of tungsten-molybdenum heavy alloys

Formerly Postdoctoral Research Associate at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute     

Internal hydrogen effects on tensile properties of iron- and nickel-base superalloys

Two nickel-base alloys [superalloys INCONEL 718 (IN718) and INCONEL 625 (IN625)] and one iron-base superalloy (A286) were chosen to study the effects of internal H charging on their room-temperature slow strain rate mechanical behavior. Uniform internal H contents ranged from 0 to 50 wt ppm H (0 to 3000 at. ppm H), and a strain rate of 8.5 X 10^-7 m/s was used with notched strip specimens. The three alloys showed varying losses in strength and ductility, and the strongest alloy, IN718, showed a decrease of 67 pet in ductility for a dissolved H content of 40 wt ppm. Superalloy A286 showed a corresponding 50 pet decrease in ductility, and IN625 showed a 29 pet loss in ductility. Fractographic evidence and the marked decrease in strength of the alloys lead the authors to conclude that the enhanced localized plasticity mechanism for H embrittlement is possibly operative in these face-centered cubic (fcc) alloys.     

7050Al/Gr复合材料的组织及力学性能

为获得一种力学性能和阻尼性能俱佳的材料,在7050Al合金基体中加入4％（体积分数）的石墨（Gr）作为增阻体,用包套挤压的方法制备7050Al/Gr复合材料,研究石墨的加入对7050A1合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明加入石墨后,时效过程中沉淀相析出长大速率加快,峰时效时间提前约4h,峰时效强度和硬度都有所降低。7050A1／Gr复合材料峰时效强度（吼）和硬度（HB）分别为521MPa和152,而7050Al合金峰时效强度和硬度分别为558MPa和158。     

Structure and heat treatment influence on the tensile properties of Al-Al2Cu eutectic composites

The room temperature tensile properties of AI-AI₂Cu unidirectionally solidified eutectic composites have been studied in relation to the associated structure and heat treatment. Two structures have been studied: lamellar and colony, and two structural conditions have been used: unidirectionally-solidified (US) (without any further heat treatment) and solutioned-and-aged (SA). The stress-strain curve consists of two zones: I—primary elastic, and II—secondary elastic, followed by the fracture of the composite. In the US condition the transition from zone I to zone II is gradual, but it is well-marked in the SA condition. The zone I composite Young’s modulus does not depend either on structure or heat treatment. The zone II tangent modulus for the US condition tends to be constant for lamellar structure but tends to decrease continuously for colony structure. For the SA condition the zone II is practically linear up to fracture and the tangent modulus does not dépend on structure. Both the fracture stress and fracture strain depend on lamellar spacing and heat treatment, and good reinforcement is obtained with the colony structure. Results are discussed in terms of the current theories of composite behavior.     

选区激光熔化 GH3625 显微组织及拉伸性能分析

激光选区熔化技术是增材制造技术的一种,该技术自诞生以来在金属样件制备过程中发挥越来越重要的作用。但是运用该技术制备成型件的组织研究尚未明确,本文以GH3625高温合金为例,研究选区激光熔化成型件组织特点及拉伸性能。结果表明,选区激光熔化成型件组织主要为胞状晶,选区激光熔化微熔池中,晶粒生长方向在同一个区域中呈现出典型的细小柱状晶(亚晶)和近似六边形的胞状晶。拉伸实验结果表明选区激光熔化成型试样具有良好的拉伸性能。     

High temperature tensile properties of cryorolled Al-4wt%Cu-3wt%TiB2 in-situ composites

Al-4%Cu alloy with 3% TiB₂ in situ composite, fabricated by stir casting route, was cryorolled at ?80°C from 7 mm to 0.25 mm with a total true strain of around 3.33. The as-rolled composite was subjected to short annealing treatment at three different temperatures (150, 175, 200°C) for 3 min. followed by a standard ageing treatment. Tensile tests were performed at room temperature, 150, 250 and 350°C as per the standard on all samples with different treatments (as-cryorolled, short annealed after cryorolling and cryorolled-short annealed-aged conditions). It was observed that with increasing test temperature, the strength of the samples in all conditions reduced with significant increase in ductility. Samples treated at 175°C showed better strength than the other two treated conditions. Irrespective of the composite condition, the strength obtained was similar at 350°C, due to complete recrystallization and dissolution of precipitates.     

Some effects of prestraining nickel at various rates on its subsequent tensile properties

Tensile properties of polycrystalline nickel have been measured following prestraining at rates between 10⁴ (estimated for electromagnetic forming) and 10^-2 min^-1. As prestraining speed increases relative to restraining speed, flow stresses at all stages of restraining are increased, although the flow stress difference (between samples subjected to a high speed prestrain and those tested only at a slower, reference rate) decreases as the restraining progresses. Thus, work-hardening rates at any given amount of restrain are progressively less for samples prestrained at progressively higher speeds. At the same time, ultimate strength is little affected by prestrain rate. However, the increased restraining yield stresses and reduced restraining strain-hardening rates result in reduced uniform elonga-tion. The magnitudes of the property changes induced by high-speed prestraining in the present work are modest in comparison to changes reported by others for nickel subjected to large temperature changes between pre-and restraining. Two stage straining also re-sults in the appearance of yield points at the beginning of restraining. Although load drops occur, there is no Lüders band propagation. Several features of those yield points observed in the present work parallel effects reported by earlier workers for unloading-induced yield points.