球磨时间对Ti-Al-C系机械合金化粉体相组成和形貌的影响

采用Ti,Al和C元素粉体为反应原料,通过机械合金化方法制备出高纯度Ti3AlC2陶瓷粉体.研究球磨时间对Ti-Al-C系混合粉体相组成和形貌的影响,探讨合成Ti3AlC2的反应机理.研究表明:当机械合金化的其它参数不变,球磨时间4h时,原料粉体仍以单质形式存在;将球磨时间延长至4.5h时,此时混合粉体中Ti3AlC2含量提升到86wt％(质量分数,下同);4.5 h后,混合粉体中Ti3AlC2含量开始下降;通过对实验机理进行分析,单质粉体发生机械诱发自蔓延反应合成Ti3AlC2.     

机械力化学对硅灰石瓷料的显微组织、相组成和相变规律的影响

以氧化物粉末为起始原料，通过高能球磨制备CaO，SiO2混合粉体，并经高温烧结制备了硅灰石陶瓷。用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、差热热重分析手段研究了高能球磨过程参数、热处理工艺制度等对混合粉体的相组成、显微组织、硅灰石的相组成及变化规律的影响和相关规律。结果表明：机械力化学作用能够细化晶粒、提高混合粉体的反应活性和诱导室温化学反应。球磨200h的样品在1125℃烧结4h可以获得β-硅灰石单相陶瓷。     

硅酸铋粉体的制备与表征

以Bi2O3和SiO2为原料,采用机械合金化制备了硅酸铋(Bi12SiO20)的粉体.通过X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜分析了合成粉体的相结构和形貌,研究了不同球磨时间对产物相组成的影响;并使用红外光谱分析和拉曼散射光谱对球磨得到的样品进行了分析.结果显示表明:球磨8h后出现了Bi12SiO20的晶相结构;随着球磨时间的延长促进了Bi12SiO20的形成,从而提供了一种可以商业化大规模生产Bi12SiO20压电粉体的方法.     

高能球磨作用对合成堇青石基陶瓷的相组成和相变机理的影响

采用XRD分析研究了由分析纯的氧化物粉末制备堇青石基陶瓷时,高能球磨作用及热处理温度对堇青石陶瓷相组成和相变过程的影响,并分析了高能球磨在堇青石陶瓷烧成过程中的作用.结果表明经高能球磨处理的试样在低温烧成(900℃)时,首先出现中间相镁铝尖晶石(MgAl2O4),但1100℃时中间相又消失;与未球磨的试样比较,高能球磨不仅能够降低堇青石的相变温度,而且可大大加快中间相和原料相向α-堇青石转变的速度;同时发现提高烧成温度有利于中间相向堇青石的转变.此外,还研究了粉末的状态(即是否经成型处理)对堇青石陶瓷相组成的影响.结果表明,加压成型使Si4+、Mg2+和Al3+易于扩散,能促进早期的固相烧结和后期的液相烧结,有利于主晶相α-堇青石的合成,但对相组成没有太大影响.     

机械合金化制备Ti_3AlC_2导电陶瓷

以Ti、Al、C单质粉体为实验原料,掺杂适量的Si元素,采用高能球磨机制备Ti_3AlC_2导电陶瓷粉体,研究球磨转速和原料配比对合成Ti_3AlC_2导电陶瓷的影响。研究表明:在球磨转速为550 r/min,球料比5∶1和球磨时间3 h的球磨工艺下,可成功制备出Ti_3AlC_2含量为92.4 wt%的混合粉体,通过增加适量Al元素可以促进Ti_3AlC_2的合成;原料粉体按3Ti/1Al/0.1Si/1.8C的化学计量比进行机械合金化,所得粉体中Ti_3AlC_2的含量高达95.1 wt%,并且Si原子替代部分Al原子而形成Ti_3Al(Si)C_2固溶体。     

机械力化学作用对CaO-B2O3-SiO2系陶瓷微观结构及相组成和相变规律的影响

采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和差热热重分析等手段研究了机械力化学作用对CaO-B_2O_3-SiO_2(CBS)混合粉末及其陶瓷的微观结构、相组成和相变过程的影响。结果表明:高能球磨中的机械力化学作用能够细化晶粒、提高球磨混合粉体的反应活性和诱导室温化学反应。CBS混合粉末高能球磨120 h可合成出C_2B(2CaO·B_2O_3)中间相,该球磨粉末950℃烧成后的主晶相为CB(CaO·B_2O_3),C_6S_4(6CaO·4SiO_2)和CS(CaO·SiO_2)。该种材料的介电常数ε≈5,介电损耗<2×10~(-3)(1 MHz),有望用于低介高频电子元件领域。     

云母/β-锂辉石系可加工微晶玻璃热处理工艺的优化研究

利用正交实验方法研究云母/β-锂辉石系微晶玻璃的最佳热处理制度。采用DSC、XRD、SEM、抗弯强度等分析手段,探讨晶相组成、微观结构和强度。结果表明:此系统复合材料的热膨胀系数明显小于云母系微晶玻璃且强度有很大的提高;晶化温度对晶相转变起决定作用,并在热处理过程,晶相由β-石英固溶体转变为β-锂辉石固溶体。     

多维振动球磨机械合金化制备PLZT粉末

以PbO,La2O3,ZrO2以及TiO2的混合粉末为原料,由多维振动球磨10h,机械合金化合成了镧掺杂锆钛酸铅(lead lanthanum zirconate titanate,PLZT)粉末.比较了滚动、行星.多维振动三种不同球磨方式对球磨产物的影响.X射线衍射结果表明:滚动和行星球磨所获得的粉未仍是各氧化物的混合物,仅出现了β-PbO向α-PbO的相变,而多维振动球磨混合粉末已反应形成了PLZT粉末.可以认为高碰撞能量对于氧化物的机械合金化合成起关键作用.     

机械力化学合成BaTiO3纳米晶TEM及HR-TEM研究

采用XRD，TEM及高分辨电子显微镜（HR－TEM），研究了高能球磨BaO,锐钛矿型TiO2混合粉体，机械力学法合成BaTiO3纳米晶的反应机制。研究表明：机械力的作用使混合物粉体粒度减小，晶格畸变，转变为无定形，具有较高的反应活性，提高固相反应的扩散系数，降低了活化能，从而使本该在较高温度进行的反应也可在较低的温度下进行，晶体形成经过成核和生长两个阶段，但生长到一定程度时达到动态平衡，合成的BaTiO3纳米晶体颗粒尺寸为10－30nm。     

硅碱钙石微晶玻璃中晶相相变

采用高纯的SiO2、Al2O3、KNO3、Na2CO3、CaCO3及CaF2熔融制备了组成为8.4Na2O 1.3Al2O3 5K2O 10.8CaO 64SiO2 10.5 CaF2的硅碱钙石微晶玻璃,采用热力学计算及DTA,XRD和SEM等技术手段对其热处理过程中硅碱钙石和硬硅钙石晶相间的竞争和转变进行研究。经550℃热处理1h后,母体玻璃中有氟化钙晶相析出;在700℃下热处理1h后析出硬硅钙石晶相;在750～850℃下热处理1h后主晶相转变为硅碱钙石。经在700℃下延长微晶玻璃的热处理时间,观察到由硬硅钙石向硅碱钙石的晶相转变。这一转变趋势得到热力学计算的验证。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。