Effect of Load Distribution on Strip Crown in Hot Strip Rolling

In order to establish precision model, a software to calculate the strip crown of four-high hot rolling mill was developedby using affecting function method according to the strip crown calculation theory. The effect of work roll diameter,unit width rolling load, roll bending force, work roll crown, initial strip crown and reduction, etc, on load distributioneffect rate was simulated by using the software. The results show that the load distribution effect rate increaseswith the increase of strip width, work roll diameter, unit width rolling load, roll bending force, work roll crown,initial strip crown and reduction. Based on the simulation results, base value of load distribution effect rate andfitting coefficients of six power polynomial of load distribution effect rate modification coefficient were determinedconsidering all of the above parameters. A simplified mathematical model for calculating load distribution effect ratewas established.     

Enhanced strip-roll coupling concepts for the numerical simulation of flat hot rolling

In the present paper, an enhanced iterative algorithm for the effective numerical simulation of the contact between an elastic roll stack and an elasto-viscoplastic strip or plate in hot rolling is presented. The underlying physical process treated here is the forming of metal within a rolling stand, that is, between a lower and an upper roll set, each of which may consist of one or more rolls. The strip material is described elasto-viscoplastically, whereas the roll stack is deformed elastically. Due to the high nonlinearity of the whole problem, the coupling between roll stack and rolled material is performed iteratively. The contact stress distribution resulting from the strip model describing the material flow bounded by the work rolls serves as input for the determination of the deformed work roll surface, which can be performed very accurately and effectively by applying the analytical and numerical methods outlined in this study. The new deformed work roll contours represent the “flow channel” for the next calculation step of the strip model. The accurate coupling of the strip model with the routines for the elastic roll stack deflection is a precondition to get reliable results concerning profile transfer, incompatible strains, and residual stresses inside the strip, which allows the prediction of flatness defects, such as buckling.     

多源激励下冷连轧F5轧机振动问题研究

研究了热轧过程机架间运动板带动力学特征及其影响因素。基于热轧过程板带张力形成机理,考虑机架间板带张力建立了动态张力模型;同时,考虑热轧机活套辊对运动板带的支撑作用,基于Hamilton理论建立了运动板带等效运动梁模型,并基于四阶Galerkin截断法对偏微分方程进行离散化,得到系统四阶常微分方程组。仿真分析机架间板带张力、速度和活套辊支承刚度对运动板带动力学特性的影响,以及运动板带在辊系振动引发的速度摄动下振动特征和影响规律。结果表明：张力、板带速度和活套支撑辊刚度均影响板带动力学模态特征,且活套辊支撑作用可降低板带振动幅值;在热轧工艺范围内,调整板带张力和速度对运动板带的稳定性影响不大;辊系振动造成板带运动速度呈摄动特征,且摄动频率和幅值与板带振动强度关系密切。该研究对热轧过程机架间运动板带稳定性分析和活套控制设计提供参考。

     

铝热连轧尾部跑偏控制模型及其仿真

跑偏是铝板带在强压变形下宽度方向逐渐失去横向对称性,中心线偏离并急剧扩大的横向失稳演变过程．跑偏会引起铝带拉断、卷取时不对中、工作辊损伤等,跑偏严重时还会引发安全事故,造成停产．在板带轧制过程中,轧件尾部由于缺少张力控制,容易产生跑偏．针对轧件跑偏,采用回归分析方法,建立轧制力差和跑偏量之间的线性回归模型,得到稳定轧制的轧制力差区间．对于偏离稳定轧制力差区间的轧制过程,给出调整轧机两侧辊缝差进行纠偏的调整模型．通过对工业现场工艺条件和运行数据分析,轧件尾部跑偏以F3,F4机架跑偏较为严重,利用MATLAB软件对F3,F4机架尾部进行仿真,验证跑偏模型的准确性．     

不锈钢热连轧机粗轧支持辊剥落影响因素的有限元分析

该文分析某2250不锈钢热连轧粗轧机频繁发生支持辊严重边部剥落难题的影响因素。通过理论及实际剥落断口形貌分析,指出世界上不锈钢产量最大的该生产线复杂轧制工艺条件和服役期内辊系力学行为引起的不均匀辊间接触压应力分布是该轧机轧制过程中轧辊剥落的主要原因。根据现场跟踪实测数据,采用大型通用有限元软件建立了四辊轧机辊系三维有限元模型,仿真分析了带钢宽度、轧制力、轧辊磨损对辊间接触压应力峰值和位置的影响。结果表明:随着带钢宽度和轧制力的增大,辊间接触压力峰值增幅明显,辊间接触压力分布不均匀度系数基本不变;在不同磨损阶段,当工作辊和支持辊都处于服役后期时,压力峰值、不均匀度系数显著增大,均在距轧辊辊身边部附近存在接触压应力尖峰,且此位置与实际剥落位置一致。研究结果为成功研制的新支持辊形技术投入长期稳定工业应用累计轧制600万t以上未再发生剥落提供了理论依据。     

六辊轧机扭振动态建模及与板带钢质量关系研究

考虑轧机扭振与辊系沿轴向动态特性和板带材质量的关系,基于连续体动力学建立了六辊轧机扭振动力学模型,包括轧机辊系等效模型和辊身与辊径过渡部分等效模型。根据轧制速度与轧辊角速度的关系,建立了板带钢前后张力、轧制力等参数与辊系扭振的关系模型。基于所建模型对某六辊轧机施加位移激励模拟扭振情况,仿真分析了轧机辊系和板带钢在扭振激励下的三维动态响应。仿真结果表明,轧辊角位移和角速度沿辊身长度方向波动较小;轧辊扭振使轧制压力、前张应力和后张应力横向分布发生不同程度的波动,扭振对前张应力分布影响较大,即对板带钢板形产生影响,且传动侧的波动幅值大于操作侧。     

Simulation of cold rolling

Abstract

An interactive graphic simulator of the cold rolling process has been developed. The rolling pressure model is based upon the Bland–Ford theory and includes the elastic deformations of strip and work rolls. The transverse elastic deformation of the four-high roll system is modelled by a polynomial parametrization of the results from a finite element analysis. Coolant control of the thermal expansion of the work rolls is also included. The main use of the simulator is for operator training, and it will also create a more uniform understanding of the cold rolling process among rolling mill production staff.

MST/369     

NBCM with Flat Roll in the Finish Stand

With the development of the market, it becomes a demanding task for producers to make flexible production schedules to shorten production cycle. Schedule-free rolling is needed. If the CVC work roll of the F6 and F7 stands in certain 2050 mm hot rolled strip mill are substituted by flat roll (aim to SFR) and the strip profile is controlled by the existing bending force, the control ability is not adequate. This fact has been tested through on-line experiment and has been given in this article. The NBCM (new backup roll crowning method) is recommended to improve the profile control ability. Finally the plastic deformation of the strip and the elastic deformation of the roll are analyzed by employing coupled calculation of rigid-plastic finite element method and G-function method, and the optimal range of the crown of backup roll is given theoretically.     

冷轧带钢板形分段接触式检测过程的力学建模与仿真

建立了冷轧带钢板形应力分段接触式检测过程的ANSYS有限元模型,引入欧式距离方法表征检测误差,分析了在不同板形缺陷模式下,板形辊弯曲变形、板形辊分段区域宽度、板形辊直径、带钢包角、带钢厚度、卷取张力、带钢张力横向分布不对度等因素对板形检测精度的影响。仿真结果表明：随着板形辊弯曲变形程度的增大,板形应力检测精度大幅度降低。随着板形辊分段区域宽度的增大,板形检测精度大幅度降低;而随着板形辊分段区域宽度的减小,板形检测精度提高,但提高的幅度随着分段区域宽度的减小而越来越小。卷取工艺张力越低,板形检测精度越低;且当卷取张力增大到某一值时,再继续增大卷取张力对板形检测精度影响甚小。随着卷取张力横向分布不对称度的增大,板形检测精度降低。板形检测辊直径大小、带钢包角的变化以及带钢厚度的变化对板形检测精度没有影响。     

Failure analysis of a martensitic stainless steel (CA-15M) roll manufactured by centrifugal casting. Part II: Thermal stress analysis by FEA

A martensitic stainless steel (CA-15M) roll manufactured by centrifugal casting and used as a glass roller failed prematurely after six rolling campaigns. A previous fractographic investigation showed that the failure of the roll was caused by thermal stresses associated with microstructural embrittlement of the steel casting. Crack nucleation took place on the internal surface of the roll and the crack propagated by ductile intergranular mode. In the present work, the thermal stresses distribution was investigated by a thermal elastic–plastic model using finite element analysis in order to associate the crack growth with the thermal history of the roll during service. The proposed methodology based on the assessment of thermal stresses by finite element analysis together with coupled thermal–mechanical non-linear modelling and calculations using non-linear elastic–plastic fracture mechanics allowed a better understanding of the stable and unstable growth of a longitudinal crack until the premature failure of the roll during its cooling to room temperature after the sixth campaign. The stable and unstable crack growth and the thermal history of the roll (heating up, glass rolling and cooling operations during the six campaigns of the roll) could be related using the proposed calculation.     

Research on Contact Behavior of Single Asperity on Work Roll Surface in Mixed Lubrication

The present paper focuses on asperity contact during cold rolling at a microscopic level. As analyses of such a contact are not practical with experimental facilities, a three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) is adopted to simulate the indentation and furrow behaviors of a single asperity on work roll surface in mixed lubrication. The effects of the tensile stress, the hydrodynamic pressure and the plastic deformation of steel strip are considered comprehensively. Most calculations are done for parabolic asperities, but for comparison purposes, some results are presented for sinusoidal and elliptical asperities. The indentation behaviors including uplift height of edges and plastic deformations of strip steel are calculated and analyzed. The friction during furrow behaviors is also considered. It reveals that the reduction and lubrication condition has a significant effect on the uplift height of strip steel edges around the asperity. Furthermore, long-term repeated effects of mixed lubrication contact are liable to spark asperity wear and decrease the roughness of rolls and even cause the failure of rolls in strip rolling mills.     

铝带冷轧机工作辊分段冷却热辊型调控功效分析

目的研究铝带冷轧机轧辊热辊型调控功效对分段冷却流量分布的影响。方法利用ANSYS有限元软件及其APDL参数化编程语言,建立工作辊温度场和热辊型轴对称仿真模型,对轧辊温度场仿真结果和实测数据进行对比分析,对轧辊基本冷却和分段局部冷却2种模式的热辊型调控效应进行了仿真分析。结果轧辊温度场仿真模型计算结果与实测结果误差较小。热辊型调控功效分析表明,二次基本冷却模式能改善轧辊中部冷却效果,减少板边处轧辊局部冷却能有效改善板边处轧辊的温降,得到了二肋浪位置附近喷嘴对二肋浪处热辊型的调控效应系数相对比例。结论热辊型调控功效分析研究结果为二肋浪等局部板形控制的分段冷却流量的确定提供了依据。     

Model Building of the Initial Crown Effect Rate in 4-High Mill

The code for calculating the crown effect rate of hot strip steel Was developed using the effect function method. The effect of the initial crown on the crown of the product in hot strip rolling was investigated. The coefficients of a polynomial of degree six for calculating the base value of initial crown effect rate in 4-high mill were determined and the compensation factors of per unit width rolling force, bending force, work roll crown and draft on the initial crown effect rate were given. The difference between the calculation result by established model and theoretical value obtained by effect function method was 4.88 μm when the strip width was 1.85 m.     

Simulation of Multiple Cold Rolls Progressive Forming for Non-symmetrical Channel Section

In cold roll forming process, the sheet is progressively formed into a very complex three dimensional surface. The design procedure for the roll formed products, forming rolls, and roll pass sequences was considered more an art than a science. Good roll pass design was the Key to successful roll forming. In order to reduce forming defects and trial production cost, computer     

Experimental investigation on thermal wear of high speed steel rolls in hot strip rolling

Abstract

The thermal wear ratio of a high speed steel roll was investigated experimentally in hot strip rolling with a DTW- 166 thermal wear testing machine developed by the authors. It is clear that the wear ratio increased with number of cycles. Some of the increase in wear was because of the black oxide layer generated on the roll surface at the beginning. The wear ratio also increased as slippage ratio and loads increased. Loads played a more important role than slippage ratio for thermal wear. The appearance of the roll surface was observed by SEM under different conditions. The mechanism of thermal wear was composed of adhesive, microploughing, microcutting, oxidation, and plastic slippage wear.     

The effect of oblique functional gradation to transient thermal stresses in the functionally graded infinite strip

Transient thermal stresses in the strip with boundaries oblique to the functionally graded direction are studied theoretically. The transient temperature and the transient thermal stresses are derived by the use of the variable separation and the stress function method. The material properties are assumed to be exponential functions of the position along the functionally graded direction. The prescribed surface heat flux is given for temperature condition, and the initial temperature is assumed to be zero over the strip. The strip is free of surface traction for mechanical boundary condition. The numerical calculations are carried out for ZrO₂ /Ti-6Al-4V functionally graded materials. The numerical results of temperature and thermal stresses are illustrated with the lapse of time for certain oblique angles.     

The stribeck curve in cold flat rolling

Cold flat rolling of lubricated steel strips was studied. The three-component system of rolling - the mill, the rolled strip and their interface - was analyzed using a two-step mathematical model, a 1D model and flat rolling experiments. The utilized experimental data have been taken from McConnell and Lenard [1]. The objective of the study was the examination of the interactions of the three components and the development of the Stribeck curve. In the first part of the work, a two-dimensional finite element model was used in which the elastic deformation of the work roll and the elastic–plastic deformation of the strip were considered. Special attention was paid to the events at the lubricated interface where an upgraded version of Levanov’s model was utilized. The model was developed to analyze the local variables at the roll-strip interface. The parameters of the model were determined in an iterative manner, minimizing the differences of the measured and computed roll force and torque. Thus, the relative velocity between the roll and the strip, the roll pressure, the interfacial shear stress and the temperature were obtained. The effect of the temperature on the material parameters of the constitutive equations was also taken into account. Another model was then employed to consider the effects of the local variables on the lubricant’s viscosity. These were then used to obtain the local values of the Sommerfeld number, which in turn led to its average value and to the traditional shape of the Stribeck curve. Further, a simple 1D model of the flat rolling process was also tested for its ability to lead to the Stribeck curve. It was concluded that while both advanced and simple models allowed the development of the curve, removing the simplifying assumptions yielded a more reliable plot.     

冷轧铝带卷取内部应力有限差分仿真研究

目的研究冷轧铝带卷取内部应力的分布情况以及影响因素,为铝带卷筒的设计提供参考。方法通过冷轧铝板压缩实验,测定铝带径向压缩系数与应力的关系曲线;采用非线性有限差分法对卷取过程和内部应力进行仿真;分析线性、一次非线性和二次非线性材料模型以及卷筒刚度对带卷内部应力分布的影响。结果径向压缩系数的理论值与实验值有较好的一致性,卷筒刚度对铝带卷内层应力影响较大,而对外层影响很小,卷筒刚度较小时,在卷芯处容易产生塌卷缺陷,卷筒刚度较大时,容易出现扁卷现象。结论计算带卷内部应力分布时,需要考虑铝带卷的各向异性以及层与层之间的紧密程度,合理选择卷筒的刚度对提高卷取质量有很大的实际意义。     

1220冷连轧机带钢表面振纹机理的研究

针对某1220冷轧机带钢表面振纹形成的原因进行了跟踪测试和深入研究。在对1220冷轧机振动测试的基础上,通过对机架动态特性分析及工作辊周期内各阶段振动信号的分析研究,发现在支撑辊使用中后期,轧机以600Hz左右的第7阶固有振动为主;在轧制速度为中高速稳定轧制阶段,工作辊对中间辊的相对运动形成工作辊表面振纹;该辊面振纹反作用于轧机,引起轧机强迫振动,进一步加速振纹的形成,轧机的振动为共振与强迫振动共存。在分析振纹产生机理的基础上,结合振纹间距与振源的关系,找到了引起1220轧机产生振纹的原因,提出了振纹抑制措施,并取得了很好的抑制效果。     

Comparison of thermomechanical stresses produced in work rolls during hot and cold rolling of Cartridge Brass 1101

Thermomechanical stresses play an important role in defining the life of the work roll used in hot rolling process. In this research temperature dependent mechanical properties of cartridge brass are determined experimentally using high temperature compression tests at different temperatures and strain rates. Real life measurements are made from a brass rolling mill as input data for the simulation boundary conditions. Hot rolls are made of AISI H11 hot work tool steel. Temperature dependent mechanical properties of AISI H11 steel are used. Thermal and mechanical stresses produced in the work rolls during hot rolling process are predicted using a thermoplastic finite element approach in the ABAQUS Standard software. Hot rolling is compared with cold rolling to determine the effects produced on the work rolls. A criterion is introduced to compare the severity of stresses produced on the rolling surfaces in case of hot rolling and cold rolling based on the yield stress of the roller material for different temperatures. A method for separating thermal and mechanical stresses in the simulation is also described.