硼对等离子熔覆耐磨复合板的组织性能影响

采用等离子表面熔覆技术,在Q235基体钢板上熔覆无硼以及含硼（其它粉末成分不变）的铁基合金涂层。利用光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、电子探针（EMPA）、显微硬度计对涂层的组织、相组成和显微硬度等进行分析。结果表明,含硼粉末熔覆涂层含有（Fe,Cr）7（C,B）3等硼化物相,含量比无硼粉末涂层的（Fe,Cr）7C3等碳化物相含量明显增多;并且产生了大量的共晶硼化物FeB以及少量的Fe2B,均匀弥散的分布在涂层中;在α-Fe中也有间隙固溶的硼;且随着粉末成分含硼量的增加,（Fe,Cr）7（C,B）3硼化物相含量增多,熔覆涂层的平均和最高显微硬度值也相应增加。     

Q235钢氩弧熔覆铁基合金涂层的耐磨性研究

和用氩弧熔覆技术,选择合适的工艺参数,在Q235钢材表面熔覆了铁基合金耐磨涂层.通过金相显微镜和SEM分析了熔覆涂层的显微组织,并测试了涂层的显微硬度和耐磨性.结果表明,在Q235钢表面制备了以马氏体组织和γ-(Fe-Cr-Ni-C)合金固溶体为基体,以(Cr,Fe)7C3、Fe3C、Fe2B等化合物为增强相的合金涂层;涂层的显微硬度可达600 HV;涂层的耐磨性较基体提高近8倍.在低碳钢表面熔覆一层耐磨材料,既保留了低碳钢较高的塑、韧性,又提高了表面层的硬度和耐磨性.     

感应熔覆铁基合金涂层的显微组织与性能

采用感应熔覆技术在奥氏体不锈钢1Cr18Ni9Ti基体上制备了Fe基合金涂层。利用带有能谱仪的场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)分析了熔覆层的显微组织形貌和元素组成,使用X射线衍射仪分析了涂层的物相组成,采用差热分析仪对合金粉末进行了热分析,用显微硬度计和摩擦磨损试验机测试了涂层的显微硬度及干摩擦条件下的滑动磨损性能。结果表明,感应熔覆铁基合金涂层组织致密,内部和界面无孔隙,涂层与基体形成了良好的冶金结合;涂层主要由α-Fe、(Cr,Fe)_7C_3、Cr_7C_3、Ni_3Fe和Fe_3C等组成,且α-Fe中均匀分布颗粒细小的(Cr,Fe)_7C_3、Cr_7C_3析出相;涂层显微硬度约为250HV_(0.1);在不同载荷下,感应熔覆Fe基合金涂层的耐磨损性能均优于1Cr18Ni9Ti基体,涂层磨损机理为典型的层状剥落和粘着磨损。     

电火花沉积与激光熔覆复合涂层的组织与性能

采用激光熔覆工艺和电火花沉积工艺在Q235钢上熔覆铁基合金粉末和WC陶瓷硬质合金,形成复合涂层.采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、显微硬度计等对复合涂层的相结构、显微组织、显微硬度及耐磨性能进行了分析.结果表明:复合涂层主要是由Fe3W3C、Co3W3C、Si2W、W2C和(Fe0.51Mn0.46 Ni0.03)6C等相组成;复合涂层与基体呈冶金结合,复合涂层中电火花区域中细小的硬质相弥散分布于沉积层中;复合涂层的厚度为140～160 μm,其中电火花沉积区域约为40μm,激光熔覆工艺的涂层厚度为100～120 μm;电火花沉积层的硬度最高可达1262.9 HV,平均硬度为1151.6 HV,电火花沉积区域与激光熔覆区域之间的过渡区域的显微硬度为884.8 HV,激光熔覆区域的显微硬度平均值为578.3 HV;复合涂层的耐磨性较基体耐磨性提高2.3倍,强化层的磨损机理主要是磨粒磨损、粘着磨损和氧化磨损.     

等离子弧熔覆高铬铸铁合金的组织与耐磨性

采用等离子弧粉末熔覆技术在Q235钢表面制备了高铬铸铁型铁基涂层。通过X射线衍射仪、光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察和分析了涂层的相组成和组织形貌,并测试了显微硬度,与高铬铸铁的耐磨性进行了对比。结果表明,等离子弧制备的熔覆层组织为主要由正交结构的M7C3(M=Cr,Fe)型碳化物和面心立方结构的(Fe,Ni)固溶体构成过共晶组织,涂层的显微硬度在650~850HV0.2,与高铬铸铁相比,涂层的相对耐磨性更好。     

以蔗糖为前驱体制备反应等离子熔覆高铬铁基复合涂层

以铁、铬、钨、镍粉末和碳的前驱体(蔗糖)为原料通过碳化制备了反应等离子熔覆Fe-Cr-C-W-Ni复合粉末,采用同步送粉反应等离子熔覆设备和优化的反应等离子熔覆工艺,在调质C蕉钢(C≤0.35%)基材表面制备了高铬铁基复合涂层.结果表明,采用前驱体碳化复合技术制备的Fe-Cr-C-W-Ni复合粉末粒度均匀、无有害相生成;熔覆所得到的涂层以(Cr,Fe)7C3/γ共晶为基体,其上分布大量的(Cr,Fe)7C3初生相.涂层与基材界面为完全冶金结合.涂层断面上的平均显微硬度约为1 100 HV.相同条件下所获涂层的磨损体积大约是常规等离子熔覆Ni60涂层的1/7.     

等离子熔覆添加碳化钨的铁基合金涂层的研究

为了提高钢铁材料表面的硬度和耐磨性,采用等离子弧在Q235钢基体上熔覆添加50%镍包WC的Fe-Cr-B-Si合金粉末,制备了具有冶金结合的复合涂层.采用SEM、EDS、XRD等研究了涂层的组织,利用显微硬度计测试了涂层的显微硬度分布.结果表明:Q235钢表面经等离子熔覆形成的复合涂层中,WC颗粒部分溶解于铁基合金,WC颗粒与涂层界面形成厚达数微米的反应层,有效提高了涂层与WC的界面结合强度.涂层由基体组织γ-Fe枝晶,颗粒状WC、Fe3W3C、Fe6W6C、W2C等相组成,其显微硬度可达560～820HV0.2.     

等离子熔覆镍基复合涂层的组织及性能

采用等离子熔覆工艺在不锈钢基材上熔覆镍基合金,获得了一定厚度的复合熔覆层.分析了熔覆层的显微组织、硬度和耐磨性及物相形貌和相结构等.结果表明涂层中镶嵌着大量与基体合金结合良好的WC颗粒;熔覆过程中WC颗粒发生部分溶解;涂层与基板为冶金结合;所得涂层具有较高硬度,涂层基体硬度6000 MPa,WC颗粒硬度达18 780 MPa;熔覆层的主要强化机制是WC颗粒的弥散强化和C,Cr及B等合金元素溶入γNi(Me)中产生的固溶强化.     

等离子熔覆镍基复合涂层的组织及性能

采用等离子熔覆工艺在不锈钢基材上熔覆镍基合金,获得了一定厚度的复合熔覆层.分析了熔覆层的显微组织、硬度和耐磨性及物相形貌和相结构等.结果表明:涂层中镶嵌着大量与基体合金结合良好的WC颗粒;熔覆过程中WC颗粒发生部分溶解;涂层与基板为冶金结合;所得涂层具有较高硬度,涂层基体硬度6000 MPa,WC颗粒硬度达18 780 MPa;熔覆层的主要强化机制是WC颗粒的弥散强化和C,Cr及B等合金元素溶入γNi(Me)中产生的固溶强化.     

反应等离子熔覆Fe-Cr-Ti-C涂层的组织与性能

采用等离子表面熔覆技术,以高能等离子束为热源在Q235基体钢板上熔覆无钛以及含钛(其它粉末成分基本不变)的铁基合金涂层.利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电子探针(EPMA)、显微硬度计对涂层的组织、相组成和显微硬度等进行分析.结果表明,与无钛铁基粉末涂层相比,含钛铁基合金熔覆层晶粒组织明显细化,且含有较多带状晶,但随着合金粉末中钛含量的增多,熔覆层共晶组织中硬质相(Cr,Fe)7C3逐渐增多,抑制了硬质相的析出,熔覆涂层的平均和最高显微硬度值也相应降低.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.