蒽油两段加氢生产清洁燃料油技术

蒽油高氮、氧及芳烃含量给加氢技术提出了很多新的问题,为了解决这些制约蒽油工业化生产清洁燃料油的问题,本文提出中国石油化工股份公司抚顺石油化工研究院采用两段加氢工艺,在适宜的催化剂作用下,将蒽油转化为分子较小的芳烃和环烷烃,蒽油两段加氢总液收大于99.9%,其中汽油馏分收率约26.5%,柴油馏分收率约73.5%。实现了蒽油完全转化为清洁燃料油的目的,具备了工业长周期运转的可能。     

中低温煤焦油加氢改质工艺研究

在小型固定床加氢装置上,用加氢精制催化剂和加氢裂化催化剂对陕北的中低温煤焦油进行加氢改质工艺研究.着重考察反应温度、反应压力、氢油体积比和液体体积空速对加氢效果的影响,得到了优化的工艺条件:反应压力14 MPa,反应温度390℃,氢油体积比1 600:1,液体体积空速0.25 h-1.加氢改质产品切割得到汽油、柴油和尾油馏分,分别占产物质量的9.82%,73.12%和16.43%.汽柴油馏分经过简单处理后可以得到合格的产品,加氢尾油可以作为优质的催化裂化或加氢裂化原料.     

经济型轻蜡油加氢改质降凝工艺的开发及工业应用

一重集团大连工程建设有限公司开发的轻蜡油加氢改质降凝工艺具有对原料油和已有加氢装置适应能力强、操作灵活性大及柴油产率高等特点。该工艺技术关键是使用自主开发的HPH型加氢精制催化剂及具有异构和裂化多功能的HPC型加氢改质催化剂。工业应用结果表明,该工艺能够对原料油进行深度加氢精制脱硫、脱氮,芳烃深度加氢饱和,产品收率高,有效降低柴油产品的凝点、密度和馏程,显著提高柴油的十六烷值,是经济型生产清洁柴油的优选工艺,具有广阔的应用前景。     

中低温煤焦油全馏分加氢改质技术研究

以中低温煤焦油全馏分为原料,采用加氢精制-加氢裂化两段串联工艺在中试装置上开展加氢改质实验,结果表明,石脑油产品可作为优质的催化重整预加氢原料,柴油产品可用来生产优质低凝点国Ⅴ柴油,尾油馏分可作为优质的加氢裂化原料、催化裂化原料或乙烯裂解原料。中低温煤焦油全馏分加氢改质技术可以最大限度地提高轻油收率,具有技术合理可行、液体收率高、产品质量好等特点,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

催化柴油加氢改质生产高辛烷值汽油催化剂的开发

以改性USY为催化剂主要载体组分,以Mo-Ni为加氢成分,进行加氢改质催化剂的开发。200 mL一段串联加氢装置评价结果表明,该催化剂具有良好的加氢改质选择性,可满足市场优化柴汽比的需求。在优化工艺条件下,汽油馏分收率达42.3%,研究法辛烷值89.0。当调整切割点时,汽油馏分辛烷值可进一步提高到91.4,是优质的高辛烷值调和组分。柴油馏分的十六烷值提高十个单位以上,硫含量小于10 μg·g^-1,是优质的国Ⅴ低硫柴油调和组分。     

页岩油加氢裂化生产柴油的研究

采用加氢精制和加氢裂化技术对w(硫)=0.5 %、w(氮)=1.2 %,w(芳烃)=32 %的页岩油进行加氢改质,160～370 ℃柴油馏分性质满足GB252-2000柴油质量标准,收率达59 %～60 %.     

蒽油加氢技术工艺流程简介

蒽油加氢装置使用ⅥB族及Ⅷ族的Mo、W、Ni活性组分作为催化剂,通过精制-裂化一段串联法对蒽油进行加氢改质,可得到馏程在155-335℃的燃料油组分和53-152℃的石脑油组分,液相收率为98%-102%。产品作为重整原料及低凝柴油调和组分,比蒽油具有更好的经济效益。     

吉化公司炼油厂采用MCI技术提高柴油收率

MCI（最大限度提高柴油十六烷值的技术）与传统的加氢精制技术相比,十六烷值提高幅度大;与中压加氢改质技术相比,柴油收率高、氢耗低。炼油厂原有加工流程仅能使出厂柴油的十六烷值达到40。而国家从1999年1月起,则要求出厂柴油的十六烷值必须大于45。因此,炼油厂决定采用MCI技术。1998年8月,炼油厂对一套闲置的20万t／a柴油加氢精制装置进行了局部技术改造,将原加氢精制工艺改为加氢改质工艺,更新了催化剂（3963型）。目前已完成了考察、工业中试等一系列工作,现已开始进入试生产阶段。预计催化柴油十六烷值可提高8－10个单位,…     

高温煤焦油馏分油加氢改质生产清洁燃料研究

采用加氢预精制催化剂、加氢精制催化剂、加氢裂化催化剂以及加氢饱和催化剂适宜的级配方式对高温煤焦油馏分油进行二段加氢改质,结果表明,高温煤焦油馏分油的性质经加氢改质后得到大幅度改善,密度由1 169.7kg/m3降低到900.9kg/m3以下,氢碳原子比由0.79提高到1.63以上,残炭降低到0.02%(质量分数);其石脑油馏分的硫、氮含量分别小于5μg/g和1μg/g,芳烃潜含量大于68%(质量分数),是催化重整的优质原料;其柴油馏分的硫含量很低,凝点和冷滤点均小于-30℃,十六烷值大于39,是国Ⅳ低凝柴油的优质调和组分;而加氢尾油基本由芳烃组成,不宜作为催化裂化的原料.     

鲁奇炉宽馏分煤焦油加氢改质工艺研究

在100mL固定床加氢实验装置上,采用自制的不同性质的加氢催化剂组合对云南解放军化肥厂鲁奇炉副产的宽馏分煤焦油进行了加氢改质的工艺研究.结果表明,反应压力、温度、空速和氢油比等参数对煤焦油加氢改质的影响显著,并在反应压力12.0MPa,温度360℃,液时空速1.0h-1和氢油比1200∶1的优化条件下通过加氢改质和产品分馏,可以获得约9%的小于160℃石脑油馏分、78%的160℃～350℃柴油馏分和13%大于350℃尾油馏分.实验装置连续运行了1114h后仍能保持稳定,催化剂表现出良好的活性和稳定性.     

海南炼化248万吨/年柴油加氢改扩建装置开工和运行总结

介绍了采用石油化工科学研究院开发的分区进料灵活加氢改质MHUG-Ⅱ技术将原200万吨/年柴油加氢精制装置改造为248万吨/年催直柴灵活加氢改质装置。改造后可以同时加工密度高、十六烷值低的催化柴油和硫含量高、十六烷值较高的直馏柴油,生产满足国Ⅳ以上标准清洁柴油。     

煤焦油加氢技术研究概况及进展

对高温煤焦油进行加氢处理,选择合适的加氢条件,生产汽、柴油调和组分,以提升焦化副产品煤焦油的产品附加值。     

Potential Vegetable-Based Diesel Fuels from Perkin Condensation of Furfuraldehyde and Fatty Acid Anhydrides

Domestically produced biofuels may help to reduce dependence on imported oil for powering transportation and infrastructure in the future. In this report, we reacted medium-chain and long-chain fatty anhydrides (capric, caprylic, lauric, and palmitic) with furfuraldehyde by the Perkin condensation to produce 2-n-alkenylfurans. In the second step, the 2-n-alkenylfurans were hydrogenated to form 2-n-alkyltetrahydrofurans. Basic fuel property testing (melting point, density, kinematic viscosity, derived cetane number, and calorific value) of the 2-n-alkyltetrahydrofurans indicates they are potentially useful as fuels for diesel engines. The mixture composed of 2-octyl- and 2-decyltetrahydrofuran had the best combination of fuel properties including a low melting point (−39 °C), high cetane number (63.1), high flash point (98.2 °C), and low viscosity (2.26 mm² s⁻¹, 40 °C), which compares favorably with specifications for diesel #2 and biodiesel.     

二十一世纪柴油质量及其相关技术的发展趋势

生产清洁燃料是目前世界炼油工业的发展趋势。本文介绍了国内外柴油生产的现状及质量发展趋势,探讨了目前国内外生产新标准柴油的相关技术及发展,并以此为依据,找出目前国内柴油与发达国家的差距。     

Combustion and emission characteristics of blends of diesel fuel and methanol-to-diesel

Methanol-to-diesel (MTD) means a synthetic diesel fuel, its raw material is methanol. And it is a liquid alcohol ether mixture with appropriate amount of additives, which can be blended with diesel fuel at various levels. It was synthesized by methanol with 1,2-epoxypropane and epoxyethane using modified calcined Mg/Al hydroxides as catalysts. The test and study on the physical properties of MTD and the fuel consumption and emissions of diesel engine using the mixed MTD and diesel fuel have been performed. The results indicates that there was no significant difference in the power values of diesel and the blend fuels while fuel consumption increasing around 14%, and of much lower emissions of exhaust. When using the diesel fuel mixed with 20-30% of MTD. The conclusion is that MTD is a cheap and clean low power loss additive fuel for diesel engines.     

Engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with croton megalocarpus methyl ester with antioxidant

The use of biodiesel as a substitute for petroleum-based diesel has become of great interest for the reasons of combating the destruction of the environment, the price of petroleum-based diesel and dependency on foreign energy sources. But for practical feasibility of biodiesel, antioxidants are added to increase the oxidation stability during long term storage. It is quite possible that these additives may affect the clean burning characteristics of biodiesel. This study investigated the experimental effects of antioxidants on the oxidation stability, engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a four cylinder turbocharged direct injection (TDI) diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel from croton megalocarpus oil. The three synthetic antioxidants evaluated its effectiveness on oxidation stability of croton oil methyl ester (COME) were 1, 2, 3 tri-hydroxy benzene (Pyrogallol, PY), 3, 4, 5-tri hydroxy benzoic acid (Propyl Gallate, PG) and 2-tert butyl-4-methoxy phenol (Butylated Hydroxyanisole, BHA). The fuel sample tested in TDI diesel engine include pure croton biodiesel (B100), croton biodiesel dosed with 1000 ppm of an effective antioxidant (B100 + PY1000), B20 (20% croton biodiesel and 80% mineral diesel) and diesel fuel which was used as base fuel. The result showed that the effectiveness of the antioxidants was in the order of PY > PG > BHA. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of biodiesel fuel with antioxidants decreased more than that of biodiesel fuel without antioxidants, but both were higher than that of diesel. Antioxidants had few effects on the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine running on biodiesel. Combustion characteristics in diesel engine were not influenced by the addition of antioxidants in biodiesel fuel. This study recommends PY and PG to be used for safeguarding biodiesel fuel from the effects of autoxidation during storage. Overall, the biodiesel derived from croton megalocarpus oil can be utilized as partial substitute for mineral diesel.     

生产国Ⅴ柴油的液相循环加氢技术

介绍了抚顺石油化工研究院开发的柴油液相循环加氢技术及其在柴油加氢工业装置上生产国Ⅴ标准柴油的应用情况。结果表明,采用柴油液相循环加氢技术处理直馏柴油、直馏柴油和焦化柴油的混合油及直馏柴油和催化柴油的混合油时,均可以生产满足国Ⅴ标准的清洁车用柴油调和组分。在反应器入口压力9.5 MPa、体积空速1.3 h~(-1)、循环比1.5和入口反应温度360℃的工艺条件下,加工直馏柴油和催化柴油的混合油,可以生产国Ⅴ标准的车用柴油产品调和组分,并可以满足装置长周期稳定运行的要求。     

青海原油综合评价

对青海原油进行了综合评价。结果表明,该原油密度小（849.9 kg/m3）,硫含量0.51%,蜡含量4.98%,属于轻质含硫含蜡原油。重整原料和汽油馏分烷烃含量较高,适宜做乙烯裂解料,煤、柴油馏分变色严重,硫、氮含量高,均需加强加氢精制效果。减压蜡油Cp高（70.63%）,CA低（18.01%）,残炭值低（0.0256%）,重金属含量较小,既适合生产高黏度指数润滑油,又是催化裂解的优良原料。渣油的硫含量较高（6 200 mg/kg）,沥青质含量高（6.2%）,重金属铁（45.73μg/g）、镍（35.29μg/g）、钙（73.86μg/g）含量较高,作催化裂化原料时,应注意其掺炼。     

连续式FCC柴油萃取-光催化氧化深度脱硫

尽快降低燃料油中的硫含量是整个炼油业都无法回避的重大问题，炼油工业发达的国家已提出生产超低硫清洁燃料 （硫含量低于10 μg•g^-1）的目标。本文通过连续式FCC柴油萃取-光催化深度脱硫工艺，对FCC柴油进行精制，精制油中硫含量采用硫氮荧光分析仪测定，硫含量为45 μg•g^-1。实验结果表明：萃取操作的适宜条件为常压，萃取温度40℃，剂油比1.5∶1;反应操作的适宜条件为反应温度40℃，反应时间1 h，氧化剂用量为4%。在以上操作条件下，精制油中的硫含量为达到欧Ⅳ标准，精制油总收率超过96%。     

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of poon oil and its diesel blends in a DI diesel engine

Experimental tests have been carried out to evaluate the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using Neat poon oil and its blends of 20%, 40%, and 60%, and standard diesel fuel separately. The common problems posed when using vegetable oil in a compression ignition engine are poor atomization; carbon deposits, ring sticking, etc. This is because of the high viscosity and low volatility of vegetable oil. When blended with diesel, poon oil presented lower viscosity, improved volatility, better combustion and less carbon deposit. It was found that there was a reduction in NO_x emission for Neat poon oil and its diesel blends along with a marginal increase in HC and CO emissions. Brake thermal efficiency was slightly lower for Neat poon oil and its diesel blends. From the combustion analysis, it was found that poon oil-diesel blends performed better than Neat poon oil.