柴油机进气-压缩过程的三维瞬态数值模拟研究

应用动网格技术,对某柴油机在进气和压缩过程中气道-气门-气缸内的瞬态流场进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明：在进气过程初期,缸内气流运动是紊乱的;随后,逐渐形成多个小涡流;到进气过程中后期,单一大尺度进气涡流形成并逐步得到发展、稳定和加强。而压缩过程初期,在进气涡流继续保持的同时,压缩涡流形成;到压缩过程后期,挤压涡流出现,气流以螺旋方式从气缸进入燃烧室,同时缸内的滚流逐渐加强。压缩过程中缸内气体的平均湍动能随曲轴转角的增大呈先减小后增大再减小的趋势。压缩上止点附近气缸边缘的湍动能很弱,而气缸中部挤流区域的湍动能则相对很强。水平方向的涡流、轴线方向的滚流以及湍动能的这种分布特性都有利于燃油的雾化以及与空气的混合。     

气道结构对进气过程影响的仿真研究

利用PRO/E对设计的3种不同结构型式进气道进行实体造型,基于AVL-Fire软件对柴油机气道-气门-气缸稳态进气过程进行数值模拟,并搭建了进气系统台架稳流试验系统,对原进气系统进行台架试验研究,验证了仿真模型的准确性,详细分析了不同气道结构型式对柴油机进气流动特性和缸内流场特性的影响。结果表明,气阀升程的增大使得进气流量系数增大,其中双螺旋进气道的流量系数最小,原进气道的流量系数次之,双切向进气道的流量系数最大;随着气阀升程的增大,双切向进气道的涡流比呈减小的趋势,双螺旋进气道的涡流比呈增大的趋势,原进气道的涡流比呈减小的趋势;双螺旋进气道缸内周向气流运动强度最大,原进气道的缸内周向气流运动强度次之,双切向进气道的缸内周向气流运动强度最小。     

基于Kiva3v的柴油机进气和压缩过程模拟

借助专业的网格划分软件,生成带有螺旋进气道的柴油机分块结构化六面体计算网格,基于ki-va3v程序,建立了柴油机的进气压缩仿真模型。计算发动机倒拖的缸内压力,外特性工况点的进气量,并与试验值进行了对比,结果显示吻合较好。分析了缸内的滚流比与涡流比以及缸内的流场变化。缸内涡流比的变化过程对发动机转速的变化不敏感,在压缩上止点达到了最大值。缸内的气流流场在进气压缩过程中变化复杂,产生的涡旋经历了生成、发展和衰减的演变过程。在压缩过程中,缸内的湍流强度在燃烧室区域最强。     

TBD620柴油机瞬态进气过程的三维数值仿真

利用PRO/E建立TBD620柴油机的进气道和燃烧室三维模型,采用FIRE软件对进气过程进行仿真计算,分析了TBD620柴油机双进气道可控涡流系统对瞬态进气过程中涡团发展的影响。结果表明,双进气道可控涡流系统产生的进气涡流能显著改善缸内混合气的形成,提高柴油机低负荷工况时的燃烧性能。     

非道路用柴油机气流运动及喷雾数值模拟分析

利用CFD软件STAR—CD及ES—ICE对柴油机压缩喷雾过程进行数值模拟分析。模拟计算从进气过程开始,充分考虑了进气过程给缸内流场带来的影响,分析了喷雾前缸内流场及喷雾过程。研究表明,哑铃型燃烧室明显增强了压缩末期缸内涡流强度,燃烧室偏心布置使得缸内气流运动不均匀,燃烧室内的燃油分布也不均匀,各个喷孔方向上燃油喷射状况并不相同。     

天然气发动机进气及压缩过程三维仿真分析

为研究天然气发动机缸内气流运动及天然气混合规律,利用Hypermesh和AVL Fire软件对发动机的进气和压缩过程进行三维仿真,计算进气与压缩过程的流线分布和天然气质量分数分布。结果表明：进气过程中,滚流主要沿气缸纵向变化,随着高速气流流入,在气门下方生成2个滚流区,进气道一侧的滚流较远离进气道一侧的大,在活塞运行到下止点时滚流能量耗散,被涡流吸收;进气过程中,涡流主要沿气缸横向变化,在气缸顶部形成众多无规则的小尺度涡流,气缸下部气流趋于稳定,形成稳定的大尺度涡流;压缩过程中主要产生是滚流、挤流和湍流,活塞上移,涡流运动加强,形成较大尺度的滚流,活塞顶部接近气缸顶部时,产生挤流,挤流运动可以增加上止点附近的湍动能。     

4气门直喷柴油机进气道组合和位置对进气涡流的影响

在稳流气道试验台上,对4气门直喷柴油机采用螺旋进气道和切向进气道的不同组合和不同相互位置时,气道的流动特性进行了试验研究。为了上邻气道的进气气流在缸内干涉的程度及其对缸内涡流运动的影响,提出了流量系数损失率和角动量矩损失率的概念。研究结果表明：柴油机采用切向气道在后的气道组合时,涡流比的变化受后面螺旋气道方位的影响较小,相邻气道的进气气流干涉较小。     

直喷式柴油机缸内紊流及其对柴油机性能影响的研究

本介绍了由不同几何形状的进气扰动片和燃烧室产生的进气紊流和挤压紊流对直喷式柴油机性能影响的研究。缸内紊流测量是用热线风速仪在倒拖发动机试验台上进行的。试验表明：由进气扰动片产生的进气紊流不能保持到进气终了，因此进气扰动片对柴油机性能的影响是由于进气涡流的变化所致；由燃烧室形状增强的挤压紊流可使柴油机烟度明显改善，但对燃油经济性几乎没有影响。     

四气门柴油机缸内涡流形成过程试验研究

在稳流模拟试验台上,利用研制的缸内三维流场测量装置,运用热线风速仪测量了四气门柴油机缸内不同高度横截面的三维流场,通过对大量试验数据的分析,揭示了四气门柴油机缸内涡流的形成过程及气门开度对其影响的变化规律。四气门柴油机缸内涡流主要由气缸周边处的强气流产生;缸内主涡流出现在两进气道气门的下方,随气门开度的增大而增强;副涡流出现在远离进气门一边,随气门开度的减小而减强。当缸内空气主涡流动量矩流率与缸内空气总动量矩流率近似相等时,就形成了始稳面,始稳距离随气门开度的减小而增大。     

四气门发动机缸内空气运动的试验和多维数值模拟计算

在倒拖工况下对一台四气门火花点火式发动机缸内流场进行了试验研究。试验采用加长活塞结构及透明活塞顶,利用激光多普勒测速仪（ＬＤＡ）,对气缸轴线的速度分布进行了测量。结果表明：在进气过程中,气缸内产生了双涡结构;在压缩过程初期,由于从进气门经过排气门流入气缸的气流产生的涡旋逐渐增强,而从进气门侧缸壁直接流入气缸的气流形成的反向涡旋逐渐减弱,最后演变成了单一大尺度的滚动涡流;在压缩过程中后期,滚流经历了发展、衰减、畸变和破碎的过程。为了进一步理解滚流形成、发展及演变过程,对缸内流动过程进行了多维数值模拟计算,计算结果与实测分析结果基本一致     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.