铍的Nd∶YAG激光焊接阈值功率影响因素

利用Nd∶YAG激光焊接了铍环,研究了不同激光入射角度和铍环直径变化对阈值功率变化的影响,得到了铍在激光焊接过程中阈值功率密度变化规律。结果表明,铍环直径大小对阈值功率密度有显著影响,随着铍环直径的增加,铍环的曲率减小,由背反射引起的调Q脉冲增强,导致出现深熔焊的阈值功率密度降低。对同一直径的铍环,激光入射角度从0°调整到3°后,由于消除了背反射激光在谐振腔内形成调Q脉冲,激光焊接时出现深熔焊的临界功率密度增加。深熔焊形成的焊缝深宽比值较大,为1.0~1.5,而热传导焊形成的焊缝深宽比值较小,只有0.2左右。     

铝合金T型接头激光焊接实验研究

针对激光焊接铝合金T型接头,系统研究了激光入射角度、激光功率、焊接速度对T型接头焊接形貌的影响。研究结果表明:激光入射角度处于30°~45°时较合理,入射角小于30°时,底板熔深太小,影响接头强度;入射角大于45°时,焊缝熔深太大,使底板焊透,同时造成接头不完全包覆。随着激光功率的增加,焊接熔深逐步增大,当激光功率达到2200 W时,T型接头实现双侧焊缝包覆,焊接性能较好。当焊接速度为0.8 m/min时,出现咬边缺陷;当焊接速度达到1.2 m/min时,无法实现焊接接头两侧的完好包覆。     

铝合金脉冲YAG激光焊脉冲调制参数对焊缝形状参数的影响

以2mm厚LF3铝合金薄板为对象,研究了在平均功率和焊接速度不变时脉冲YAG激光焊脉冲调制参数(脉宽、频率及单脉冲能量)对热导焊缝形状参数(熔深、熔宽及深宽比)的影响规律,并结合脉冲激光焊间断作用的特征,引入"有效峰值功率密度"综合考虑焊接速度、频率、脉宽以及光斑大小对焊缝形状参数的影响.此外,还对脉冲激光焊所形成的特殊的层状焊缝形貌进行研究和分析.结果表明,焊缝形状参数受脉宽及峰值功率密度双重作用的影响.脉冲焊得到的焊缝呈现多层状形貌,层数随频率升高而增多.     

SUS301L不锈钢激光搭接焊工艺参数对焊缝形貌的影响

采用光纤激光器在3 mm厚不锈钢薄板上进行非熔透型激光焊试验研究。获得了不锈钢光纤激光深熔焊功率密度阈值所在区间,通过测量表征焊缝横截面尺寸的三参数:表面缝宽、中间熔宽和熔深,分析了激光功率P和焊接速度v在不同改变模式下对焊缝横截面尺寸的影响规律。结果表明,焊接速度为5 cm/s时,功率密度阈值位于3.19~3.61 k W/mm~2区间。相同程度地增大P/v,通过增大功率或降低焊速模式,表面缝宽和熔深均会随之变大,但增加功率更为有效,而对中间熔宽的影响略有不同。当保持P/v不变时,同比例增加功率和焊度,表面缝宽基本不变,中间熔宽增大,而熔深先增加后趋于稳定。采用降低焊速方式可更有效地提高搭接接头拉剪强度。     

1420铝锂合金激光焊接特性研究

对3mm厚的1420铝锂合金进行了激光焊接试验。发现用3kWCO2激光,在激光功率密度未达到一般铝合金激光深熔焊阈值情况下,对1420铝锂合金却可获得较好的深熔焊效果,接头抗拉强度可达母材的80%,并分析了焊接效果和气孔形成机理。     

激光脉动与辅助气体对激光深熔焊的作用机理研究

从理论上分析了激光深熔焊中小孔的存在周期，并提出利用方波脉冲激光和辅助气体共同作用来消除焊接过程中等离子体的影响。通过实验证明，在辅助气体的帮助下，增加激光脉宽可以优化焊缝成形。     

活性剂对钛合金激光焊焊缝成形影响

咬边是钛合金激光焊常见的焊缝成形缺陷,文中将A-TIG焊用活性剂应用于TA15钛合金CO2激光焊的研究结果表明,活性剂不仅可有效地改善焊缝咬边缺陷,而且可降低激光深熔焊的激光功率密度和热输入阈值.同样的焊接工艺参数,活性剂使钛合金CO2激光焊全熔透焊缝的背宽比增大,焊缝表面熔宽减小而中部熔宽增大,但过高的激光功率密度和热输入,活性剂反而影响激光对钛合金的作用,焊缝背宽比减小,表面熔宽增大,可能与金属汽化过于强烈有关.活性剂改善钛合金激光焊焊缝成形的作用主要有三方面,即增加钛合金对激光能量的吸收;降低熔池表面张力,改变表面张力流方向;降低光致等离子体的电离度,缩小等离子体云.     

表面张力对激光深熔焊熔池流动的影响

为研究激光深熔焊中表面张力对熔池流动行为及熔池形貌的影响,获得活性剂对Q235低碳钢和304L不锈钢焊缝截面形貌的影响规律. 基于有限元计算软件Fluent,计算分析了激光深熔焊时表面张力在改变熔池流动行为中的重要作用. 结果表明,未添加活性剂焊接时,熔池液态金属的表面张力温度系数为负,熔池表面熔融金属以匙孔为中心由内向外流动,焊缝横截面形貌宽且浅. 添加活性剂焊接后,表面张力温度系数为正值,在熔池表面形成了由外向内的反向流动,形成了窄且深的焊缝形貌. 随表面张力温度系数绝对值的增大,表面张力变大,流体流动速度增大.     

Be/Al/Be激光焊接接头显微组织分析

铝为过渡材料,运用激光焊接技术实现了铍与铍激光熔焊连接.采用扫描电镜(SEM)、金相显微镜(OM)、微控电子万能试验压力机及微区X射线衍射仪(XRD)对焊接接头的显微组织、剪切断口形貌、力学性能及相结构进行了试验研究.结果表明,Be/Al/Be激光焊接接头为铝与铍形成类似复合材料的双相组织,接头抗剪强度介于铝和铍的抗剪强度之间,随着焊缝组织铍含量增加,接头抗剪强度呈上升趋势、焊接接头断裂形式由塑性断裂向脆性断裂转变、断口形貌由韧窝断口向准解理断口过渡,焊缝中的金属化合物是导致焊缝失效断裂的主要原因.     

激光焊接中的等离子体与小孔行为分析

试验采用光、声信号检测设备,对1.8 mm镀锌钢板的CO₂激光焊接过程中的蓝紫光信号、红外辐射信号、可听声信号进行了高速采集,对比激光深熔焊与热传导焊过程中三路信号的联系与区别,分析研究了激光深熔焊过程的小孔与等离子体产生过程的瞬态行为.结果表明,等离子体与小孔并不总是同时产生,等离子体要先于小孔产生,热传导焊过程中也可能存在等离子体,在试验条件下,等离子体在激光作用于工件后3~4 ms产生,稳定的小孔在焊接后约14 ms后形成,并且激光焊接中产生等离子体的激光功率密度阈值要小于产生小孔的阈值.     

Experimental investigation on laser beam welding of martensitic stainless steels in a constrained overlap joint configuration

This paper presents experimental investigation of laser beam welding of martensitic stainless steels in a constrained overlap configuration. Experimental studies were focused on the effects of laser power, welding speed and fiber diameter on bead geometry and mechanical properties of the weld. Metallurgical study of a selected welded joint was done only to show various microstructures typically formed at different zones. Laser power and welding speed were found the most significant factors affecting the weld geometry and shearing force. The contour plots showing constant response lines indicated the evidence of two-factor interaction effects of laser power-welding speed, welding speed-fiber diameter, and fiber diameter-laser power on all the responses except the weld width. Moreover, energy density plots illustrated its linear relationship with penetration depth and limited nonlinear effects on others. Additionally, metallurgical analysis of fusion zone showed dendritic structures consisted of martensitic with eutectic ferrite along solidification grain and subgrain boundaries.     

辅助增强匙孔气流对激光焊接不锈钢组织和显微硬度的影响

以HR-2抗氢钢为试验材料,利用板条型CO2连续激光器,采用喷嘴在前、入射角为60°的匙孔增强气流,进行了不同参数下的激光焊接试验.结果表明,在气流辅助增强匙孔激光焊中,匙孔气喷嘴在前的布局对熔池扰动小,能获得较好的焊缝成形;与传统激光焊接相比,熔深增加、熔宽明显减小,焊缝形状呈葫芦型,这是匙孔气流压制等离子体、使匙孔向底部凹陷的结果;从焊缝组织来看,增强激光焊焊缝的柱状晶较短小,焊缝中心呈现等轴晶形态,属于FA的不锈钢凝固模式.与传统激光焊不同,气流辅助增强匙孔激光焊的焊缝、热影响区显微硬度与母材相当,这可能是引入的增强匙孔气流改善了焊缝金属的冷却条件,更少铁素体析出的结果.     

YAG/MAG激光电弧复合焊工艺研究

利用YAG激光焊头和MAG焊枪旁轴复合进行了1Cr18Ni9Ti不镑钢的激光电弧复合焊工艺研究。研究表明：影响复合焊过程的主要工艺参数有激光功率、焊接速度、焊接电流、电弧电压、激光焦点位1、两热源的间距和相对于焊接方向的排列方式等；在一定的焊接工艺条件下所研究的YAG／MAG复合焊具有协同效应。电弧参数测试也表明，当激光与电弧复合的协同效应存在时，复合焊电流高于电弧焊，而电弧电压降低；若电弧采用过大的焊接电流与激光复合，尤其是在较低的焊接速度时，复合焊过程体现不出协同效应．复合焊熔深反而低于激光焊熔深。复合焊激光焦点位置变化对电弧稳定性和熔宽影响小，但获得最大熔深的焦点位王不同于激光焊。激光前置焊比激光后置焊获得的熔深大，两种条件下均在两热源闻距为0.5mm时熔深最大。     

High quality welding of stainless steel with 10 kW high power fibre laser

Abstract

The objectives of this research are to investigate penetration characteristics, to clarify welding phenomena and to develop high quality welding procedures in bead on plate welding of type 304 austenitic stainless steel plates with a 10 kW fibre laser beam. The penetration depth reached 18 mm at the maximum at 5 mm s^?1. At 50 mm s^?1 or lower welding speeds, however, porosity was generated at any fibre laser spot diameter. On the other hand, at 100 mm s^?1 or higher welding speeds, underfilling and humping weld beads were formed under the conventionally and tightly focused conditions respectively. The generation of spatters was influenced mainly by a strong shear force of a laser induced plume and was greatly reduced by controlling direction of the plume blowing out of a keyhole inlet. The humping formation was dependent upon several dynamic or static factors, such as melt volume above the surface, strong melt flow to the rear molten pool on the top surface, solidification rate and narrow molten pool width and corresponding high surface tension. Its suppression was effective by producing a wider weld bead width under the defocused laser beam conditions or reduction of melt volume out of keyhole inlet under the full penetration welding conditions. Concerning porosity, X-ray transmission in situ observation images demonstrated that pores were formed not only from the tip of the keyhole but also at the middle part because of high power density. The keyhole behaviour was stabilised using a nitrogen shielding gas, resulting in porosity prevention. Consequently, to produce high quality welds in 10 kW high power fibre laser welding, the reduction procedures of welding defects were required on the basis of understanding their formation mechanism, and 10 kW fibre laser power could produce sound deeply penetrated welds of 18 mm depth in a nitrogen shielding gas.     

铝合金激光-电弧双面焊接头特征分析

采用激光-电弧双面焊工艺进行铝合金焊接试验,发现该工艺不仅可以获得稳定可靠的焊接过程与美观的焊缝成形,还可以有效地增加接头熔深和降低焊接成本。主要研究了焊接参数对双面焊接头特征的影响。结果表明,激光功率增加时,双面焊两侧的熔宽都以同样的趋势增大;焊接电流增大时,电弧侧熔宽的增加趋势明显大于激光侧;增加激光功率或提高焊接电流都会引起焊缝最小熔宽的增大,且焊缝最小熔宽的深度也发生一定的变化。随焊接速度的提高,激光侧的深宽比增加,而电弧侧的深宽比减小。     

Optimisation of welding using two Nd–YAG laser beams combined at workpiece surface

Abstract

Two Nd–YAG laser beams were combined at a certain point on the workpiece surface to increase weld penetration depth. One of the beams was a pulsed laser beam, and the other was a continuous wave laser beam or a modulated laser beam. Using this combination of laser beams, a wide range of welding conditions, such as average power, peak power, and power density, could be selected. A high peak power pulsed laser beam would play a significant role in forming a keyhole, but a severe spatter loss problem could be encountered under high peak power laser conditions, thus the conditions necessary to prevent spatter loss were investigated. The greatest penetration depth is obtained under the critical conditions for spatter loss. Critical conditions for spatter loss are controlled by the peak power of a pulsed laser beam, thus deeper weld penetration is obtained using a pulsed laser beam with higher average power, that is, of longer pulse width and/or a higher repetition rate within the limit of the oscillator output. Moreover, spatter loss is reduced under conditions providing large molten zones in the weld, thus a higher peak power pulsed laser beam can be employed under such conditions. Large molten zones are obtained using a modulated laser beam of a high average power and/or low welding speeds.     

激光/等离子电弧复合热源能量参数对钛合金焊缝成形的影响

在对钛合金激光/等离子电弧复合焊与单一激光焊的焊缝成形进行比较的基础上,研究了激光在复合等离子电弧后主要焊接工艺参数对焊缝成形的影响.结果表明,随激光功率增大和焊接速度降低,复合焊与单一激光焊焊缝的横截面形貌均由钉形向近X形转变.与单一激光焊相比,复合焊焊缝的余高和咬边较大.激光/等离子电弧"协同效应"随激光功率和焊接速度变化而不同,从而影响复合焊焊缝的熔宽和熔宽比.随焊接电流从零增大到60 A,焊缝熔宽略有增大,而焊缝熔宽比基本保持不变.     

铝合金高功率激光-MIG复合焊热源形态特征

为深入理解铝合金大功率激光-MIG复合焊热源空间分布特征,设计了以激光功率、电弧功率以及激光与电弧之间的距离为因素的全因子试验,采用高速摄影和图像处理技术得到等离子体的宽度和面积.结果表明,复合焊中热源功率存在一定的阈值,随着功率的增加低于这个数值等离子体尺寸减小而超过这个数值等离子体呈膨胀趋势,在高功率复合焊中等离子体宽度随光束功率的增加而增大.激光束与电弧之间的距离影响等离子体空间的几何分布,但是随着激光束与电弧之间距离的逐渐增加,复合焊焊接过程中的等离子体存在一个维持、膨胀和恢复的不断重复的周期过程.     

电子束焊接工艺参数与温度场的关系

采用有限元方法,定量分析了电子束焊接工艺参数与铍环内表面温度的关系。结果表明,加热深度或电子束斑点半径增加,内表面温度增加,焊接速度增加,内表面温度降低。     

常压/真空环境激光焊接焊缝成形特性及残余应力与变形对比

在高功率激光焊接中,采用增大激光功率的方法以获得更大熔深时,面临焊接过程稳定性差、焊接缺陷频发等问题,目前国内外普遍认为真空激光焊接是解决以上问题的有效手段. 文中采用工艺试验和数值模拟的方法,研究了常压和真空环境下中厚度全熔透激光焊接在焊缝成形及残余应力与变形分布的差异. 结果表明,降低环境压力可显著增加激光焊接熔透深度,真空环境可以将常压环境10 mm全熔透激光焊接所需激光功率从10 kW降低到6 kW,并获得更好的焊接质量. 常压环境和真空环境下,全熔透激光焊接工件展现出类似的横向残余应力、纵向残余应力和变形分布规律,但由于真空环境下热输入较低,焊缝深宽比大,焊后残余应力的峰值和变形程度均显著小于常压环境.